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Chapter 01: (Measurements) Chapter 02: Kinematics
Base SI Description SI Speed is the distance moved per unit time.
Unit
kg mass Kilogram Average speed Average Speed, s [m/s]
m length Metre s=
Total distance d Total distance, d [m]
s time Second Total time s t Total time, t [s]
A current Ampere
Velocity is the displacement changed per unit time
K temperature Kelvin
mol amount of substance Molar Average velocity Average velocity, v [m/s]
Physical Quantities consist both a magnitude & unit. v=
Total displacement d Total displacement, d [m]
Scalar Quantities are Physical quantities that have Total time v t Total time [s]
magnitude only. E.g. mass, temperature, time, speed and
distance. Acceleration is the velocity changed per unit time
Vector Quantities are Physical quantities that have Uniform Acceleration is a constant change of velocity
magnitude and direction, E.g. displacement, weight, per unit time
acceleration and force. Acceleration of free fall near Earth is approx. 10 m/s2.
Prefix Description Value
T tera 1012 or 1,000,000,000,000 v-u a: accel. [m/s2] v: final vel [m/s]
G giga 109 or 1,000,000,000
a= t: time taken [s] u: initial vel [m/s]
M mega 106 or 1,000,000
t
K kilo 103 or 1,000 Distance-Time Graphs:
d deci 10-1 or 1/10,  Gradient = Speed
c centi 10-2 or 1/100 Body at Rest Body moving at uniform speed
m milli 10-3 or 1/1000
μ micro 10-6 or 1/1,000,000
n nano 10-9 or 1/1000,000,000
p pico -12
10 or 1/1000,000,000,000

Body moving at non-uniform Body moving at non-uniform

speed (increasing speed) speed (decreasing speed)

Oscillation is a complete to-and-fro motion (R S  R)

Period is the time taken for One Oscillation

Vernier
Callipers Speed-Time Graphs:
 Gradient = Acceleration
 Area Under Graph = Distance Travelled)
Step 1: Read MAIN scale to immediate LEFT of Body at Rest Body moving at uniform speed
ZERO mark. on Vernier. In this case,
reading is 3.1 cm.
Step 2: Read the VERNIER mark that
COINCIDES with marking on MAIN scale.
In this case, 0.04 cm.
Step 3: Add both MAIN & VERNIER reading
together. In this case, 3.1 + 0.04 = 3.14
cm Body moving at uniform Body moving at non-uniform
ACCeleration ACCeleration
DEcreasing
acceleration

Micrometer:
INcreasing
acceleration

Step 1: Read MAIN scale to immediate LEFT of

edge of Thimble. Here, reading is 8.5 mm. Body moving at uniform Body moving at non-uniform
Step 2: Read the THIMBLE reading that DECeleration DECeleration
COINCIDES with horizontal line on MAIN INcreasing
deceleration
scale. In this case, 0.40 mm.
Step 3: Add both MAIN & THIMBLE reading
together. In this case, 8.5 + 0.40 = 8.90
mm. DEcreasing
deceleration

2019 ACS (Barker Road) Sec 4EX Science (Physics) 5076 Formula List 1 of 5
 Chapter 03: Forces and Pressure Chapter 05: Moment of a Force
ADDITION OF FORCES Moment of a Force is
Forces Resultant Forces are… the product of the
… Unbalanced force F and the
Object is either perpendicular
1. accelerating distance d from the
OR pivot to the line of
2. decelerating action of the force.
… Balanced M: moment [Nm]
Object is either
1. at rest M =F´d M F: force [N]
F d d: perpendicular
OR
2. moving at
distance [m]
constant speed Direction of Moment is either:
Clockwise, OR Anti-Clockwise
F: Resultant Force [N]
F= ma F m: mass [kg]
m a a: acceleration [m/s2]

