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Ce101 Lecture 1-3

The document discusses the definition and history of surveying, different classifications of surveying based on purpose including control, land, topographic, and engineering surveys, sources and types of errors in surveying observations, precision versus accuracy, error analysis including standard deviation and probability, and examples of calculating errors in distances, areas, angles, and weighted observations.

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Gerard Co
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118 views54 pages

Ce101 Lecture 1-3

The document discusses the definition and history of surveying, different classifications of surveying based on purpose including control, land, topographic, and engineering surveys, sources and types of errors in surveying observations, precision versus accuracy, error analysis including standard deviation and probability, and examples of calculating errors in distances, areas, angles, and weighted observations.

Uploaded by

Gerard Co
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SURVEYING 1 CE 101

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INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

Definition
▪The art of making measurements of the
relative positions of natural and man-made
features on the Earth’s surface, and the
presentation of this information either
graphically or numerically.
▪The first surveying works date back to the
antiquity, the Greek provided the first account
of surveying techniques.
▪Euclid founded the theoretical background for
surveying by the development of his geometry.
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYING

Based on the purpose


▪Control surveying : To establish
horizontal and vertical positions of
control points.
▪Land surveying : To determine the
boundaries and areas of parcels of land,
also known as property survey, boundary
survey or cadastral survey.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYING

Based on the purpose


▪Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/
map of a region which includes natural
as well as and man-made features
including elevation.
▪Engineering survey : To collect requisite
data for planning, design and execution
of engineering projects. Three broad
steps are Reconnaissance survey,
Preliminary survey, Location survey
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYING CONT…

Route survey : To plan, design, and


laying out of route such as highways,
railways, canals, pipelines, and other
linear projects.
Construction surveys : Surveys which are
required for establishment of points,
lines, grades, and for staking out
engineering works (after the plans have
been prepared and the structural design
has been done.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYING CONT…

Astronomic surveys : To determine


the latitude, longitude (of the
observation station) and azimuth (of a
line through observation station) from
astronomical observation.
Mine surveys : To carry out surveying
specific for opencast and underground
mining purposes.
accuracy,

THEORY OF ERRORS IN precision,


error,
mistakes, and
OBSERVATIONS most probable
value

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 Measurements are never exact and will always contain errors.
 Units of Linear Measurements:
▪ Metric, or international System of Units (SI)
▪ English, used only in the US, Burma, and Liberia
▪ International foot = 0.3048 m

All surveys before 1959, as well as some states today, use the US
survey foot.

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ERRORS

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SOURCES OF ERRORS

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SOURCES OF ERRORS

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T YPES OF ERRORS

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T YPES OF ERRORS

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN MISTAKE AND
ERROR

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PRECISION AND ACCURACY

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PRECISION AND ACCURACY

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PRECISION AND ACCURACY

Random error

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PRECISION (PROBABILIT Y)

Random errors occurrence is governed by the


probability laws, as any random phenomena.
Error analysis involve random errors only.
The most probable value of a single quantity
observed many times under the same
condition is the mean

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ERROR DISTRIBUTION

Random errors are randomly distributed,


a bell shape distribution that is
approximated by the probability curve.
General Laws of Probability:
▪small errors occur more often than large ones
▪Positive and negative errors of the same size
happen with equal frequency, they are equally
probable. That is why the mean is the most
probable value.
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ERROR DISTRIBUTION

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ERROR DISTRIBUTION

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ERROR DISTRIBUTION

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MEASURES OF PRECISION

standard deviation is the most frequently used


measure of precision. The standard deviation
less precise the observations are, the larger
the standard deviation becomes

The standard deviation is the inflection point


of the curve, it represents how much the
observations are close to each other.
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USABLE FORMULAS

Sample
Standard deviation
standard deviation

Variance Sample Variance

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PRECISION (PROBABILIT Y)

Random errors occurrence is governed by the


probability laws, as any random phenomena.
Error analysis involve random errors only.
The most probable value of a single quantity
observed many times under the same
condition is the mean

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RESIDUALS

A residual is simply the difference between


the most probable value and any observed
value of a quantity

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MEASURES OF PRECISION

standard deviation is the most frequently used


measure of precision. The standard deviation
less precise the observations are, the larger
the standard deviation becomes

The standard deviation is the inflection point


of the curve, it represents how much the
observations are close to each other.
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INTERPRETATION OF STANDARD
DEVIATION

It has been shown that the standard deviation


establishes the limits within which
observations are expected to fall 68.3% of the
time. In other words, if an observation is
repeated ten times, it will be expected that
about seven of the results will fall within the
limits established by the standard deviation,
and conversely about three of them will fall
anywhere outside these limits.

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THE 50, 90, AND 95 PERCENT ERRORS

The probability of an error of any


percentage likelihood can be determined.

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EXAMPLE 1

The results are shown in column (1)


of the following table. It is assumed
that no mistakes exist, and that the
observations have already been
corrected for all systematic errors.
Compute the most probable value
for the line length, its standard
deviation, and errors having 50%,
90%, and 95% probability. Also,
calculate the standard deviation of
the mean and the 90% error of the
mean.
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ERROR PROPAGATION

The process of evaluating errors in quantities


computed from observed values that contain
errors is called error propagation.

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EXAMPLE 2

Assume that a line is observed in three


sections, with the individual parts equal
to
and respectively. Determine the line’s
total length and its anticipated standard
deviation.

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ERROR OF A SERIES

Sometimes a series of similar quantities,


such as the angles within a closed
polygon, are read with each observation
being in error by about the same amount.

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EXAMPLE 3

Assume that any distance of 100 ft can be


taped with an error of 0.02 ft if certain
techniques are employed. Determine the error
in taping 5000 ft using these skills.

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EXAMPLE 4

A distance of 1000 ft is to be taped with


an error of not more than 0.10 ft
Determine how accurately each 100 ft
length must be observed to ensure that
the error will not exceed the permissible
limit.

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ERROR OF A PRODUCT

The equation for propagated AB, where E a


and E b are the respective errors in A and
B, is

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EXAMPLE 5

For the rectangular lot as shown in the figure,


observations of sides A and B with their 95% errors
are 252.460.053 and 605.080.072 ft respectively.
Calculate the parcel area and the expected 95% error
in the area.

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WEIGHTS OF OBSERVATIONS

It is evident that some observations are more


precise than others because of better
equipment, improved techniques, and superior
field conditions. In making adjustments, it is
consequently desirable to assign relative
weights to individual observations.

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WEIGHTS OF OBSERVATIONS

In computing adjustments involving unequally


weighted observations, corrections applied to
observed values should be made inversely
proportional to the relative weights.

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EXAMPLE 6

Suppose four observations of a distance are


recorded as 482.16, 482.17, 482.20, and
482.18 and given weights of 1, 2, 2, and 4,
respectively, by the surveyor. Determine the
weighted mean.

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EXAMPLE 7

Assume the observed angles of a certain


plane triangle, and their relative weights,
are given below. Compute the adjusted
angles.

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SOLUTION

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EXAMPLE 8

The observed interior angles of a triangle


are A=35 o14’37”, B=96 o30’09”,
C=48 o15’05”. Determine the discrepancy
for the given observation and the most
probable value of each angle.

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