A PROJECT REPORT ON

BIOMOLECULES FOR
CBSE 2019-20 EXAMINATION
(AS PER PART OF CHEMISTRY
COURSE)

SUBMITTED BY:
SHIVRAJ KHADAV
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
MR.NITIN GAUR
I WANT TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS TO MY
RESPECTED PRINCIPAL MADAM AND CHEMISTRY TEACHER
MR.NITIN GAUR FOR GIVING ME A CHANCE TO RESEARCH
ON THE TOPIC BIOMOLECULES AND IT HAS BEEN MY
PLEASURE DOING SO .THIS HAS ADDED MANY POINTS TO
MY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CHEMISTRY AND ITS PRACTICAL
APPLICATION .I ALSO THANK THEM FOR THEIR SUPPORT
AND VALUABLE GUIDANCE WHICH HAS SEEEMED GREAT
CONTRIBUTION IN COMPLETION OF MY RESEARCH WORK
AS A PROJECT.
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. BIOMOLECULES
4. TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
4.1 MICROMOLECULES
4.1.1. AMINO ACID
4.1.2. SUGAR
4.1.3. LIPID
4.1.4. NUCLEOTIDES
4.2. MACROMOLECULES
4.2.1. POLYSACCARIDES
4.2.2. NUCLEIC ACID
4.2.3. PROTEINS
5.MONOMERS
6.THE LIVING STATE
7.IMPORTANT QUESTION AND CONCEPT OF
BIOMOLECULES
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used
term for molecules or more commonly ions that are present
in organisms. Biomolecules including large macromolecules
(or polyanions) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,and
nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary
metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products.

Biology and its subsets of biochemistry and molecular

biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most
biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four
elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make
up 96% of the human body's
mass. But many other elements, such as the various
biometals, are present in small amounts.
TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

BIOMOLECULES
1.MICRO MOLECULES
2.MACROMOLECULES

M < 1000 - MICROMOLECULE

AMONIO ACID
SUGARS
LIPIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
M>1000 - MACROMOLECULE
POLYSACCARIDES
NUCLEIC ACID
PROTEIN

MICROMOLECULES
AMINO ACIDS
Amino acid contain both amino and carboxylic acid
functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is
used when referring to those amino acids in which the
amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the
same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino
acid).
SUGAR
MONOSHACCARIDES:
Simplest sugar,which cannot ne hydrolysed further
into smaller sugars
Composed of 3-7 C atoms:
Triose (3C)
Tetrose (4C)
Pentose (5C)
Hexose (6C)
Heptose (7C)

GLUCOSE: GALACTOSE:
LIPID
For lipids present in biological membranes, the Lipids
(oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and are the basic
building blocks of biological membranes. Another biological
role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides).

NUCLEOTIDE
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the
monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA),
both of which are essential biomolecules in all life-forms on
Earth.
A nucleoside is a nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon sugar.
Thus a nucleoside plus a phosphate group yields a
nucleotide.
Purine + pyridimine - monomers
Higher nucleotides store energy in their higher energy P bond
Nicotinamide + riboplavin - coenzymes
Coenzymes: non protein organic moiety of holoenzymes

MACROMOLECULE
POLYSACCHARIDE
Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or
complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars.
Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. They are
generally large and often have a complex branched
connectivity.
NUCLIC ACID
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules,
essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of
monomers, which are nucleotides made of three
components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a
nitrogenous base.

PROTEIN
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules,
consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid
residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within
organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA
replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting
molecules from one location to another.
STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN
The particular series of amino acids that form a protein is known
as that protein's primary structure. This sequence is determined
by the genetic makeup of the individual. It specifies the order of
side-chain groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone".

A monomer is a molecule that, as a unit, binds chemically or

supramolecularly to other molecules to form a
supramolecular polymer. Large numbers of monomer units
combine to form polymers in a process called
polymerization. Molecules of a small number of monomer
units (up to a few dozen) are called oligomers. The term
"monomeric protein" may also be used to describe one of
the proteins making up a multiprotein complex.

Thousand of chemical compound in a living organism,

otherwise called metabolities or biomolecules are present
at concentration characterstics of each of them. For
example the blood concentration of glucose in a normal
healthy individual is 4.5-5.0 mm while that hormone would
be nanograms/ml
# The most important fact of biological system is that all
living organism exist in a steady-stale characterised by
concentration of each of these molecule
# These biomolecules are in metabolic flux

Metabolism provide a mechanismfor the production of
the energy. Hence the living state and metabolism are
synonomus. Without metabolism there cannot be living
state.

QUESTION 1 –
Why are biomolecules essential to life?
ANSWER-
Biomolecules are organic molecules especially macromolecules
like carbohydrates, proteins in living organisms. All living forms
bacteria, algae, plant and animals are made of similar
macromolecules that are responsible for life. All the carbon
compounds we get from living tissues can be called biomolecules.

QUESTION 2-
What is the structure of a biomolecule?
ANSWER-
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional
shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA,
and that is important to its function.

QUESTION 3-
What is the function of a biomolecule?
ANSWER-
Proteins make up the majority of biomolecules present in a cell.
These molecules have enormous variation. Proteins are
responsible for many enzymatic functions in the cell and play
an important structural role . Proteins are composed of subunits
called amino acids .

QUESTIONS 4-
What is the purpose of biomolecules?
ANSWER
Proteins carry out specific functions inside cells, and they act as
enzymes to catalyze reactions all over the body. ... Proteins are
typically large molecules that can be built up from chains of
amino acids called polypeptides. Nucleic acids are central to the
function of living cells.

QUESTION 5-
What are the biomolecules made of?
ANSWER
Biomolecules are made of building-block monomers. A monomer
is a small molecule that can be combined chemically with other
monomers to form larger molecules. Monomers are made up of
relatively simple elements. The most abundant elements in
biological monomers are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen