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.FIGURATIVE DEVICES/LANGUAGE
1. _____________________- uses the words like, as, resembles to in comparing

2. _____________________ The contrary of simile. It compares but does not use keywords

3. _______________________ Giving the living qualities to a non-living matter

4. ________________________- Sound imitation to associate in words or speech

5. ________________________ extreme exaggeration of the statement given

6. ________________________ It is the opposite of what is literally meant or intended

7. ___________________________- Repetition of beginning consonant letter commonly used in tongue

twisters.
Example:
Six silly swans went swimming in the sea.

8. ___________________________ self-contradictory, but include a latent truth

Example:
Less is more.
I am nobody.

9. ____________________________ Two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. Combination of two
contradictory words.
Example:
Stop and Keep moving.
10. ___________________________It is defined as literature in metrical form or a composition forming metrical
lines. It is one of the genres in literature that can be in traditional form or in free-verse form.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY

11. __________________– a series of lines grouped together

TYPES OF STANZA
COUPLET (2 LINES)
TERCET (3 LINES)
QUATRAIN (4 LINES)
CINQUAIN (5 LINES)
SESTET (6 LINES)
SEPTET (7 LINES)
OCTAVE (8 LINES)

12. _______________________ – repetition of similar sounds

13. _______________________ – continuation of a rhyme or pattern of rhyme
14. _________________________– basic structural make-up of a poem; stressed and unstressed syllable of a
poem
15. _________________________ music made by the unstressed and stressed syllable
 16. __________________________ message of the poem
17. _______________________________ – symbols that convey an idea or message
18. __________________________________– device used for the readers to create an image that
encompasses the five senses
TYPES OF VOICES

19. ______________________ – stretches across the larynx at the back od the throat; vocal cords vibrate as
the sound is being produced
20. ____________________ – vocal cords do not vibrate; allows the air to flow freely
21. ____________________The way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs out of the mouth and
nose.

22. ___________________It is also called as STOPS. It is produced by completely stopping the air flow. Stop
sounds can be voiceless, like the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/, or voiced, like /b/, /d/, and /g/

23. __________________________is a consonant that is made when you squeeze air through a small hole or
gap in your mouth.

24. ____________________________It is the combination of Plosive and Fricative sounds. They begin by fully
stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract (similar to a stop sound), then releasing it through a constricted
opening.

2 TYPES OF CLAUSES

25. _____________________________It can stand alone. It has a subject and verb.

26. _____________________________. It cannot stand alone. Usually, it starts with a subordinating
conjunction. It has a subject and verb.
27. ______________________________It is a group of related words (within a sentence) without both the
subject and the verb
TYPES OF PHRASES

28. ________________________________- It consists of a noun and other related words (modifiers and
determiners) which modify the noun.
Example:
Delia had a weak heart. (NP)
The phrase a weak heart is considered as a noun phrase. Heart is the noun and weak is the modifier.
 29. ____________________________- It is a combination of main verb and helping verb in a sentence.
Example:
The shot did not scare him.
The phrase did not scare is a verb phrase.
Scare is the main verb and did is the helping verb.
30. _____________________________- It is a includes the preposition together with its object
Example:
The girl from the boarding house left her purse in the laboratory.
From the boarding house and in the laboratory are the prepositional phrases in the sentence.

31. _______________________________- Like adverbs, modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs and answer the
same range of questions as adverbs:
HOW?
He shouted with relief.
(The phrase modifies the word shouted)

WHEN?
For the first time, I saw a boat tied to the salambao.
(The phrase modifies the word saw)

WHERE?
I put a piece of putoseco into my mouth.
(The phrase modifies the word put)

WHY?
Because of his father’s job, the family had moved to Malabon.
(The phrase modifies the verb had moved.)

32. __________________________- Like adjectives, modify nouns. They tell or answer the question which,
and what kind.
Example:
David told us a story about his hometown.
The phrase modifies the noun, story.

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

• S-V
The pattern is composed of:
Subject + Verb
For example:

The class studied.

The student and teacher read.
The students sat and read.

• S-TV-DO
The pattern is composed of:
 Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object

• Transitive Verb
A transitive verb is an action verb that requires an object for its meaning to be complete.
• Direct Object
A direct object is a noun that receives the action of the transitive verb. It answers the question, “Who? or
What?”
Example:
Sheila drives a car. (S-TV-DO)

• S-LV-C
The pattern is composed of:
Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement

• Linking Verbs
These are verbs that do not express an action. Instead, they connect the subject and the verb as an
additional information to the subject. Sense verbs are also linking verbs.

