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Comments for
Conceptual
Framework and
Review of Related
Literature
(Synthesis)
Mrs. Catherine Calixto-Valera, LPT
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

Mrs. Catherine Calixto-Valera, LPT

Research Methodology

– It addresses the question, “How does

the researcher answer the questions
stated in Chapter I?”
 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY

– This chapter shows how the problem will be investigated

and discusses the following elements:
1. Research Design
2. Respondents of the Study
3. Research Locale
4. Instrumentation
5. Procedure
6. Statistical Treatment
 1. RESEARCH DESIGN

The questions you need to answer in Research Design-

1. How do you describe the general methodology you
will utilize in your study? What are your references?
2. Why did you choose this general methodology?
3. What specific methodology will you utilize in your
study?
4. Why did you choose this specific methodology?
 DESIGN & PLANNING PHASE

The Research Design

– Refers to a scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives of the
study. The appropriateness of the research design depends largely on
which method will help the investigator attain research objectives.
– The purpose of the research design is to provide a plan of action for
answering the research question.
– The major concern within the blueprint or plan is to specify control
mechanisms to be used in the study so that the answer to the question
will be clear and valid.
 1. Research Design
There are two major designs in quantitative research
Source: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Nieswi
adomy, 1. True Experimental Design Action studies
Rosem 1.1. Pretest-posttest control design Comparative Studies
arie
1.2. Posttest only control group
(2004). Correlational Studies
Founda 1.3. Solomon four-group
tions of Developmental Studies
Nursing Evaluation Studies
Resear
ch, 4th 2. Quasi-experimental Designs Meta-analysis studies
edition.
New 2.1. Non equivalent Methodological studies
Jersey: 2.2. Time Series Needs Assessment Studies
Prentic
e Hall, 3. Pre-experimental Designs Secondary Analysis Studies
p.127 3.1. One-shot case study Survey Studies
3.2. One group pretest-posttest
 Nonexperimental Research
Designs
According to Purpose:
1. Descriptive- systematically collect information on a
phenomenon
2. Predictive – Predict/Forecast some event in the future
3. Explanatory- develop or test a theory to explain a
phenomenon
 Nonexperimental Research Designs
According to Purpose/ Objectives:
1. Descriptive
- utilized for the purpose of accurately portraying a population
that has been chosen because of some specific characteristics.
- used to determine the extent or direction of attitudes and
behaviors.
- No manipulation of variables is involved.
 Nonexperimental Research Designs
According to Purpose/ Objectives:
2. Comparative
- used to compare and contrast representative samples from
two or more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated
variables that occur in normal conditions.
- The results obtained from these analyses are frequently not
generalized in a population.
 Nonexperimental Research Designs
According to Purpose/ Objectives:
3. Correlational
- used to investigate the direction and magnitude of
relationships among variables in a particular population.
- designed to study the changes in one characteristic or
phenomenon which correspond to the changes in another or with
one another.
 Nonexperimental Research Designs
According to Purpose/ Objectives:
4. Evaluative
- This involves making a judgment of worth or value.
- It allows the researcher to delineate, obtain, and provide
information that is useful for judging decision alternatives when
conducting a program or service.
 Nonexperimental Research
Designs
According to Time Dimension:
1.Retrospective- using past data to explain the
present
2.Cross-Sectional- collecting data at a single point
in time; across sections
3.Longitudinal- collecting data across time
 Quantitative Research Designs
(Johnson 2001)
Research Purpose Time Dimensions
Retrospective Cross-Sectional Longitudinal
Descriptive Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal,
Descriptive Study Descriptive Study Descriptive Study
(Type 1) (Type 2) (Type 3)

Predictive Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal,

Predictive Study Predictive Study Predictive Study
(Type 1) (Type 2) (Type 3)
Explanatory Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal,
Explanatory Study Explanatory Study Explanatory Study
(Type 1) (Type 2) (Type 3)
 Research Design Example (Crsitobal, 2003)

This study used the survey approach of conducting a research. Specifically, it

utilized the descriptive survey and correlation procedures. The principal purpose of
the researcher was to discover how the groups of respondents assessed the
intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies of school managers and to find out
the relationship of these competencies to the school’s effectiveness. The descriptive
method was supplemented with documentary analysis of the school’s, teacher’s, and
student’s performance as reflected in the Performance Appraisal for the Secondary
Teachers (PAST), and the documents available in the Division Office for the
performance indicators as well as local documents available in the school for the
awards received and data on the school participation in the community.
 Research Design Example (Crsitobal, 2003)

