NE

TWORKE
SSE
NTI
ALS

1. I
ntroduct
ion
2. Cables
,Connect
ors
3. St
anda r
ds–Etherne
t–Tok
enRi
ng–F
DDI
4. OSIRefer
enceMode l
5. Ty
pe sofSer
vic
e

I
I.T CP/IPBasic
s
I
II
.T CP/IPAddre s
singandS ubnett
ing
I
V.CI S
CORout erHa r
dwa r
eBa si
cs
V. CIS
CORout erIOSBa s
ics
VI
.CI S
CORout erIOSMa nageme nt
VI
I.ROUT ING
VI
II
.WANT echnologies
I
X.ACCE S SL
IST
X. SWITCHBa sics
XI
.VL ANConc eptsa ndConfigur
ati
on
XI
I.INTER-VL
ANConc e
pts
XI
II
.VTP/STPConc epts
XI
V.NAT
NE
TWORKE
SSE
NTI
ALS

T
ypesofNe
twork
1. L AN
2. WAN
3. I NTERNET

T
ypesofL
AN
1. Cl i
ent
/Se
rve
r
2. Pe ert
oPeer

Ne
twor
kCompone
nts
1. Ne twor
kHardwa
re
2. Ne twor
kSof
twar
e

Ne
twor
kHa
rdware
1. Ne t
workInter
fac
eCard(NI
C)
2. T r
ansmi
ssionMedia
3. T woormor eCompute
rs
4. Ne t
workDe vi
ces

Ne
twor
kSof
twar
e
1. Ne twor
kOpe
rat
ingS
yst
em(NOS
)

T
rans
mis
sionMe dia
1. T wistedPai
rCabl
e
2. Coa xialCa
ble
3. F iberOpti
cCabl
e
4. Wi r
elessL
AN

TI
AS ta
ndard(Te l
ecommunic
ati
onInfor
mati
onAs
soc
iat
ion)
Twi
s t
edPairCable
1. Uns hiel
dedtwi
stedpai
r(UTP)
2. S hi
eldedtwi
ste
dpa i
r(STP)
UTPcateg
or i
es

a. CAT1 usedf
ort el
ephone( 1pa i
r)
b. CAT2 4MbPSf ortokenring(2pa i
rs)
c. CAT3 10MbPSf orEthernet(4pa i
rs
)
d. CAT4 16MbPSf orFastToke nRing(4pai
rs
)
e. CAT5 100MbPSf orFa s
tEthe r
net(4pai
rs)
e. CAT5e 1GbPSf orGigabitEt
herne
t
f. CAT6 1GbpsforMul tiGigabi
t
CABL
ESPE
CIF
ICAT
IONS

Gi
gabit 1000BASET 1000MbPS
Fa
st 10BASET 10MbPS Ba
seba
ndT
wist
edPai
r(100mt
s)
Et
hernet 100BASET 100MbPS Ba
seba
ndT
wist
edPai
r(100mt
s)
100BASETX 100MbPS Ba
seba
nd(
220mts
)
Conne
ctorRJ45

S
TPConne
ctor

RJ45,
RJ11,
RS-232,
RS-
449
155MbPS

Conne
cti
ons

1. STRAI
GHTTHROUGH(T568A–T568A)
2. CROSSOVE
R(T 568A–T
568B)

S
TRAI
GHTT
HROUGH

T568A T568A
1. GreenWhite(T
X+) Gree
nWhite
2. Green(T
X-) Gree
n
3. OrangeWhite(
RX+) Or
ang
eWhite
4. Bl
ue Bl
ue
5. Bl
ueWhi t
e Bl
ueWhit
e
6. Orange(
RX-) Or
ang
e
7. Br
ownWhi te Br
ownWhite
8. Br
own Br
own

[
1-3,
2-6]

CROS
SOVE
R

T568A T568B
1. GreenWhite[TX+] OrangeWhit
e
2. Green[T
X-] Orange
3. OrangeWhite[RX+] GreenWhite
4. Bl
ue Bl
ue
5. Bl
ueWhi t
e Bl
ueWhi t
e
6. Orange[
RX- ] Gr
een
7. Br
ownWhi te Br
ownWhi
te
8. Br
own Br
own
COAXI
ALCABL
E[RG/
68]

1. T
HINNET[0.
25“]
2. T
HICKNET[
0.4“
]

CABL
ESPE
CIF
ICAT
ION

10Ba
se2 T
hinnet 200mt
s[6mm]
10Ba
se5 T
hickne
t 500mt
s[13mm]

Conne
ctor
s

BNC[BAYONET-NEI
LL-CONCELMAN]
I
tinc
lude
sT -
connect
or
Par
all
elc
onne c
tor
Te
rminat
or

VAMPI
RET
AP S
tanda
rdEt
her
net[
thi
ckne
t]
BNC T
hinEt
her
net

F
IBE
ROPT
IC

S
PECI
FI
CAT
ION

1000Bas
eLXLongwavel
engt
h,Mult
imode[
3km]orS
ing
leMode[
100k
m]
1000Bas
eSX Shortwave
leng
th,
10BaseF 2000mts

F
IBE
ROPT
IC

Mult
iMode us
edL
ED use
dinLAN’s
Si
ngl
eMode us
edL
ASER us
edinte
lephonene
twor
k

Conne
ctor
s
*SC
*ST

NE
TWORKT
ECHNOL
OGI
ES

1. E
THE
RNET
2. T
OKENRI
NG
3. F
DDI[
Fi
berDi
st
ri
but
edDa
taI
nte
rfa
ce]

E
THE
RNE
T

 10MbPS
 Rev
isi
ons
 o Fa
stEt
her
net[I
EEE802.
3U]100MbPS
o Gi
gabi
tEt
her
net[I
EEE802.
5]100MbPSor1GbPS

CS
MA/
CD[
Car
ri
erS
ens
eMul
ti
pl
eAc
ces
s/Col
l
isi
onDe
tec
ti
on]

 Ether
ne t`atDataLi
nklayeri
sr es
ponsi
bl
eforEthernetaddres
sing,c
ommonl yref
err
edt
o
ashardwa readdress
ingorMACa ddr
ess
ing
 Ether
ne tisal
soresponsi
bleforfr
a mi
ngpacke
tsrecei
vedf r
omt hene t
worklay
erand
prepari
ngt hemfortrans
mi s
sionontheloc
alnetworkthroughE t
hernetCONTENTI
ON
Me di
aAc c
essMe t
hod

E
THE
RNE
TFRAMEF
ORMATI
EEE802.
3

PRE S
FD DA S
A L
ENGT
H/T
YPE DAT
A/PAD F
CS

PRE–Pr eamble–7by t
esinal
ter
nati
ng1’ s
,0’s–indi
cat
ingt
her
ece
ive
rst
ati
onst
hatf
ramei
s
coming
SFD–S ta
r tFra
meDe l
imit
er/sy
nch–1by t
e
1,0,
1,0,
1,0,10,
1 1,1,1,
1,1,
1,1,
1
Alte
rnati
ons al
l 1’s
1,0
 PREus ese
ithe
rSFDorsynch

DA–Des
ti
nati
onAddre
ss–6byt
es
LSBi
s0–Indi
vi
dual
Address
1–GroupAddres
s

T
OKENRING[IEEE802.5]
 Noc ol
li
sions
 Idea
l f
ora ppli
cat
ions[f
actoryautomati
on]
 4or16MbPS
L
ogi
cal
l
yaringbutphy sica
ll
yas t
a rconf
igur
ati
ontoMAUrel
ays
 TokenringL ANsconti
nuous l
ypassatokenoraT
oke
nRingf
rame
 MAU[Out stati
onAc c
essUnit]

F
DDI [F
iberDi
str
ibute
dDa taInterfa
ce]
 100MbPST okenpassi
ngne twork
 Fi
beropti
ccablewit
hma s sl
eng t
hof2k m
 Dual-
ri
ngarchi
tect
ureforredunda ncy
 Usedforc
orporateandca r
ri
e rbackbone
s

CDDI[
Coppe
rDis
tri
but
edDataI
nte
rfac
e]
 i
mpleme
ntsFDDIov
erSTPandUTPc
abl
e
Dua
lRi
ngArchit
ecture
 Pri
ma ryri
ngf ordat
atransmi
ssi
ons
 Secondaryringforr
eli
abil
i
tyandrobus
tne
ss

Component
s
 Si
ngl
ea tt
achmentst
ati
on(SAS)f
orPC’
s
 Dualatt
achmentst
ati
ons(DAS)f
orser
ver
s
 Concent
rator

F
DDIc
oncentr
ator
 al
socall
edasDua l
-at
tachedc onc
entr
ator(DAC)
 Bui
ldi
ngblockofanFDDI network
 Att
achesdir
ectl
ytobothr i
ngsandensurestha
tanyS
ASf
ail
ureorpowe
r-downdoe
snot
bri
ngdownt heri
ng

NE
TWORKT
OPOL
OGI
ES

Defi
nesNe t
workDe vi
ceOr
gani
zat
ion
Fourcommont ypes
 BUST opology
 T REETopolog
y
 S TARTopology
 RI NGTopology

Topol
ogi
esarel
ogi
cal
Archi
tec
ture
Actua
ldev
ice
sneednotbephysi
cal
lyor
gani
zedi
nthe
sec
onf
igur
ati
ons

BUSandT REETopol
ogy
TRE
ET opologybr
anchwit
hmul
ti
pl
enode
s.

