ENGLISH 8 – FIRST QUARTER

TOPICS:
1) Parts of Speech
2) Figures of Speech
3) Sentence Patterns
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I. Parts of Speech h) Vocative/Direct Address –

Kath, deliver your speech
Word Classes
Nominal Functions:
Major Word Minor Word Classes
a) Gerund – Teaching is a
Classes - closed,
- open, structure, noble profession
lexical, function b) Infinitive – To teach Lumad
content school children is my goal
 Nouns  Pronouns c) Nominal or Noun Clause –
 Lexical  Auxiliary How volunteer teachers
Verbs Verbs have survived is amazing
 Adjectives  Determiners
 Adverbs  Prepositions
 Conjunctions 2. Lexical 3. Auxiliary Verbs
 Interjections Verbs
- Carry - Adds
meaning meaning/
1. Nouns
function
- a word used to identify any Examples: Examples:
of a class of people, places,  John has  Matthew has
or things, or to name a two siblings read Po-on
particular one of these  Luke is the  Thomas is
Roles delegate attending the
a) Subject – Luke is kind summit
Types
b) Subjective
A. Helping Verbs
Complement/Predicate - Be/Do/Have
Noun – The recipient is  Does
Alphonso John
c) Direct Object – Judge have
commended Carl two
d) Indirect Object – Judges siblings?
 Mark
awarded Sam the medal
does
e) Objective Complement – have
Parents named the baby, interest in
Paul writing
f) Object of the Preposition – B. Modals
The award was intended  It will rain
 It may
for Kyle
rain
g) Appositive – The recipient,
 It might
Samuel, earned a lot of rain
praises
4. Adjectives 7. Pronouns 8. Determiners
- denotes proper qualities of - noun - determine
a noun substitutes limit
Position/Roles: - fulfill noun - restrict
a) Before a Noun functions nouns
b) After a Noun Types: Types:
a) Personal – I, a) Articles – a, an,
c) After the verb
we, me, us, the
d) Beginning of a Sentence mine, ours, b) Possessive –
e) As an Objective myself, hers, its, ours
Complement ourselves c) Demonstrative
Adjectival Functions: b) Demonstrative – this, these,
a) Present Participle – These – this, these, that, those
that, those d) Interrogative –
floating restaurants are
c) Indefinite – which, whose,
great every one, whom
b) Past Participle – The ousted several, some, e) Quantifiers –
supreme court has earned many, each, none, few,
support both, few one, first
c) Infinitive – Guns n’ Roses is d) Interrogative –
the band to see who, what,
which, whose,
d) Prepositional Phrase – The
whom
woman in the kitchen is my e) Relative – that,
mother who, whom,
e) Relative or Adjectival which
Clause – The woman who f) Cardinal
is in the kitchen is my Numbers –
mother ten, twenty
one, nine
5. Adverbs
hundred, five
- used to describe a verb, thousand
adjective, or another
adverb 9. Prepositions
Adverbial Functions: - position before a noun
a) Infinitive – My father left the  Under
country to seek better  Inside
employment opportunities  In front of
b) Prepositional Phrase – My 10. Conjunctions
mother loves working in the - connects sentences or
kitchen clauses
c) Adverbial Clause – My Types:
father shall leave after he a) Coordinating - two
has cooked dinner equal structures
6. Interjections  For, And, Nor, But,
- words that show emotions Yet, So
- interject at speech to b) Subordinating – adds
express emotions information
Examples:  Because, While,
 Wow! After, When,
 Hurrah! c) Correlative –
 Yahoo!  Either…….. Or,
 Neither………Nor
II. Figurative Language b) Let me give you a hand. (This
- Figurative language uses figures means to help.)
of speech to be more effective, 7. Synecdoche - a figurative language
persuasive, and impactful. in which a part is made to represent
1. Simile - a figure of speech that the whole.
makes a comparison, showing a) I have many mouths to feed.
similarities between two different (Many mouths refers to
things with the help of the words people.)
“like” or “as”. b) I have a new set of wheels.
a) Our soldiers are as brave as (Wheels refer to a car.)
lions. 8. Oxymoron - a figure of speech in
b) Her cheeks are red like a rose. which apparently contradictory
2. Metaphor - a figure of speech that termsappear in conjunction. Also
describes an object or action in a referred as "contradiction in terms"
way that isn’t literally true, but helps a) Awfully Good
explain an idea or make a b) Deafening Silence
comparison. 9. Paradox - A figure of speech in
a) Bob is a couch potato. which a statement appears to
b) That test was murder. contradict itself
3. Hyperbole – evident exaggeration of A statement that seems impossible or
the meaning intended to be difficult to understand because it
conveyed, or by which things are contains two opposite facts or
represented as much greater or less, characteristics
better or worse, than they really are a) Less is more (Simplicity leads to
a) I’m so hungry I could eat a good design)
horse b) Freedom is slavery (Freedom
b) I ate a high mile ice cream can easily lead to a life
cone pursuing pleasure)
4. Litotes - employs an understatement 10. Irony - a figure of speech which is a
by using double negatives. It is a contradiction or incongruity
positive statement expressed by between what is expected and
negating its opposite expression. what actually occurs.
a) They do not seem the happiest a) Verbal Irony
couple. b) Dramatic Irony
b) I guess love isn’t too bad. c) Situational Irony
5. Meiosis - a witty understatement that 11. Personification - is a form of figurative
belittles or dismisses something or language in which something that is
somebody. This can be made by not human is given human
using terms that give an impression characteristics.
that something is less important than a) The sun glared down at me
it should be. from the sky.
a) Grease-monkey (mechanic) b) The fire ran wild.
b) Shrink (psychiatrist) 12. Onomatopoeia - the naming of a
6. Metonymy is a figurative language thing or action by a
that replaces the name of a thing vocal imitation of the sound
with the name of something else with associated with it. It can add
which it is closely associated. excitement, action, and interest by
a) The White house gave orders. allowing the reader to hear and
(White house refers to the remember your writing.
president.) a) The buzzing bee flew away.
 b) He looked at the growling tiger b) A wise person - ”Solomon”
13. Alliteration – this is the use of the 19. Euphemism – word or expression that
same letter or sound at the replaces words that are offensive or
beginning of closely connected unpleasant.
words a) Passed away – death
a) “She sells seashells by the b) take a leak – urination
seashore.” III. Sentence Patterns
b) “Peter Piper picked a peck of Terms:
pickled peppers”  Subject – main topic of the sentence
14. Consonance - Repetition of a  Direct Object – receiver of the action
consonant sound that is not at the  Indirect Object – affected by the
action
beginning of the word.
 Intransitive Verb – doesn’t need a
a) All mammals named Sam are
Direct Object
clammy.  Transitive Verb – requires a Direct
b) The dove moved smoothly Object
above the waves.  Linking Verb – describes the subject
15. Assonance - Repetition of vowel by connecting it to the predicate
sound within words that do not  Subjective Complement – describes
the Subject
rhyme.
 Objective Complement – describes
a) We heard the mellow the Direct Object
wedding bells echo.
b) He looked around at the 1. Subject – Intransitive Verb (S – IV)
clouds above without a sound. a) Students study every night
16. Apostrophe - a figure of b) He reads silently
speech sometimes represented by 2. Subject – Transitive Verb – Direct Object
(S – TV – DO)
an exclamation, such as “Oh.” A
a) Mike reads the dictionary
writer or speaker, using apostrophe, b) She made a letter for the boy
speaks directly to someone who is 3. Subject – Transitive Verb – Indirect
not present or is dead, or speaks to Object – Direct Object(S – TV – IO – DO)
an inanimate object. a) Mr. Luis gave me a high grade
a) “Hello darkness, my old b) He left me a note
4. Subject – Linking Verb – Subjective
friend…”
Complement (S – LV – SC) [noun]
b) “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How
a) My mother is a teacher
I wonder what you are.” b) Sharks and whales are mammals
5. Subject – Linking Verb – Subjective
17. Allusion - when a person or author Complement (S – LV – SC) [adjective]
makes an indirect reference in a) I am happy about your grades
speech, text, or song to an event or b) Butterflies look beautiful
6. Subject – Transitive Verb –
figure.
Direct Object – Objective Complement
a) Don't be a Scrooge! (S – TV – DO – OC) [Noun]
(reference to A Christmas a) The class elected Bea president
Carol by Charles Dickens) b) We named our dog Cookie
b) Many states have laws that 7. Subject – Transitive Verb –
protect Good Samaritan's. Direct Object – Objective Complement
(reference to the Bible) (S – TV – DO – OC) [Adjective]
a) Kath cut her hair short
18. Antonomasia - the substitution of an
b) The child made her mother
epithet or title for a proper name. It is happy
the use of a proper name to express
a general idea
a) Shakespeare - “The Bard”