• Subject Complement
These are nouns or adjective that follows a linking verb.
Example:
I am very busy (S-LV-C)
They look sick. (S-LV-C)

• S-IV
The pattern is composed of:
Subject + Intransitive Verb
Example:
The boy danced. (S-IV)

• S-IV-ADV.
The pattern is composed of:
Subject + Intransitive Verb + Adverb
Example:
The boy danced gracefully. (S-IV-ADV)

• S-TV-IO-DO.
The pattern is composed of:
Subject + Transitive Verb + Intransitive Verb + Direct Object

• Indirect Object
It precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done.
Example:
Tom gave her a gift. (S-TV-IO-DO)
Agnes baked Tony some cookies. (S-TV-IO-DO)
 • S-TV-DO-OC.
The pattern is composed of:
Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement

• Object Complement
It is a noun or adjective that describes or tells something about the direct object.
Example:
Michael call his mother, Nanay. (S-TV-DO-OC)
Senators declared the bill unconstitutional.
(S-TV-DO-OC)

2 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
33. _________________________________– use of words
34. ._______________________________ -use of hand gestures, facial expression, body language

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

35. _______________________- It allows the listeners to process what the speaker said
36. _________________________ - To emphasize points or express intimacy or heartfelt (softness)
37. ______________________ - the speed and flow of speaker’s utterances
38. _______________________ - to foster understanding of a difficult idea (e.g. “in other words”, “that is”)
39. ________________ - shows the attitude of the speaker toward the topic of the listener
40. _________________________________________ (the register) - It must be based on the given setting
41. ________________________________– known as Space Language; amount of space that people feel it
necessary to set between themselves and others.
VOCABULARY

Fragrant – scented

Daintily – with refinement

Shuffling – dragging one’s feet

Haze – fog

Clumps – bunch

Hazy – vague

Prod – persuade, push

Calloused – an area of hardened skin

Clamored – loud uproar

Insolent – disrespectful

Queer – odd feeling

PREDICTION
It is the ability to predict/intelligent guess on what will happen next.

PARAPHRASING

It means restating someone else’s ideas in your own words. It is done to make ideas easier to understanding.

P – ut your text in your own words

A – avoid copying the text

R – earrange similar text

A – sk yourself if you included all the important points

Guidelines for Correct Paraphrasing

 Before writing a paraphrase, make sure you have read the original text several times and you have
completely understood it.
 Set the original aside then restate it in your own words.
 Avoid using the original phrasing. Use some synonyms to
express the same idea.
 After you have written your paraphrase, go back to the
original and check if you have missed or misstated any
idea.

Example:
Original
David was a good swimmer. He could swim faster than any of us.
His strokes were good. He said he had learned them in a summer
camp in Laguna. He had a good teacher, he said. Imagine having
formal lessons in swimming! No wonder David was good.

Paraphrase
David, with his skillful stroke, was a good swimmer for he could swim faster than any of them. He said that he learned
the skills from a good teacher when he had a summer camp and had formal lessons in swimming.

SUMMARIZING

It retells a certain event in a shorter version.

S – horter than the text

U – se your own words

M – ain ideas only

KINDS OF CARDS

42. ______________________________Name of author or author’s last name printed on top of the card
43. _______________________________Title of the book printed on top of the card
44. _______________________________Subject of the book printed on top of the card
Information on the Card

￮ Author, date of birth, title of the book, edition/revision statement, imprint (place and date of publication,
publisher), collation (physical description of the book, number of pages, illustration), series note
(bibliographies, appendices), tracing (cards provided for the book), system of classification

What is OPAC?

Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)

￮ “library catalogue”
￮ online database of all of the resources held in the library
￮ Locate books in the library

KINDS OF REFERENCES

45. Contains alphabetically ordered words, with explanations of their meanings, often with information about
spelling, syllabication, pronunciation, part of speech, origin, synonyms and antonyms of the words.
46. Contains synonyms and antonyms of words
47. Gives a very useful though brief information on the subjects and people
48. Books of maps; it contains vast amount of information about the cities of the world – facts about population,
industries, climates, exports and imports and the brief history
49. Contains a list of place names with some information about them
50. List is in alphabetical and the information include the exact location of each place indicating whether it is a
town, a country, a river or mountain and a brief history description
51. Full of information about current events
52. Also contain social, political, and commercial statistics, sports records, recent laws and their important facts

53. Book of facts that is published annually to meet the need for current information