S
TARTopol
ogy
 usedinEt
her
netandT
oke
nRi
ng
 5to100+devi
ces

OS
IRe
fer
enc
eMode
l

Appli
cat
ionlay
er,Pr
esent
ati
onl
aye
r,Ses
sionl
ayer
,Trans
portl
ayer[
seg
ment
]
Networklay
er[pa
c k
ets
],Dat
ali
nkl
aye
r[fr
a me
],Phys
ical
lay
er[bi
ts]

APPLI
CAT
IONLAYER
 Pr
ovi
desnet
wor
kse
rvi
cest
oappl
i
cat
ionpr
oce
sse
sli
kee
-ma
il
,Fi
l
eTr
ans
fer
,andT
ermi
nal
Emul
ati
on.

PRE
SENT
ATIONLAYER
 Datare
pres
entat
ion
  Ens
uresdatai
sreadabl
ebyreceivi
ngsystem
 For
matofda t
a
 Dat
astruct
ure
 Negot
iate
sdatatra
nsfe
rsynta
xf orappli
cat
ionl
ayer
 Compress
ion,de
compress
ion,encry
ptionanddecr
ypti
on

S
ESS
IONLAYER
 Int
er-
hostcommuni
cat
ion
 Est
abl
ishes
, ma
nage
s,andte
rmi
nat
ess
ess
ionsbe
twe
ena
ppl
i
cat
ions

TRANS
PORTL AYE R
 End-to-endc onne ct
ionreli
abi
lit
y
 Conce r
ne dwi thda t
atransporti
ssuesbet
we enhost
s
 Datat r
ans portreli
abil
i
t y
 Esta
bl i
she s,maintai
ns,andterminatesvi
rt
ualci
rcui
ts
 Faul
tde te ct
iona ndrecovery
 I
nforma tionf l
owc ontrol
NETWORKL AY ER
 Addre ss
est hebe stpath
 Provi
de sc onnectivi
tyandpa t
hs el
ecti
onbetweentwoends
yst
ems
 Doma inofr outing

DAT
ALI
NKL AYER
 Accesst
ome di
a
 Prov
idesreli
abl
et r
ansferofdat
aacr
ossme di
a
 Phys
icaladdres
sing,ne
twor kt
opol
ogy,e
rrornot
if
ic
ati
ona
ndf
lowc
ont
rol

PHY
SICALLAYER
 Bi nar
ytra
nsmis
sion
 T hroughwir
es,
connec
tor
s,v
olt
age
s,da
tar
ate
s

TCP/I
P
Asuit
eofpr
otoc
ols

T
CP
 Rul
esthatdi
cta
tehowpa
cke
tsofi
nfor
mat
iona
res
enta
cros
smul
ti
pl
ene
twor
ks
 Addre
ssi
ng
 Err
orche
c ki
ng

I
P
 Det
ermine
swherepack
etsar
eroute
dbasedont
hei
rdest
ina
tiona
ddr
ess
es
 Br
eakspack
etsi
ntos
ma l
le
rpack
etsandr
eass
embl
esthe
m.

DOD mode l OS
Imodel
Appl
i
cat
ion/pr
oce
ss Appl
ica
tion
Pre
sentati
on
 Sess
ion
Hos
t-t
o-hos
t Tra
nsport
I
nte
rnet Network
Net
workAcces
s Datali
nk
Physi
cal
T
CP/
IPPROT
OCOLS
UIT

PROTOCOL S
TheProcess/Appl i
c at
ionl ay
e rprotoc ols
1.T elne t–T e rminal Emul a
t i
on
 a ll
owsaus eronar emot eclientma chinecall
edtheT e
lnetcl
i
ent,
toacc
esst
heres
our
ces
ofa not herma chine,theT elnetS er
ver[v i
rtualt
erminal]
[Portno. 23]
2.F il
eT ra nsferPr otocol
 F TPi sapr og r
amope ratinga sprotocol
 Us e df orfiletrans f
erbe twe ent wos y
stems
 Ca na ccessbot hdi rectorie
sa ndf i
lesandc anaccompli
shcert
aint
ype
sofdir
ect
ory
ope rations .
 F TPus esT elnettot ransparent l
ylogont oF TPserv
er.
 Us e sa uthe nti
ca t
ions ecuredwi t
hus ername sandpasswords
.
**Di r
ec t
or yMa nipulati
on
 T ypingf i
l
ec ontents
 Copy ingf i
lebe twe enhos t
s
 Itc an’te xe cutere motef il
esa sprograms .[portno.21]

3.TF
TP–T r
ivial
Fil
eT r
ansferProtoc
ol
 St
ockver
sionofF T
P
 Fa
st
 Nodir
ect
or y
-browsi
nga bil
i
ties
 Se
ndsorreceivemuc hsmall
e rbl
ock
sofdat
athanF
TP
 Noauthe
nt i
cat
ion,soit
sinsecure[por
tno.69]

4.NFS–Net
workFi
leSy
ste
m
 pr
otoc
ols
pec
ial
izi
ngi
nfi
leshar
ing
 al
l
owstwodi
ffe
rentt
ypesoff
il
esyst
emt
oint
erope
rat
e por
tno

5.SMTP–Si
mpleMail
T r
ans
ferPr
otocol
 Use
dtosendmai
lore-mai
l
 POP3usedt
orec
eivemai
l[portno.110]
 Por
tno.
25

6.LPD–L i
nePri
nterDaemon
 desi
gnedforpri
nters
ha ri
ng
 LPDa l
ongwithLPR[LinkPri
nte
rProgr
am]
 All
owsprintj
obstobes pool
edandse
nttone
twor
kpr
int
ersus
ingT
CP/
IP
 Portno.
XWINDOWS
*Desi
gne
dforc
li
ent
-se
rve
rope
rat
ionsonaGUI
*Por
tno.

S
NMP–S i
mpleNe tworkMa nageme ntProtocol
 col
lect
sa ndmanipulat
evalua blenetworki
nformati
on
 i
treceiv
e sBASELI
NE–ar epor tdel
i
mi t
ingtheopera
tiont
rai
tsofahe
alt
hyne
twor
k
 thi
sprotocols
tandsaswa tchdog[AGE NTS]
 Agentssendana l
ertcal
le
daT RAPtothema nage
me nt
 Portno.161/162

DNS–DomainNa meS er
vice
 itr
e s
olveshostnamea lt
ernati
vetoIPa
ddress
 portno.53
DHCP–DynamicHostConfigura
tionProtoc
ol
 itass
ignsIPaddres
stohos ts
 canprovidefol
lowinginf
or mat
ion
*IP,subnetma sk,domainname,de
faul
tga
tewa
y,DNS
,WI
NS

BOOT
P–Boots
trappr
otoc
ol
 por
tno.67,
68

NE
TWORKPROT
OCOL
S

1. I
PX/SPX–
I
nte
rNetwor
kPac
ketEx
change/Seque
ncedPa
cke
tEx
cha
nge
Net
wareCor
ePr
otoc
oldev
e l
opedbyNove
ll
.

2. NETBIOS/NE TBEUI
NetworkBasicInputOutputSys
tem/NE TBI
OSE
nha
nce
dUs
erI
nte
rfa
ce
Devel
ope dbyIBMr e f
inedbyMicr
osof
t
UsedbyWi ndowsNTf orLANmanagement
Forfi
l
ea ndprintershari
ng

