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Causal Comparative Research

Causal comparative research investigates potential cause-and-effect relationships by comparing two or more groups of individuals that differ on some independent variable. Researchers observe the independent variable and then look for effects on the dependent variable. This type of research is retrospective, nonexperimental, and aims to identify relationships rather than prove causation. Key aspects include comparing existing groups without manipulation, using inferential statistics to analyze group differences, and addressing limitations like lack of random assignment.

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Je-Ann Estribor
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518 views31 pages

Causal Comparative Research

Causal comparative research investigates potential cause-and-effect relationships by comparing two or more groups of individuals that differ on some independent variable. Researchers observe the independent variable and then look for effects on the dependent variable. This type of research is retrospective, nonexperimental, and aims to identify relationships rather than prove causation. Key aspects include comparing existing groups without manipulation, using inferential statistics to analyze group differences, and addressing limitations like lack of random assignment.

Uploaded by

Je-Ann Estribor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAUSAL COMPARATIVE

RESEARCH
JE-ANN B. ESTRIBOR
Research investigators attempt to determine the cause or
What is Causal- consequences of differences that already existed among groups
of individual.
Comparative
Research? Also known as “Ex post facto” research
Ex post facto  focuses on how actions that have already
occurred can predict certain causes.
research
Attempts to identify cause and effect relationship.
Involve two or more variables.
Characteristics Involve making comparison.
Individuals are not randomly selected and assigned to two or
more groups.

Characteristics Cannot manipulate the independent variables.


Less costly and time consuming.
1. How does pre-school attendance affect social maturity at the
end of the first grade?
Examples: 2. How does having a working mother affect a child’s school
absenteeism?
TYPES OF
CAUSAL-
COMPARATIV
E RESEARCH
DESIGN OF TWO GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS:
CAUSAL- 1. Experimental
COMPARATIV 2. Control group
E RESEARCH
GROUPS 1. One group possesses a characteristic that the other does not.
MAY DIFFER 2. Each group has the characteristic, but to differing degrees or
IN TWO amounts.

WAYS:
TYPES OF
CAUSAL- Retrospective causal-comparative research
COMPARATIVE Prospective causal-comparative research
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
RETROSPECTIVE  Requires the researcher to begin investigating a particular
CAUSAL- question when the effects have already occurred.
COMPARATIVE  The researcher attempts to determine whether one variable may
RESEARCH have influence another variable.
 How does having a working mother affect a child’s school
absenteeism?
Example:
PROSPECTIVE
CAUSAL-  The researcher initiates a study beginning with the causes and
COMPARATIVE is determined to investigate the effects of a condition.
RESEARCH
 The researcher observed that two (2) groups differ on some
BASIC variable (teaching style) and then attempt to find the reason for
APPROACH OF (or the results of) this difference
CAUSAL-
COMPARATIVE **Note that the difference has already occurred**
RESEARCH
 Causal-comparative studies attempt to identify the cause-effect
BASIC relationship
APPROACH OF
 Causal-comparative research typically involves two or more
CAUSAL- groups and one independent variable.
COMPARATIVE  It involves comparison.
RESEARCH
BASIC  The basic causal-comparative approach involves starting with
APPROACH OF an effect and seeking possible causes (retropective).
CAUSAL-  The basic approach starts with the cause and investigates its
COMPARATIVE effects on some variable (prospective).

RESEARCH
STEPS IN
CONDUCTING A  According to Lodico et al. (2006), these following step should
CAUSAL- be adhered by the causal-caomparative researchers.
COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
STEP 1:  Topics that typically catches the researcher’s attention.

SELECT  Based on experiences or situations that have occurred in real


world.
TOPIC
 Reviewing published literature on a specific topic of interest.
STEP 2:  This can assist a researcher in determining which extraneous
REVIEW OF variables that may exist in the situation they are considering to

LITERATURE study
STEP 3:
DEVELOP  Should describe the expected impact of the independent
variable on the dependent variable.
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
STEP 4:  In causal-comparative research, participants are organized in
SELECT groups, that is referred as the comparison groups.

PARTICIPANT
S
STEP 5: SELECT
INSTRUMENT TO
MEASURE  Requires researchers to select instruments that are reliable and
allow researchers to draw valid conclusions
VARIABLES AND
COLLECTING
DATA
STEP 6:  In causal-comparative studies, data is reported as a mean or
frequency for each group.
ANALYZE  Inferential statistics are used to determine whether the means
AND for the group are significantly different from each other

INTERPRET (Lodico et al., 2006)


 The first step is, to construct frequency polygons.
 Means and SD are usually calculated if the variables are
quantitative.
DATA  The most commonly used inference test for differences
ANALYSIS between means.
 ANCOVAs are useful for this type of study.
 Used to adjust initial group differences on variables used in
causal-comparative and experimental studies.
ANALYSIS OF  Adjusts scores on a dependent variable for initial differences
COVARIANC on some other variable related to performance on the

E dependent.
 Analysis of data also involves a variety of descriptive and
inferential statistics.
Most  The mean- indicates the average performance of a group on

Commonly some measure of a variable.


 The standard deviation- indicates how spread out a set of
used descriptive scores around the mean.
statistics are:
 It is more efficient since it allows you to save human and
ADVANTAGES economic resources and to do it relatively quickly.

OD CAUSAL-  Identifying causes of certain occurrences (or non-


occurrences)
COMPARATIV
 Scrutinizes the relationships among different variables in
E RESEARCH which the independent variable has already occurred
 Not able to manipulate/control an independent variable as well
as the lack of randomization.

DISADVANTAG
ES OF CAUSAL-  Like other methodologies, it tends to be prone to some
COMPARATIVE research bias, the most common type of research is subject-
selection bias, so special care must be taken to avoid it so as
RESEARCH not to compromise the validity of this type of research.
DISADVANTAG  The loss of subjects/location influences / poor attitude of
ES OF CAUSAL- subjects/testing threats….are always a possibility

COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
 Independent variable is always assumed to have already
existed.
ASSUMPTION  The main concern is the changes occurring on the dependent
S OF CAUSAL- variable.

COMPARATIV  There is a difference between the two groups.

E REEARCH  The groups are similar by all standards


EXAMPLE:

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