Gay (1976) defines descriptive research as involving the current status of the
subject of the study. This method of research is designed to gather information on
condition existing at a particular period. Similarly, Travers (1978) added that the
descriptive method of research is used to describe the nature of situation as it exists
at the tome of study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena.
A correlation approach was used to relate the competencies of the school
managers to school performance. A correlation study is defined by Calmorin (1998)
as the study that aims to determine the relationship of variables. It also indicates the
extent to which different variables are related to each other and what variables are
related to each other in the target population. It also ascertains how much variation
is caused by another variable. Measure of correlation determines the magnitude and
direction of relationships.
 2. Respondents of the Study

– This part of the Research Methodology discusses how the

subjects or respondents of the stud are selected and how an
appropriate sampling method is chosen.
– The participants or respondents are individuals or groups of
people that serve as the sources of information during data
collection.
 2. Respondents of the Study

• POPULATION
• -is composed of persons or objects that possess some common
characteristics that are of interest to the researcher.
2 Groups of Population:
1. Target Population
- consists of the entire group of people or objects to which the
findings of the study generally apply.
2. Accessible population
- the specific study population
 2. Respondents of the Study

• Example for Target and Accessible Population

In a study about the common difficulties encountered by
senior high school students in the technical-vocational track in
their on-the-job training in Region VIII, all senior high school
students enrolled in the technical-vocational track in Region VIII
are the target population, while the senior high school students
who are enrolled within the school or district and even those who
are in the division are the accessible population.
 2. Respondents of the Study

• Parameter- a numeric characteristic of a population.

• Sample- a subset of the entire population or a group of
individuals that represents the population and serves as the
respondents of the study.
• Statistic- numeric characteristic of a sample
• Element- A single member of the sample
 2. Respondents of the Study

• Parameter- a numeric characteristic of a population.

• Sample- a subset of the entire population or a group of
individuals that represents the population and serves as the
respondents of the study.
• Statistic- numeric characteristic of a sample
• Element- A single member of the sample
 2. Respondents of the Study
Ways to Determine the Sample Size
• An important task of the researcher is to determine the
acceptable sample size. The larger the sample, the more
reliable the result of the study. Hence, it is advisable to
have a large enough sample for it will yield more reliable
results.
 2. Respondents of the Study
Factors to Consider in Determining the Sample Size
I. Homogeneity of the population
- The higher the degree of variation within the population,
the smaller the sample size that can be utilized.
II. Degree of Precision Desired by the Researcher
- A larger sample size will result in greater precision or
accuracy of results.
III. Types of Sampling Procedure
 2. Respondents of the Study
Kinds of Sampling
1. Probability Sampling or Scientific Sampling
- All members of the population are given a chance of being
selected.
a. Simple Random Sampling
- An unbiased way of selection as samples are drawn by chance.
- Techniques in getting samples through simple random sampling-
roulette wheel, fishbowl technique, the use of table of random
numbers
 2. Respondents of the Study
b. Stratified Random Sampling
- The population is first divided into different strata then the sampling
follows.
Example:
- The researcher will study the common causes and effects of smoking
among senior high school students. Equal representations or
respondents are selected from various samples from public and private
(first stratum); Then in the selected public and private schools, samples
are chosen from each grade level (second stratum); Finally, samples are
chosen by gender (3rd stratum).
- The sampling process is done in stages from the first stratum up to the
last stratum
 2. Respondents of the Study
c. Cluster sampling
- This is used in large scale studies in which the population is
geographically spread out.
Example:
A research wants to interview 100 senior high school honor
students to have enough representatives of the different public
schools within the division. If there are 10 public schools in the
division, each cluster or school must have 10 samples to complete the
total statistics of 100.
 2. Respondents of the Study
d. Systematic sampling
- It is a method of selecting every nth element of the population
(e.g., every fifth, eighth, ninth, or eleventh). After the size of the
sample has been determined, the selection of the sample
follows.
 2. Respondents of the Study
Kinds of Sampling

2. Non-probability Sampling or Non-Scientific Sampling

- A process of selecting respondents in which the members
of the entire population do not have an equal chance of
being selected as samples.
 2. Respondents of the Study
2. Non-probability Sampling or Non-Scientific Sampling
a. Convenience sampling
- It is also called accidental or incidental sampling
Example:
After you have already determined the size of the
sample from your population of elementary pupils, the
elementary pupils who are at the moment present during
the research visit will be chosen as your respondents.
 2. Respondents of the Study
2. Non-probability Sampling or Non-Scientific Sampling
b. Quota sampling
- It is somewhat similar to stratified sampling in which the
population is divided into homogenous strata then
sample elements are selected from each stratum.
 2. Respondents of the Study
2. Non-probability Sampling or Non-Scientific Sampling
c. Purposive sampling
- It involves the handpicking of subjects.
- This is called judgmental sampling
- A sample is selected based on characteristics of the
population and objectives of the study.
– Total population sampling is a type of purposive
sampling technique where you choose to examine
the entire population (i.e., the total population) that
have a particular set of characteristics.
 2. Respondents of the Study
IV. The Use of Formula
a. Slovin’s formula
 2. Respondents of the Study
Factors to Consider in Determining the Sample Size
V. Other Considerations
a. Sample size as small as 30 are generally adequate to
ensure that the sampling distribution of the mean will approximate
the normal curve (Shott, 1990).
b. When the total population is equal to or less than 100, this
same number may serve as the sample size. This is called universal
sampling.
 2. Respondents of the Study
Factors to Consider in Determining the Sample Size
V. Other Considerations
c. The following are acceptable sizes for different types of
research (Gay, 1976).
• Descriptive research- 10%-20% may be required
• Correlational- 30 subjects or respondents
• Comparative- 15 subjects / group
• Experimental- 15-30 subjects per group
3. Research Locale

–The setting of the Study

–Reasons why you chose that
particular setting
 4. Instrumentation

– Instrumentation refers to the different ways and means of

collecting data.
*instrument- a tool or device used to collect data

-The instrument has to be designed and structured so that

correct and accurate information will be collected from the
samples. This will ensure the quality and validity of the
results and findings.
Relationship of the Review of Related
Literature to the Questionnaire
Indicators- descriptive information gathered from different
sources which are used in making sure that the content of the
questionnaire is valid.
A valid indicator must be supported by previous studies.
 Types of Questions

1. Yes or No Type
2. Recognition Type- alternative responses are provided and the
respondents simply choose
3. Completion Type- Fill in the blanks
4. Coding Type- numbers are assigned to names, choices and other
pertinent data.
5. Subjective Type- respondents are free to give their opinion
 Scale Commonly Used in an Instrument
1. Likert scale
- a common scaling technique which consists of several declarative
statements that express a viewpoint on a topic.
Indicators 4 (Strongy 3 2 1
Agree) (Agree) (Disagree) (Strongly
Disagree)
1. I am interested in solving numbers and equations.
2. I enjoy using calculators
3. I am so engrossed in reading too many instruction.
4. Symbols and numbers are visibly catchy.
5. I find it easy to memorize formula
 Technical Qualities of Research
Instruments
1. Validity
- Research instruments should be able to correctly and
accurately measure what it intends to measure.
2. Reliability
- This refers to the consistency of measurement results and the
extent to which they are accurate, error-free, and stable.
 Instrumentation
Most Frequently Used Data
Collection Techniques
1. Documentary Analysis
2. Interview
3. Observation
4. Physiological Measures
5. Psychological Tests
6. Survey Questionnaires
 5. Procedure
▪ Procedure refers to any other steps that are not covered in the instruments subsection.
 6. Statistical Treatment

▪ Statistics- is the body of knowledge and techniques

used in collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing,
and interpreting data.
▪ It is prerequisite in any research that the researcher has sufficient
knowledge of various statistical techniques. (refer to handout 3-
pp.179-186
Methodology Contents
(Please be guided)
Chapter 3: Methodology

31.1. Research Design

➢Mention your research design and
explain/define/discuss (with reference)
➢Explain why you use that particular research
design
Chapter 3: Methodology

31.2. Respondents of the Study

➢ Who are your participants?
➢ How many? What formula will you use to arrive at that
particular sample size?
➢ How will you choose the respondents? What technique will
you use? (Type of Sampling and Technique in choosing the
respondents)
➢ What are relevant details about the respondents?
Chapter 3: Methodology

31.3. Research Locale

- Where did you conduct the study?
- Why did you choose that setting?
Chapter 3: Methodology

31.4. Instrumentation
A. Describe instrument 1 and justify its use. Explain how it is validated
and revised. If it is adopted, explain the reason for its adoption and
describe its reliability and validity.
B. Describe instrument 2 and justify its use. Explain how it is validated
and revised. If it is adopted, explain the reason for its adoption and
describe its reliability and validity.
C. Describe instrument 3 and justify its use. Explain how it is validated
and revised. If it is adopted, explain the reason for its adoption and
describe its reliability and validity.
Note: This is where you will explain the scales you use in measuring your
data (Likert Scale) and the verbal interpretation of numerical data.
Chapter 3: Methodology

31.5. Data Gathering Procedure

➢Explain the specific steps you undertook to
complete the data gathering phase.
Chapter 3: Methodology

31.6. Statistical Treatment

➢Mention all statistical tools you will use, what
particular variable in your study will it measure, and
what is the formula?
• Frequency and Percentage * Chi-square
• Mean * Pearson r
• ANOVA * and other tools…