3. T
CP/IP
S
etofpr
otoc
olsus
edi
nInt
erne
t

4. APPLE
TALK
UsedbyMACI
NTOS
Hcomput
ers

5. DLC/DataL
inkControl
–deve
lopedbyIBM
Toconne
ctToken-ri
ngbas
edworkst
ati
onstoIBMmai
nfr
ame.
Als
ousedbypri
ntermanuf
act
urer
stoconnectre
mot
epri
nte
rstone
twor
kpr
int
s
erv
ers.
Hos
t-T
o-Hos
tLa
yerPr
otoc
ols

1.TCP–T r
ans missi
onCont rolProt
ocol
 Conne ct
ion-or i
ent
ed
 Sequence d
 Ful
l-duple x
 Reli
ablea nda ccur
ate
 Err
orc heck i
ng
 Segme nt(20t o24bytes)
 Windowi ngF lowcontrol
2.UDP–Us e rDa t
agramPr otocol
 Conne ct
ion-less
 Fast
 Noa cknowl edgeme nt
 Uns equenc ed
 Nowi ndowi ngorflowc ontrol

I
nte
rne
tL aye
rPr otocol
s
1. I P–I nternetProtoc ol
2. I CMP–I nternetCont r
ol Mess
a g
eProt
oc ol
 Itisama na geme ntprot ocolandme ss
agi
ngs erv
iceprovi
derf
orI
P
3. ARP-Addr essRe solutionProtocol
 findstheMACa ddr es
soft hehostfromak nownI Paddres
s
4. RARP–Re verseAddr e
s sRes
oluti
onProtocol
 Re quest
sf orIPaddres swi thhel
pofMACa ddressindis
kle
ssmac
hine
s

I
PHE ADER
Sour
ceIPa ddr
ess 131.
107.
7.29
Dest
inat
ionIPaddre
ss 131.107.
3.44
Prot
ocol TCPorUDP
Checks
um 4DF5
Ti
met oLiv
e[ T
TL] 60

T
TL–v
aluewhi
chde
ter
mine
showl
ongt
hepa
cke
tli
vesont
hewi
rebe
for
eit
’sdi
sca
rde
d

I
Pont
herouter
 Decr
eme nt
stheTTL
 Cal
cul
atesnewchecksum
 Obtai
nshardwar
ea ddre
ss
 For
wa r
dsthepacke
t

I
nIPla
yer,
thepa
cke
tisde
fra
gme
nte
rint
othr
eepa
rts
.Ea
chpa
rtha
sthef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
(
header
)

E
g.FLAG
I
ndic
a t
esot
herf
ragmentf
oll
ows
F
lagisnota
ddedtothel
astpac
ketbe
caus
enoot
herf
rag
ment
sfol
l
owi
t
F
RAGME NTID
I
dent
if
yall
fra
gme
ntst
hatbe
longt
oge
the
r

F
RAGME
NTOF
FSE
T

I
PADDRE
SS[
32bi
t–4oc
tet
s]I
PV4

I
PV4–32bi
ts
I
PV6–128bi
ts

Subne
tma s
k
Cla
ssA–255.0.
0.0
Cla
ssB-255.
255.0.0
Cla
ssC-255.
255.255.0

S
ubne
tti
ng
 Reducenet
wor ktra
ffi
c
 Opti
mizednetworkpe r
for
mance
 Si
mplif
iedmana g
eme nt
 Faci
l
ita
tesspa
nningoflargeg
eogra
phi
cal
dis
tanc
es

0741CI
SCOL
AYE
RS

1.
CoreLayer:
Respons i
blefortr
ans porti
nglargeamount soft r
affi
cbothreliabl
yandqui
ckl
yto
swit
c htraff
icasfastaspos si
ble
2.
Dis
tri
butionl ay
er(workg r
oupl ayer)
:
Routing
I
mpl eme ntati
onoft oolssuchasa cc
e ssli
sts,packetfil
ter
ing,addres
str
ans
lat
ion,
fi
rewa l
l
Redistri
buti
onbe twe enroutingprotocols,incl
udings t
ati
crouting
Routingbe tweenVL ANs ,
a ndotherwor kgroups upportfuncti
ons
Defi
nitionsofbroadc astandmul t
icastfunctions
3.
Accessl
ay er(deskt
oplay er)
Sta
ticrouting,dema nddy namicroutinga ndE thernetswitc
hing
CI
SCOHARDWAREBAS
ICS

ROUT
ER
1. Microproc essor(MOT OROL A68030s eri
esOROr i
on/R4600se r
ies
2. Mothe rboa rd/Chi ps ets
3. Me mor y
Dy nami cRAM( volat
il
e)–c urrentconfigurati
onfil
e[Running–confi
g]
NVRAM[ NonVol at
il
e]–s haredc onfi
gurationfi
le[S
tarte
r–c onfi
g]
SRAM( ST ATICDY NAMI CRANDOMACCE S SME MORY )
FLAS H-I OSr esides
ROM[ BIOS ]
 POS T
 BS L–Boot sfrom: FLAS H/T FTP/MI NII
OS
 MI NI IOS
4. Int
erfaces
Cons ole[ c
on0]
As ynchr onousse r
ialport[RS232]
Conne ctstoCompor tofthes y
stem
Aux i
li
a r
ypor t[Aux0]
F orremot econfig
ura ti
on
S uppor tsmode m
5. LANI nterf
a ce
AUI [Atta c
hme ntUs erI
nte r
fa ce
]
Ethe r
ne tE0
Ot hers-F astE t
he rnet,Gi
g abitEthernet
, TokenRing,FDDI
6. WANI nterface
i.S eri
al 0
i
i.S eri
al 1
i
i
i.Ot hers:I SDN, F
rameRe lay,ATM, DS L,
VOIP
7. I/OS l
ots

E
DIT
INGT
OOL
S

Ct
rlA–mov
ecur
sort
obe
ginni
ngoft
hel
i
ne
Ct
rlE-movec ursort oe ndoftheline
Es
cB-mov ec ursorba c
konewor d
Es
cF-mov ec ursorf orwardbyonewor d
Ct
rlB-mov ec ur
sorba ckbyonec haract
er
Ct
rlF–mov ec ur
s orf or
wa rdbyonec harac
ter
Ct
rlDorBack space–de lete
sas i
nglechara
cter
Ct
rlU–E r
aseal i
ne
Ct
rlR–redisplay
sal ine
Ct
rlW –eraseawor d
Ct
rlZ–endst hec onf i
gurati
onmodea ndret
urnst
oEx
ecmode
Ta
b–f i
ni
shingt y
pi ngac omma nd
Ct
rlP–showsl astc omma ndty
pe d
Ct
rlN–showspr eviousc omma nde nt
e r
ed

I
OSBASICCOMMANDS
Rout
er>? He lp
Rout
er>show? Li
stsal
lthecomma ndsinS how
Rout
er>s? Li
stsal
lthecomma ndss t
artingwith‘
S’
Rout
er>showterminal showsterminalconfi
g ura
tiona ndhis
tor
ybuf
fers
ize
Rout
er>showversi
on showsthev er
si
on
Rout
er>showfl
ash showsde t
ail
sof‘fl
ash’
Rout
er>enabl
e toenterpri
vil
egee xecmode
Rout
er#showhist
ory showlasttencomma nds
Rout
er#termi
nalhi
s t
orysi
ze20 tosethi s
torys i
zeto20
Rout
er#showrunning-c
onfi
gurati
on todisplaycont
ent
sofDyna
micRAM

S
ETT
INGPAS
SWORDS

1. T
ose
tcons
olepa
sswor
d

Rout
er>e
na bl
e
Rout
er#confi
gt
Rout
er(c
onf i
g)#li
neconsol
e0
Rout
er(c
onf i
g-l
i
ne)#l
og i
n
Rout
er(c
onf i
g-l
i
ne)#password<
pw>
Rout
er(c
onf i
g-l
i
ne)#Ctrl
Z
Rout
er#wr–t osavet
hes et
ti
ngs

2.Tosetprivi
l
e gepas
sword
Rout
e r>e
na bl
e
Rout
e r#confi
gt
Rout
e r(c
onf i
g)#enabl
esec
ret<
pw>
Rout
e r(c
onf i
g)#Ctr
lZ
Rout
e r#wr

3.Tosettel
netpas
swor
d
Rout
e r
>enabl
e
 Rout
er#conf
igt
Rout
er(c
onfi
g)#li
nevt
y04
Rout
er(c
onfi
g-l
i
ne)#l
ogin
Rout
er(c
onfi
g-l
i
ne)#pass
wor
d<pw>
Rout
er(c
onfi
g-l
i
ne)#Ct
rlZ
Rout
er#wr

4.Toseta uxi
li
arypas
sword
Rout
e r>enabl
e
Rout
e r#confi
gt
Rout
e r(confi
g)#li
neaux0
Rout
e r(confi
g-l
i
ne)#l
ogin
Rout
e r(confi
g-l
i
ne)#pass
wor
d<pw>
Rout
e r(confi
g-l
i
ne)#Ctr
lZ
Rout
e r#wr

5.Encr
ypt
ingpassword
Rout
er>enabl
e
Rout
er#confi
gt
Rout
er(confi
g)#se
rvic
epa
sswor
d-e
ncr
ypt
ion
Rout
er(confi
g)#Ct
rlZ
Rout
er#wr

6.T
ore
cov
erpa
sswor
ds

o Thedef
aultconfi
gurati
onregi
ste
rvalueis0*2102
o Toig
noreNVRAMc ontentr
egist
ervalueis0*2142
S
tep1. Pres
sCt r
l+Br eakwhenrouterboots
S
tep2 t ypes0aftercre
a ti
ngbrea
k
>0
>o/r0*2142
>I
..
..
Wa nttog otose
tupmode[ Y
/N]:N

NAT–NE TWORKADDRE SSTRANSLAT I

ON
NATal
lowsahostthatdoesnotha
v eav a
li
dregi
ste
redIPaddre
sscommuni
cat
ewit
hot
herhos
ts
thr
oug
ht hei
nter
net
NATusesaval
i
dr egi
ste
redIPaddr
e sstorepr
ese
ntthenon-r
egi
ste
redI
Paddre
ss

PRI
VAT
EADDRE
SS

o Non-
reg
ist
ere
dIPa
ddr
essus
edi
nsi
deane
twor
k

RANGEI
PADDRESS
CLAS
SA–10.
X.X.
X(10.
0.0.
0to10.
255.
255.
255)
CL
ASSB-172.
16.X.X(172.16.0.
0to172.
31.255.255)
CL
ASSC-192.
168.X.X(192.168.
0.0t
o192.168.255.255)

NAT-S
tat
ic
Dy
namic
Ov
erl
oadi
ng

S
tat
icNAT

1pr i
vateaddress:1publi
caddress
Eg: private publ
ic
10.1.
1.1 200.
1.1.
1
10.1.
1.2 200.
1.1.
2
10.1.
1.3
Rout
er(c
onfig)#IPna tins
idesourc
es t
ati
c
192.168.10.
1.200.1.
1.1
Rout
er(c
onfig)#inte0
Rout
er(c
onfig#ipna tinsi
de
Rout
er(c
onfig)#ints0
Rout
er(c
onfig)#ipna toutsi
de
Rout
er#showi pnattransl
ati
on

S
tat
icNAT

I
nte
rnet
S
ERVE
R

Dy
nami
cNAT
 Set
supapool ofpossi
bleinsi
deGl
obaladdr
essa
nddefi
nesc
rit
eri
afort
hes
etof
i
nsidel
ocalI
Pa ddr
esseswhosetra
ffi
cshoul
dbetra
nsl
ate
dwithNAT
 Addres
sisdynamica
ll
ya ss
igned

Dy
nami
cNAT
 I
nte
rNe
t
S
ERVE
R

Dyna
micNAT
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#a c
cess-
li
st1pe rmit192. 168.
10.00.0.
0.255
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#ipnatinsi
des ourcel i
st1pool hcl
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#ipnatpool hc
l 200.0.0.1200.0.
0.5netma s
k255.
255.
255.
0
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
nte0
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
pna ti
nside
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
nts0
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
pna toutsi
de
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#debugipna t [ *pi
ngf roms ource]
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#showipna ttr
a nsl
ation

PAT
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
pna ti
nsidesourcelist1poolhclover
loa
d
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
pna tpoolhcl200.1.
0. 1200.
0.0.
2netmask255.
255.
255.
0
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#
inte0
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#
ipnatinsi
de
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
nts0
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#
ipnatoutside
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#debugipna t[*tel
ne tfromsource]
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#showipna ttr
ansl
at i
on

Ov
erl
oadi
ngNATwi
thPAT

PAT–PortAddr
essTransl
ati
on
t
osupportl
otsofi
nsi
delocalIPaddr
ess
eswi
thonl
yafewi ns
ideGl
oba
l,publ
i
clyr
egis
ter
edIP
a
ddress
,NATov er
loa
dus esPAT.Ins
tea
dofj
ustt
rans
lat
ingtheIPa
ddr
ess,i
tal
sotra
nsla
tes
t
heportnumber.
I
PROUT
ING

1. St
ati
c
2. Defa
ult
3. Dynami
c

St
ati
cRouti
ng
Admini
st
rat
orma
nua
ll
yaddsr
out
esi
nea
chr
out
er’
srout
ingt
abl
e.

Comma nd
I
proute<de s
ti
nati
onnetwor
k><ma sk><ne x
thopaddore
xiti
nte
rfa
ce><a
dmi
ni
st
rat
ive
di
stanc
e><pe rmanent
Eg.
Iproute192.
168.
10.
0 255.255.
255.
0 192.
168.
20.
1

Toshowrouti
ngta
ble
#Showiproute

Def
aul
tRout
ing
Use
dinst
ubne t
workwherether
eisonl
yonewa
y
I
prout
e0.0.
0.0 0.
0.0.
0 192.
168.
20.
1

Adminis
tra
tiv
edis
tances
Rat
et hetr
ustwor
thine
ssofr
out
ingi
nfor
mat
ionr
ece
ive
donar
out
erf
romane
ighbourr
out
er.

Defaul
tadmini
str
ati
vedi
st
anc
e
Connect
edinte
rface 0
St
ati
croute 1
EI
GRP 90
I
GRP 100
OSPF 110
RI
P 120
Ext
ernalEI
GRP 170
Unknown 255(
thi
srout
ewi
l
lne
verbeus
ed)

DYNAMICROUT I
NG
Prot
ocol
sa reusedtofi
ndnetwork
sandupdat
eroutingt
able
sonr
out
ers
Routi
ngprotocol
s
Usedtode ter
minethepath.
Eg.RI
P,I
GRP,EI
GRP,OSPFetc
Routedprotocol
s
Thatcar
ri
e sthepac
k e
ts,
e.g.I
P,I
PX,a
ndAppleT
alk.

Routi
ngprotoc
ols
*I nt
eri
orGa t
ewayPr
otoc
ols
-usedtoex
chang
einf
ormati
onins
idet
hesameaut
onomous
sys
tem.
*E xte
riorGat
ewayPr
otocol
s-t
oc ommuni
cat
ebetwee
na ut
onomouss
yste
ms.Eg.
BGP

I
GP  Di
st
anc
eve
ctor RI
P,I
GRP
 L i
nkSta
te OSPF,NL
SP
 Hybr
id I
S-I
S,EI
GRP

RI
P  Rout ingi nformationprotocol
I
GRP  I nt
eriorGa tewa yProtocol(
Cisc
opropr
iet
ary
)
OSPF  OpenS hortestPa t
hF i
rst
NLSP  Net
wor kL i
nkS erviceProtocol
I
S-I
S I nterme diateSystem-Intermediat
eSys
tem
EI
GRP EnhancedI GRP( Cisc
opr opri
etar
y)

RI
P I
GRP

1.
Max
.Hopis15 Ma x.
Is255,de f
a ul
tis100
2.
Met
ri
cishop Compos i
teme tr
ic(Ba ndwi
dthand
Delay)def
ault
Als
oRe li
abi
li
ty,loada ndMTU
(MaximumT ransmissionuni
t)
3.Noa synchr
onous usesautonomouss ystemno.
4.Ful
lroutetabl
eupdateever
y30s
ec 90sec
5.Administ
rat
iveDi
sta
nc e120 100
6.Rout
eby‘ R’ Routespecif
iedby‘ I
’

RI
PV1 OS
PF

1.Ma
int
ainsonet
abl
e. Ma i
ntains3t a
bles
A.routingtabl
e
B.topologytable
C.neighbori
ngt abl
e
2.Maintainsonepa t
ht ode st
ina t
ion ma i
ntainsmulti
plepat
h
3.Adverti
se/upda tee v
e r
y30s ec every30mi ns
4.Adverti
sea r ebroa dcastpacke t
s. Multic
a stpacket
s
5.Ent
irerout ingt abl
ea dverti
se d. Onlycha ngedentri
es
6.Hig
ht raff
ic, bandwi dthconsumpt ion l
esstraffi
c,noba ndwi
dthc
ons
umpt
ion
Andfullinpe rf
orma nce.
7.Theme tricishop. Bandwidth,
timedela
y,cos
t,t
raf
fi
c.
8.Ma x.Hopi s15, 16thunr eachable. Unli
mited.
9.Doe s
n’ts uppor tclassles
srout i
ng. Suppor
tc l
ass
les
srouti
ng.
10.Ther outes pecif
iedby‘ R’
. Routespeci
fi
edby‘O’.
11.Admi nistrativedistanceis120. ADis110.
12.Delayinc onv ergence . Node l
ayinconver
gence.
13.Bel
lma nf ordAl gorit
hm. Dij
kshetr
aAlgor
it
hm.

E
IGRP
1.Mult
ipl
epa thstodes
tinat
ion.
2.Cl
assl
essrouti
ng.
3.Ci
scopropri
e t
arypr
otocol
.
 4.S upportsIP, I
PX, Appl etalk.
5.DUALAl gorithm(Di ffusionUpda teAl gori
thm)
6.Re li
ableT r
ans por tprotoc ol(RTP)f ora dvert
is
e.
7.Mul ti
plea utonomouss y stemsins amer outer.
8.ADi s90.
9.Rout eis‘D’.
10. Me t
ric–Ba ndwi dt h,timede l
ay,c ost,traf
fic
.
Ex
trac omma ndstov er
ifyt hec onf i
guration
#Showpr otocolsdi s
pl aysa l
lt heroute dpr otocol
sandthei
nte
r f
acesuponwhi
chi
sena
ble
d
#Showi ppr otocols s howsonl yi
ppr ot ocols
#debugi pri
p
#De bugi pigrpeve nts s ourcede sti
na tionupda tesandno.
ofroute
rs
#De bugi pigrptransa c
tions s howtra ns a
c t
ions
#unde buga ll t ot urnof fde bug gi
ng
Or
#UNa l
l

Conf
igur
ationofRI
P
Rout
er(confi
g)#rout
erri
ps
Rout
er(confi
g-r
outer
)#networ
k192.
168.
10.
0(e0)
Rout
er(confi
g-r
outer
)#networ
k192.
168.
20.
0(s0)
Rout
er(confi
g-r
outer
)#exi
t
Rout
er#s howiproute

OS
PFus
edL
SO(
Li
nkS
tat
eUpdat
e)–toi
ndi
cat
etheothe
rrout
ert
oupda
tewi
tht
hene
wli
nk
st
atus
,whent
heoldfa
il
s.

RI
Ppr
opa
gat
ions

Route
r(c
onf
ig-
route
r)#pass
ive
-int
erf
acess0
All
owsre
cei
vi
ngripupda
tesbutdoesnotsendouta
nyupda
tes

Conf
igur
ingI
GRP

#Route
rigrp10
#Network192.
168.
10.
0
#Network192.
168.
20.
0

E
IGRP

 c
lassl
ess,di
stancev e
c torprotocol
 c
ommuni cateswithot herroute r
sv i
a,RTP(Reli
abl
eTr
ans
por
tPr
otoc
ol)
 s
e l
ectst
hebe stpathv i
aDi f
fusingupdateal
gorit
hm(DUAL)
 Support
sIP,I
PX, Appletalk
 Support
smultipl
ea utonomouss yst
emonas i
ngler
out
er
 Support
sVLSMa ndsumma riz
a ti
on
 Me t
ri
c–ba ndwidth,de la
y,loada ndrel
iabi
l
ity
Conf
igur
ationEIGRP
Rout
er#c onfi
gt
Rout
er(confi
g)#route
rei
grp20
Rout
er(confi
g-r
outer
)#net
work192.
168.10.
0
Rout
er(confi
g-r
outer
)#net
work10.
0.0.
0

Toprohi
bittheinterfacef
roms e
ndingorr
ece
ivi
nghe
ll
opa
cke
ts
Router(
config
)#r outereigr
p20
Router(
config
-router)#passi
ve-
int
erfa
ces0
Veri
fyi
ngEIGRP
#showipr outee i
grp
#showipe igr
pne ighbors
#showipe igr
pt opology

Tra
cerout
ecomma nd
Route
r#trac
erout
e192.
168.
10.
2

OpenShort
estPat
hF i
rst[OSPF]
OSPFcal
cul
atest
hebe s
t /
short
estpa
thtoeve
ryne
tworki
nthesa
mea r
eabaseduponthe
i
nfor
ma t
ioncol
le
ctedinT opol
ogydat
abas
eandal
gor
it
hmc a
ll
edSPF(
shor
tes
tpathfi
rs
t)

Confi
gura
tion
Router(
confi
g)#routerOspf20
#Ne twork10.0.
0.0 0.255.
255.
255 a
rea0
Veryconf
igur
ati
on
#Showos pfinte
rface
#showi pospfneighbour
#Showi pprotocol
s
#showi pospfdatabase

ACCE
SSCONT
ROLL
IST
S
 St
andar
d[1-99][1300-1999]
 Ex
tende
d[100-
199][2000-
2699]
 Namedacc
essl
is
t

S
tanda
rd–a
llde
cis
ionsa
rema
deba
sedons
our
ceI
Paddr
ess

Rout
er(
conf
ig)#a
cce
ss-
li
st<numbe
r>[
deny
/pe
rmi
t][
hos
tany
]

Rout
er(
conf
ig)#a c
ces
s-l
i
st10denyhost172.
16.
30.
2( t
odenyas
ing
lehos
t)
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#a c
ces
s-l
i
st10deny172.16.
30.
0 0.
0.0.
255
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#a c
ces
s-l
i
st10permi
tsany
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#inte0
Rout
er(
conf
ig-i
f)#ipa
ccess
-gr
oup10in

Rout
er(
conf
ig-
if
)#i
nts0
Rout
er(
conf
ig-
if
)#i
pac
ces
s-g
roup10out

#S
howi
pint
erf
ac e
#S
howac
ces
s-l
is
t[ a
cces
s-l
i
stno/acce
ss-l
i
stname]
#S
howi
pacces
s-li
st
s[ac
cess-
li
stno/ac
cess-
li
stna
me]
#s
howr
unni
ng-confi
g

Ext
endedAccessli
st
Check
ssourceaddressanda swel
la sdest
inat
ionaddr
ess.Itca
nbloc
kde
pendi
nguponpor
tno.
#ipacce
ss-l
i
st101pe rmitt
cp12.0.0.0 0.
0.0.
0 10.0.
0.1 0.0.
0.0eq21
#ipacce
ss-l
i
st101pe rmitt
cp12.0.0.3 0.
0.0.
0e q23
#ipacce
ss-l
i
st101de nytcphost12.0.0.
5
#ipacce
ss-l
i
st101pe rmiti
pa nyany
St
andardacces
sli
s t
#Ipacces
s-l
i
ststandardSiv
a
St
d-nacl#deny12.0.0.
0
#pe r
mitsany
#E x
it

#I
nte0
#I
pacc
ess
-gr
oupS
ivaout

WANT
ECHNOL
OGI
ES

T
ypesofWANc onnect
ions
1. L e
ase dli
neconnecti
ons
2. Ci rcuitswi
tchedconnec
ti
ons
3. Pa c
k etswit
chedconnect
ions

L
eas
ed-
li
nec onne c
tions
 canbec a
ll
edapoi nt-
to-point(dedi
cat
edconnect
ion)
 Provi
de sasingle,pr
e-esta
blishedWANc ommunic
a t
ionpat
h.
 Synchronous
 SpeedT 3(45Mbps)
 Synchronousc ommuni c
a t
ionsinvol
vedi
git
als
igna
lsthata
retr
ans
mit
tedwi
thpr
eci
se
cl
ocking
 Verye xpensi
v e.

Ci
rcui
t-
switchi
ng
 Pr ovidesadedica
tedphysica
lcir
c uit,whi
chstaysi
npl ac
ebetweenthesende
randthe
receive
rforthedurati
onofthec ommuni c
ati
ons e
s si
on.
 T elephonecompa nynetworkusest hes y
stemtopr ovi
deba
sictel
ephoneser
vic
esor
(ISDN–I nt
eg r
atedServi
cesDig
ital Network)
 Ba sictel
ephonese r
vic
esareasync hronousser
ialcommunic
ation.

Pa
cke
t-s
wit
chi
ng
 Packet
-swi
tc
hingme
thodi
nvol
vesne
twor
kde
vic
ess
har
ingas
ing
lepoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntl
i
nk.
  Point-
to-pointli
nkisusedtotr
ansportpacket
sfr
omsourcetodes
ti
na t
ionov
era
tel
e c
ommuni cat
ioncarr
iernet
work.
 Stati
sti
callyprogr
amme ds wi
tc
hingdevic
esprovi
dephys
ical
connect
ions
 Packethe adersareusedtoide
ntif
ythede s
ti
nati
on
 Lessexpe nsi
ve
 Synchronouss er
iall
ine
s
 Speed56Kbps(T 3)

Phy
sic
ali
temsne e
de dforWANlink
1. Cus tome rPremise
sEqui
pment(CPE)
2. ADe marcat
ion(DEMARC)
3. AL ocall
oop(l a
stmil
e)–copperwi
re
4. ac e ntr
aloff
ice(CO)swit
ch
5. af ullnetwork

T
ypesofse
rialc
ablesuppor
tedbyCI
SCOdevi
ces
S
eri
alca
blescansupportl
eas
ed-l
i
nesandpa
cket
-swi
tc
hedc
onne
cti
ons
.
1. E I
A/T I
A–232
2. E I
A/T I
A–449
3. E I
A/T I
A–530
4. X. 25
5. V. 35

DTE–Da taTerminalEqui
pme nti
syourCPE .
DCE–Da taCommuni cati
onEquipment–toc onve
rttheuserda
taf
romDT Ei
ntoaf
ormthat
’s
acce
ptabletotheWANs er
viceprovi
der
Thesynchronousser
ialport
scanbec onf
iguredaei
therDTEorDCE
, de
pendi
ngonthea
tta
ched
cabl
e.
EI
A/T IA–530s eri
alport
scanbec onfi
gur
e dasDTEonly.

 Ext
ernalcl
ocki
ngf r
omt hec hannel
serv
iceuni
t/datas
erv
iceuni
t(CSU/DSU)orot
herDI
C
devi
ceisneededwhe nthepor tisc
onfi
guredasDTE.
 Whent r
aff
iciscross
ingtheWANl i
nk,ea
chWANc onnect
ionusesaprot
ocol
to
encaps
ulat
eit.
 WANe ncapsulat
ionprotocolsoper
ateatla
yer2oftheOSImodel.
 Thechoic
eofe ncapsul
ationprotoc
oldependsontheWANt ec
hnolog
yandthe
communicati
one qui
pme nt.

WANpr
otoc
ols
1. HDL C–
High-l
evelDataLi
nkContr
ol
2. PPP–Poi nt-
to-poi
ntprotoc
ol
3. S LIP–Ser
ialL
ineInter
fac
eprotoc
ol
4. X. 25
5. F rameRelay
6. AT M–AsynchronousTra
nsferMode

HDL
C–f
ramef
orma
t
HDL
C
 T
hede faul
tenc
apsula
tiont
ypeonpoi
nt-
to-
poi
nt,
dedi
cat
edli
nkisHDLC.
 I
t’
stypic
a l
l
yusedforcommuni
cat
ionbet
weentwoCi
scodev
ice
sa ndi
sabit
-or
ient
ed
s
ynchronouspr
otocol
.

S
LIP
 S
LIPpreda
tesPPP.
 I
tusesavari
ati
onofT
CP/
IPa
ndi
sas
tanda
rdpr
otoc
olf
orpoi
nt-
to-
poi
nts
eri
al
c
onnecti
ons

PPP
 PPPpr ovi
desrouter-
to-rout
erandhost-
to-
networ
kc onnect
ionsoversync
hronousa
nd
a
synchronouscir
cuit
s.
 Ca nworkwithIPa ndIPX.
 Securi
tyme chani
s mssuchasPAP(PasswordAut
hentic
ati
onPr ot
ocol)a
ndCHAP
(
Chal
lengeHa ndshakeAuthent
ica
tionprot
ocol
)arebuil
tint
oPPP.
Conf
igur
ingPPP
Rout
er(conf
ig)#ints0
Rout
er(conf
ig-i
f)#encapsulat
ionPPP
Rout
er(conf
ig-i
f)#exit

Conf
igur
ati
onPPPa uthe nt
ica
tion
St
ep1.S etti
nguser
na me ,
passwordforr
emoterouterc
onne
cti
ngt
oyourr
out
er
Rout
er(confi
g)#hostnameRout erA
Rout
erA( confi
g)#usernameRout e
rBpa s
swordCis
co
Rout
erA( confi
g)##ex i
t

St
ep2.Confi
guri
ngPAPorCHAP
Rout
erA(c
onfig
)#ints0
Rout
erA(c
onfig
-if
)#PPPaut
hent
ic
ati
onc
happa
p
Rout
erA(c
onfig
-if
)#exi
t

Veri
fy
ingPPPenc
aps
ula
tion
RouterA#showi
nts0

PAPcont
ainsfourma incompone nt
s
1. Aphy si
ca ll
ayerInterna t
ionalSt
anda rdforser
ialcommunicati
on.I
.e.E
IA/
TIA232C,
V.24,V.35,andI SDN.
2. Ame t
hodf ore ncapsulati
ngda ta
g r
a mov ers
eria
llinks
.i.
e.HDLC.
3. Ame t
hodofe sta
blishing,conf
iguri
ng ,maint
aini
nga ndtermi
nati
ngthepoi
nt-t
o-poi
nt
connection.LCP–L i
neCont rolProtocol
4. NCP–Ne t
wor kContr olProtoc
ol–t oa l
l
owc ommuni cati
onsofmult
ipl
enetworklay
er
protocols.
PPPSes
sionEs
t a
bli
shme nt
1. L i
nk-Est
abli
shmentPhase–usesLCP.
2. Aut henti
cat
ionPhase
a.CHAP(Cha l
leng
eHa nds
hakeAuthenti
cat
ionpr
otoc
ol)
b.PAP(Pa sswordAuthent
ica
tionProt
ocol)
3. Ne tworkLayerprot
ocolpha
se–NCP

X.
25
*ItisaITU-
Ts tandard(I
nternati
ona l
Telec
ommuni cati
onUnion–T el
ecommunica
tion
St
a ndar
diza
tions ect
or.
*ItisanInt
ernationalbodythatde vel
opsworldwidestanda
rdsfortel
e c
ommunicati
on
te
chnologie
s.
*Itdefi
neshowc onnecti
onsbe tweenDTEa ndtheDCEa remaint
ained.
*The s
econne ct
ionsa r
euse dforremoteterminalac
c e
ssandcompute rcommuni
cati
oni npubl
i
c
network.
*X.25isapre c
ursorofframer elay,
anditspeci
fi
esLinkAcces
sProcedureBal
anced(L APB),
whichisadata-l
inklayerprotocol.

Fr
ameRe l
ay
 I
tisa nIndustryStanda r
dPr otocol.
 I
tc anha ndlemul t
ipl
ev i
rtualcircuit
s,a ndisst
reaml
inedtocutoutsomeoftheleng
thy
processesthatX.25e mploys .
ATM
 I
tisa nInternati
ona lSt
anda rdforc el
lre l
ay.
 Cellrel
ayisane t
wor ktechnolog ybase dontheuseofsma l
l
,fix
ed-s
izepac
ketsorcel
ls
.
 I
ta l
lowsda ta,voice,andv i
de otobec onveyedinfi
xed-
leng
thcell
sof53bytes.
 Fi
xe d-
lengthc el
lsreducetrans portat
ionde la
ysbyall
owingproces
singt
ooccurin
hardwa re.
 ATMus edhighs peedt r
ansmi ssi
onme diasuchas
1.E3(45Mbps )
2.T3(56Kbps )
3.SONE T(S ynchronousOpt ic
a lNe twork)

Confi
gur
ing1900Seri
esSwit
ch
1.Us e
r(s
)howa ct
iveonmana
geme
ntc
ons
ole
2.Us e
rinte
rfac
eme nu
[
m]Me nus
[
k]Comma ndli
ne
[
i]i
pconfi
gurat
ion

E
nte
rse
lec
ti
on:
k

S
wit
ch>enabl
e
S
wit
ch#confi
gt
S
wit
ch(
confi
g)#ena
ble
spa
sswor
dle
vel
1Ci
sco

(
Set
ti
ngpa
sswor
dforus
ermode
)
S
wit
ch(
conf
ig)#e
nabl
espa
sswor
dle
vel
15Ci
sco

(
Set
ti
ngpas
swordfore
nabl
emode)
S
wit
ch(c
onfi
g)#enabl
esse
cre
tCi
sco

(
Set
ti
ngsec
retpa
sswordf
orenabl
emode
)
S
wit
ch(c
onfi
g)#host
name1900swi
tc
h

(
Set
ti
nghos
tna
me )
#Ipaddres
s192.168.
10.1255.255.
255.
0
#Ipdefa
ult-
gat
ewa y192.168.
10.2

T
oshowVLANi
nfor
mation
S
wit
ch#showv
lanbri
ef

T
oshowi
nfor
mati
onaboutVL
AN2
S
wit
ch#s
howv l
ani
d2

T
oviewt
heSpa
nningTreeinf
orma
tionf
oraVL
AN
S
wit
ch#shows
panning
-tre
ev l
an2

Assi
gningIPa ddresstoas wit
ch
Reason-*f orus i
ngT el
ne t
Toc onnecttorouterf
orinter
-vl
an
*IPa ddr
esss houldbeg iv
entode f
aultvl
ani.
e.vl
an1
Swit
ch>e na ble
Swit
ch#c onf i
gt
Swit
ch( c
onfig)#i ntvl
an1
Swit
ch( c
onfig– if
)#ipa ddres
s172.16.
10.3255.
255.
255.
0
Swit
ch( c
onfig– if
)#nos hutdown
Swit
ch( c
onfig– if
)#e xi
t
Swit
ch( c
onfig)#i pdefault
-gat
eway172.16.
10.1
Swit
ch( c
onfig)#e x
it

I
SDN–I
nte
gra
tedS
erv
ice
sDi
gi
tal
Net
wor
k

I
SDNS
wit
cht
ype
s

Type Key
wor d
1. AT/Tbas
icrateswit
ch ba
sic
-5ess
2. Norte
lDMS–100ba sicr
ates
wit
ch bas
ic-
dms100
3. Nati
onalI
SDN-1s wi
tch bas
ic-
ni
4. AT&T4e ss(I
SDNPr ionl
y) Pr
imary
-4ess
5. AT&T5e s
s(ISDNPrionly
) Pr
imary
-5ess
6. Norte
lDMS- 100(IS
DNpr i
) Pr
imary
-dms100
 Dia
l-onDe
ma ndRout
ing(DDR)
RouterA(
confi
g)#i
proute172.
16.
60.
2255.
255.
255.
255br
i0

DDRwit
hAccess-
li
st
s
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#dia
ler-
li
st1pr ot
ocoli
pli
st110
#a cc
ess-
li
s t110permi
tst
cpa nya
nye
qSMTP
#a cc
ess-
li
s t110permi
tst
cpa nya
nye
qte
lne
t
#Intbri0
#dialer
-group1

Conf
igur
ingt
heDiale
ri nforma t
ion
Rout
er(conf
ig)#i
ntbri 0
#Ipaddr ess172.16.
60.
1255.
255.
255.
0
#nos hut
#Encaps ula
tionPPP
#dial
e r-
g r
oup1
#Dial
e rstri
ng8350661

Or
#Di
al
ermapi
p172.
16.
60.
2na
meRout
erB8350661

Bas
icRa
teISDN(BRI
)
 2B+D=16Kbps
 2B=64Kbps
 Q921&Q931f orDchanne
lsi
gna
li
ng
 SS7tosetupt
hepath

Conf
igur
ingI
SDN

Rout
erA>ena
ble
Rout
erA(
conf
ig)#isdnswit
ch-
typebas
ic-
dms100
Rout
erA(
conf
ig)#intbri
0
Rout
erA(
conf
ig-i
f)#encaps
ula
tionppp
#Is
dnsped1
#Is
dnsped2

S
PID–
Ser
vic
epr
ovi
deri
dent
if
ic
ati
on

Ve
rif
yi
ngI S
DNc onne
cti
ons
#Showdialer
#Showisdnstat
us
#Showiproute

Fra
me -
Relayconfi
gura
tion
Route
r(confi
g)#ints0
Route
r(confi
g-i
f)#encaps
ula
tionf
rame
-re
lay(c
isc
oori
etf
)
 #I
pa ddr
ess192.
168.10.1255.
255.
255.
0
#f
rame-r
ela
ylmi-t
ypea nsi
#fr
ame -
rel
ayint
erf
ace-dlc
i101
#Exi
t

Moni
tor
ingfr
amer e
lay
#Showframelmi
#ShowframePVC
#showints0

LMI–LocalMa nagementInt
erfac
e
 si
gna l
i
ngs tanda
rdusedbe t
we entherout
erandf
ir
stf
ramerel
ayswi
tch
 Standardsare*CISCO
 ANS I
 Q.933A
DLCI–Dat
aL i
nkConne cti
onIdenti
fi
er(!6-1007)
 Givenbyt heservi
ceprovi
dertoidenti
fyt
hePVC(Per
manentVi
rt
ualCi
rcui
t)
 IE
TF–I nternetEngi
neeri
ngTaskF orc
e

Re
sol
vi
nghos
tname
s
1. Bui l
di
nghos
tta
ble
2. us i
ngDNS

1.Buil
di
nghosttabl
e
 IPhost<hos
tname><tcpportno><i paddr
ess>
Eg
.Router(
conf
ig)#i
phos
tii
ht192.168.
10.1

Toseet
hehostt
abl
e
Rout
er#showhost
s

2.Usi
ngDNS
Rout
er(
conf
ig)#i
pdomain-l
ookup
#Ipname
-server192.
168.
10.
1
#Ipdomai
n-namei i
ht.
com
#Exi
t

S
WIT
CHI
NG

 E
ther
netswit
che
sopera
tea tl
a y
e r2oftheOSImode landfuncti
oninasimil
arway
t
obri
dges.
 E
ther
netswit
che
sandbridgeforwardandfil
tertr
aff
icbase
donMACa ddre
ss.
 S
witc
hesandbri
dge
sidenti
fyhostlocat
ionst
hroughapr oc
e ssknownasAddress
l
ear
ning
.
 S
witc
hesandbri
dge
sprovideLoopa voi
dancefunct
ioninane twork.
  Whe nas witchisfir
stinit
ia l
i
zed, i
tsMACda taba seisempt y.S oi
tforwardst
he
recei
v e
dme ss
a getoa ll
itsport.Thisisknowna sFlooding.
 I
E EE802.1S peci
ficat
ionsde fi
ne satimel i
mitof300s econdsf orMACda tabas
e
entri
est orema i
nint heda tabase.
 Whe nt heframer eachest heswi t
ch,thede s
tina t
ionMACa ddressi
scompa r
edto
theentr i
esintheMACda tabase.Thes witc
ht he ntransmitstheframeonl yt
othe
portwhi chma tc
he stheMACa ddress.Thi
sisk nowna sFRAMEF ILTE
RING.
 Bri
dg eda ndSwitchedne twor k
sa reoftende si
g nedwi thredunda ntdevi
cesand
l
inksinor dertopreve ntas i
nglepointoff ai
l
ur einane twork.
 Redunda ntsystemsc anc ausebr i
dgeloops.Iepr oblemsc ause dduetobridg
e
l
oops .
a.Broadca s
tstorms
b.Mul t
ipl
ef ramec opie
s
c.I
ns t
abili
tyintheMACda tabase.