Principle of Moments
F P: Pressure [N/m2 or Pa] for body in
P = F F: Force [N] equilibrium:
A
P A A: Area [m2]
Sum of Anticlockwise
Moments equals
Sum of Clockwise Taking moments about the pivot,
Chapter 04 (Mass, Weight, Density) Moments about the Sum of ACWM = Sum of CWM
Mass is the amount of substance in a body same pivot. F1 x d1 + F2 x d2 = F3 x d3
Inertia is reluctance of an object to change its state of Centre of gravity (c.g.) point at which the entire
rest or motion due to its MASS.
weight of an object appears to act.
Gravitational field is a region where a mass
experiences a gravitational attractive force.
Stability of a body is its ability to return to its
Gravitational field strength is the gravitational force original position after it is slightly displaced
per unit mass. [N/kg] (moved/tilted)
Conditions affecting Stability:
W: weight [N] - C.G. is kept as low as possible
m: mass [kg]
W=mx g W - Base area should be as wide as possible
g: gravitational field
m g strength [N/kg or m/ss]
Chapter 06 (Energy, Work & Power)
Different energy forms gravitational, elastic & chemical
m m
D: density [kg/m3 or g/cm3]
potential energy. Also has kinetic, light, thermal,
= m: mass [kg or g]
electrical & nuclear energy.
v D V V: volume [m3 or cm3]
Principle of conservation of energy states that energy
cannot be created or destroyed, but only
Note: If 2 or more materials are mixed,
transformed from one form to another
= 1 K.E.: kinetic energy [J]
K.E. = mv 2 m: mass [kg]
2 v: speed [m/s]
G.P.E.: potential energy [J]
Difference between Mass & Weight: m: mass [kg]
Mass Weight G.P.E. = mgh g: gravitational field strength [N/kg
1 amount of matter gravitational force or m/s2]
2 scalar vector h: height [m]
3 SI unit: kg SI unit: N Ebefore: Total energy before
Use Ebefore = Eafter Eafter: Total energy after
4 Does NOT depend on Depends on gravitational
gravitational field field stength, g Example:
Ball at Rest is dropped from height of h.
stength, g
5 Measured with: Measured with: Total Energy before = Total Energy After
Beam Balance or Spring Balance or
Electronic Balance Bathroom Scale GPE of ball at height h = KE of ball at ground (no GPE)

mgh = ½ mv2

Explanation:
Total Energy Before: Ball ONLY has GPE as NOT moving.
Total Energy After: Ball ONLY has KE as height = 0 m.

2019 ACS (Barker Road) Sec 4EX Science (Physics) 5076 Formula List 2 of 5
 Work Done is Force x distance moved in the direction of Chapter 9 (Thermal Properties of Matter)
the force
Internal Energy is the Combination of
W: work done [J]
 K.E. kinetic energy (due to motion) &
W =F´d F: force [N]  P.E. potential energy (due to intermolecular forces) of the
d: distance in the direction of the force [m] molecules of a body
Power is Work done per unit time
Boiling Evaporation
P: power [W] Occurs at ONE temperature Occurs at ANY temperature
W: work done [J] FAST SLOW
E: energy change [J] THROUGHOUT the liquid SURFACE of liquid
t: time [s]
Bubbles formed No bubbles
Heat Source Required NO Heat Source Required
Chapter 7 (Kinetic Theory)
Kinetic Theory of Matter States that all matter is made of a evaporate / condensation
large number of tiny atoms or molecules which are in boil
continuous motion melt solidify /
freeze
Description Solid Liquid Gas
Melting, Freezing, Boiling & Condensation are processes
Fixed Shape & Fixed Volume No Fixed of energy transfer WITHOUT a change in temperature.
Volume. But Not Shape. Shape &
Property
Incompressible. Not easily Volume.
compressible. Compressible
Very Close & Close & Far apart &
Molecular Regular Pattern. Random Random
Structure Very Little Little Space A lot of space
Space between. between. between
Inter-Molecular Very Strong Negligible
Attractive Forces Strong
Vibrate about Slide past Move at high
Motion fixed positions. each other. speed and
colliding walls
As temperature ,
Particle Speed  & so Kinetic Energy .

Chapter 8 (Transfer of Thermal Energy)

Thermal Energy transfer is ALWAYS from a region of
HIGHER temperature to region of LOWER temperature.
Proces Required
How Best materials
s Medium?

All 3 states. Best in Solids because

Conduction

Due to molecules closer. Metals

Yes vibration & best conductors as free
collision of electrons give additional
molecules. collisions
In fluids Need to have
(Liquids & Gas) temperature difference
Convection

only. in fluids to begin

Yes Convection convection currents.
currents formed (Hotter less dense 
due to density &
changes Cooler more dense )
Best absorbers &
radiators (emitters) are
black & rough, have
larger surface area &
Radiation

Through infra- higher temperature.

No
red radiation. Worst absorbers &
radiators (emitters) are
white / shiny, have
smaller surface area &
lower temperature.

2019 ACS (Barker Road) Sec 4EX Science (Physics) 5076 Formula List 3 of 5
 Chapter 10 (General Wave Properties)
Longitudinal waves travel in a direction parallel to the Chapter 12 (Sound)
direction of vibrations, e.g. sound wave Sound waves are
Transverse wave travel in a direction perpendicular to  Longitudinal Waves
the direction of the vibrations, e.g. rope waves, water
 Travelling in parallel direction to particle
waves
vibration
1 T: period [s] Move in a series of compressions (high pressure) &
T=
f f: frequency [Hz] rarefactions (low pressure)
v = fl v: speed of wave [m/s] Echo:
f: frequency [Hz] 2d v: speed [m/s]
l v= d: distance [m]
or ( v = ) l: wavelength [m]
T T: period [s] t t: time [s]
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a point on a
wave from rest position Speed of sound is about 330 m/s
Frequency of waves is number of crests or troughs that
passes a point per second. The unit of frequency is the SLOWEST  FASTEST
hertz (Hz) in in
Period is the time taken to generate one complete wave. Gas Liquids Solids
The unit of period is second (s)
Wavefront is the line that joins all the peaks of a wave in Loudness (Louder Sound  Larger Amplitude)
the same phase
Wavelength is the distance between consecutive crests (BOTH displacement-distance & displacement-time graphs)
OR troughs on a wave, e.g. distance from the top of the
crest of a wave to the following crest
Differences between displacement-distance &
displacement-time graphs
Smaller Amplitude Larger Amplitude
displacement

& &
Softer Louder

distance Pitch (Higher Pitch  Higher Frequency)

/m (for ONLY displacement-time graphs)
displacement

Longer Period, Shorter Period,

time / s Lower Frequency, Higher Frequency,
& &
Lower Pitch Higher Pitch

Chapter 11 (Electromagnetic Spectrum)

Speed of EM Waves is 3 x 108 m/s.
Radiowaves  radio
 TV communication
WAVELENGTH

Microwaves  microwave oven

 FREQUENCY

 satellite TV
Infra-red  remote controls
 intruder alarms
Visible light  optical fibres
 telecommunications
Ultra-violet  sunbeds


 sterilisation
Shortest

X-rays  radiological
longest
highest
lowest

 engineering applications
Gamma rays  medical treatment
Get Xtra Underwear Very Important Must Remember

2019 ACS (Barker Road) Sec 4EX Science (Physics) 5076 Formula List 4 of 5
 Chapter 13 (Current of Electricity)
Chapter 15 (Practical Electricity)
Q: charge [C]
Q = It I: current [A] V2 E: energy [J]
t: time [s] E = IVt = I 2 Rt = t P: power [W]
R R: resistance []
V: potential difference [V] 2 V: potential difference [V]
W W E: electromotive force [V] V
V= E= W: work done [J]
P = IV = I 2 R = I: current [A]
Q Q
Q: charge [C]
R t: time [s]
E = energy [kWh]
V R: resistance []
R= V: potential difference [V] E =P´t P = power [kW]
t = time [h]
I I: current [A]
WIRE COLOUR PURPOSE
R: resistance [] Carries current to appliance
rl r: resistivity [m] Live Wire Brown
at HIGH voltage
R= l: length [m] Carries current away
A A: cross-sectional area [m2] Neutral Wire Blue
from appliance at 0 voltage
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) is the work done to drive Safety wire connected to
Yellow &
a unit charge around a complete circuit Earth Wire metal case in case of short
Green
circuit
Potential Difference (p.d.) is the work done to drive a
unit charge through a component. Hazards Description
Damaged Exposed wires  Electrocution 
insulation Possible Death
Overheating of Multiple appliance overload 
cables Overheating  Fire
Damp Conducting wires  Contacts Water 
conditions Electrocution  Possible Death
Safety Device PURPOSE
To stop current from flowing into
Switch
appliance. Connected to live wire.
To prevent overheating of appliance by
Fuse / 3-Pin melting and breaking circuit when there
Plug is surge of current. Connected to live
wire.
Automatic device stopping current flow
Circuit Breaker
in event of current surge.
Having an external cover that does not
Double
conduct electricity. Removes need of
Insulation
Earth Wire
Connected to metal casing. In case live
Earthing wire touches case, Earth wire redirects
Chapter 14 (D.C. Circuits) large current to ground, melting fuse.

2019 ACS (Barker Road) Sec 4EX Science (Physics) 5076 Formula List 5 of 5