 Somel ayer-3protoc ol
sus eT i
met oline( TTL)me cha nismwhi che l
imi nat
esl ooping
packets.
 TTL–F i
e l
di nIPhe adert oindicatehowl ongapa cketc antravelbe foreitis
ret
urnedordi s
carde d.
 Layer
-2pr otocolsli
k eEthe r
ne tareuna bl
et opr eventpa cketsfrome ndlessl
y
l
ooping.
 Topre v
e ntbroadc aststorms ,mul ti
plef r
amec opiesa ndMACda taba sei
nsta bil
i
ty,
aloopa voidanceme chanismi sus ed.i.e.SPANNI NG–T REEPROT OCOL(S TP)
 STPisal i
nk–ma na geme ntpr otocoltha tall
owsr edunda ntsystemst oe xi
sti nthe
networkbutpr ev entsunde siredbr i
dg eloops .
 STPisapa rtofIEE E802. LDs t
anda rd,s oitcanf uncti
onwi t
hCompl a i
ntBridg eand
swit
che sfromot he rvendor s.
 STPwor ksbyf orci
ngc ertainre dunda ntda tapa thsintoas tandbyorbl ockeds tat
e.
 Whe nthet opologyoft hene t
wor kcha nges,STPr econf i
guresbridgepor tst o
preventthec reati
onofne wl oopsorl ossofc onne cti
vity.
 Eachpor tonabr idg eors witchisinclude dinS TPs uppor t
.
 Alls
wi t
che sinaL ANpa rt
ici
pa ti
ngi nS TPg at
he rinforma ti
ononot he rswitche si
n
thene t
wor kthroug ha ne xchang eofda t
ame ssages.T hi
sisknowna sBRIDGE
PROTOCOLDAT AUNI TS(BPDU)

ROOTBRI
DGEE
LECT
ION

Defaul
tpri
ori
tyofthebri
dge
sis32,
678
RootBri
dgewill
beabr i
dgewit
hles
sBri
dgeI
D.I
fthebri
dgeIDissa
meforall
thebri
dge
,the
nthe
MACa ddre
ssisconsi
der
ed.Abri
dgewit
hles
sMACa ddr
esswil
lbether
estbr
idge
.

Rootpat
hcost
Pat
hc os
t=1000/s
pee
dinMbps

Por
tSpee
d STPCost
1Gbps 1000/
1000=1
100Mbps 1000/
10=10
10Mbps 1000/
10=100
56Kbps 1000/
56=17857

Rootpa
thwi
l
lbepa
thwi
thl
essc
ost
.

BPDU-BRI
DGEPROT
OCOLDAT
AUNI
TS

I
nforma ti
on Le
ngth
Protocol10 2byt
es
Version 1
Type 1
Fl
a g
s 1
RootBI D 8
Rootpa thcos
t 4
SendingBID 8
PortID 2
Me ssageage 2
Ma x.Age 2
Hell
ot i
me 2
Forwa r
dde l
ay 2

Bri
dgeID
Bri
dgepr i
ori
ty+MACaddres
s
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es
RootPathCost
Costofthepathfr
omtheRootBr
idg
e,i
dent
if
iedbyt
heba
ndwi
dth.

RootPor
t
Portc
onnec
tedt
other
ootbr
idg
e.

Des
igna
tedport
Por
tcomingoutofar
ootbr
idg
etowa
rdst
hede
sti
nat
ion

Di
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
enBr
idg
eandS
wit
ch

Bri
dge Swi
tch
1. Sof
twarebas
ed Har
dwa r
eba sed,i
tope r
atewithASI
C.
2. Usess
oftwar
ebase
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ss Appl ic
ati
on-specif
icI
ntegrate
dCirc
uit
sand
ahi
gh-ca
pa c
ityswitc
hingbus.
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ower f
ast
er
4. Onespanni
ngtr
eeins
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tma nyspanni
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snumberofpor
ts(max.16) morenumbe rofports(>100)
6. Us
edtosepar
ateLANtr
aff
ici
ntose
gment
sus edtoconnectdirec
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ers
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c hes
.
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nnotof
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g mentca
nof f
e rdedi
cat
ed
Bandwidthtoenduser
s

T
wowa y
softr
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ngframet hroughas wit
ch
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ltheenti
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tch.
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chreadsthede sti
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ona ndsour
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f
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nceithastocheckthefr
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rdto
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izeofthefr
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ate
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-thr
ough
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wa r
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eingthede
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iona
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essonl
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b.Lat
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meiscons
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ess.

VL
AN

1.St
ati
c-Admi
ni
st
rat
orc
reat
esVL
AN.
2.Dyna
mic–us
esVMP3(VL
ANma na
geme
ntpol
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erv
er)t
ocr
eat
eVL
ANs
.

Creat
ingVLANs
1900(conf
ig)#vl
an2na
mesal
es
#Vla
n3namemar
k
#Exi
t
#S howv l
an

Assi
gni
ngs
wi t
chports
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ig)#inte0/2
#v l
an-
me mbe
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ati
c2
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#v l
an-
me mbe
rshi
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ati
c3

Confi
guri
ngtrunkport
1900(conf
ig)#intf0/2l
#Trunkon

 1900switchonlyrunsonDI S
K( Dy
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psul
ati
on.
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urat
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mati
on.
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e d-mediabackbones.
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de t
ect
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esonthenet
work.

AVT
Pma
nag
eme
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anbee
ithe
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VT
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atesint
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r(defa
ult)
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ient
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nt

S
erv
ermode
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e t
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orthee nt
ir
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on
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urati
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i
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 Forwar dVT Padve rti
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ceive
df r
omot he rswi
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n.
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ts avesVLANc onfigurat
ionintoNVRAMa ndre c
reate
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i
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i
entmode
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s
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igurat
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sages.
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ndmodif
yVLANs.
Buti
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ine
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oca
l
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c honly.I
tisnott r
a ns
mi t
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 Doesnotpa rti
cipateindoma in.

**VTPa dv
ert
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ea utomatic
all
yse
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ti
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lude
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igur
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sionnumber

*
* *VT
PPRUNING-te
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ntst
ode
ter
minewhe
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t
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oodi
ngmess
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ril
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Confi
guri
ngVT P
1900(conf
ig)#vtpserv
er
#Vt pdomaini
iht
#Vt ppass
wordci
sco

T
ose
edoma
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tatus
,use
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tat
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ti
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T
oconf
igur
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S
tep1.Conf
igur
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P(opt
iona
l)
S
tep2.Enablet
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S
tep3.Creat
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S
tep4.As
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S
tep5.Confi
gurearouterf
ori
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ati
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l)

S
tep1.Conf
igur
eVT
P

S
wit
ch>enabl
e
S
wit
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andataba
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wit
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ht
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S
wit
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us

S
tep2.T
oena
bleT
runk
ing

S
wit
ch#conf
igt
S
wit
ch(
confi
g)#i
ntf
a0/24
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wit
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wit
chportmodet
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S
tep3.Conf
igur
ingVL
AN

Swi
tc
h>enable
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tc
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abas
e
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tc
h(vl
an)#vl
an2namesSi
va
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tc
h(vl
an)#vl
an3namekumar
……….
………..
Swi
tc
h(vl
an)#exi
t

S
tep4.Conf
igur
ingpor
ts

Swi
tc
h>enabl
e
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tc
h#confi
gt
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tc
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onfi
g)#intfas
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f)#swit
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…………….
.
…………………
#Exi
t
S
tep5.Conf
igur
ingr
out
erf
orI
nte
r-VL
AN

Rout
er>enabl
e
Rout
er#confi
gt
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er(
confi
g)#intfa0/0
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confi
g-i
f)#noipaddre ss
Rout
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f)#noshutdown
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t

CDP–Ci
scoDis
coveryProt
ocol
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ecti
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ona boutbot
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olinf
ormati
onaboutne
ighbourde
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ormat
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Sendi
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ueof180se
c

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it

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e

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Ga
the
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ail
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S
TP
 De fi
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NAT–Ne t
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ati
on
 a l
lowsahostthatdoesnothav
eav al
idre
gist
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scommunic
atewi
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r
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net
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esentthenon-
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ere
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Ra
ng e
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assC–10.X.X.
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assC-192.168.X.X(192.168.0.
0to192.
168.
255.
255)

NAT
 St
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c
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mic
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loa
ding

St
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1pri
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E
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S
tat
icNAT

Rout
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desour
ces
tat
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10.
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er(
confi
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nte0
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confi
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ide
Rout
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confi
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confi
g)#i
pnatoutsi
de
Rout
er#showipnatt
ransl
ati
on

Over
loa
dingNATwi t
hPAT
PAT–PortAddre
ssTransl
ati
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 Tosupportl
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s.NATov er
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.Ins
teadofj
ustt
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lat
ingtheI
Paddre
ss,
it
al
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PAT
Rout
er(
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 Set
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Rout
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cess
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st1permit192.168.
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conf
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conf
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conf
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pnatinsi
de
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conf
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nts0
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conf
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pnatoutsi
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#Debugipnat(*pingfroms ourc
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Pa
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E
nabl
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ig
Rout
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igt
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confi
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confi
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egi
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igur
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