THE CONTEMPORARY

WORLD
COMPILATION

HBA 1-G

MS. MARY GRACE SEBUGUERO

Instructor

DECEMBER 17, 2019

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Globalization

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"Globalize" redirects here. For the JavaScript library, see Globalize (JavaScript
library). For other uses, see Globalization (disambiguation).

Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration

among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and
multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of
capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national
economies into a global, unregulated market economy.[1] Globalization has
grown due to advances in transportation and communication technology.
With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international
trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of
interaction and integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects.
However, conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of
globalization, and modern globalization.

Economically, globalization involves goods, services, the economic resources

of capital, technology, and data.[2] Also, the expansions of global markets
liberalize the economic activities of the exchange of goods and funds. Removal
of cross-border trade barriers has made formation of global markets more
feasible.[citation needed] The steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and
container ships are some of the advances in the means of transport while the
rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet and mobile phones
show development in telecommunications infrastructure. All of these
improvements have been major factors in globalization and have generated
further interdependence of economic and cultural activities around the
globe.[3][4][5]

Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times,

others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages
to the New World, some even to the third millennium BC.[6] Large-scale
globalization began in the 1820s.
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Metaphors of globalization

In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize

metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another
term. In our case, the state of matter --solid and liquid-- will be used. In addition, other
related concepts that are included in the definition such as structures and flows will be
elaborated.

solid and liquid

the epochs that preceded todays globalization paved way for people, things, information
and places to harden over time. consequently,they have limited mobility(Ritrzer 2015).
The social relationships and objects remained where they were created. Solidity also
refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things.Furthermore,
solids can either be natural or man-made.Example of natural solids are landforms and
bodies of water. Man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall.
An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by the People's Republicof china in
their claim to the South China Sea is an example of modern man-made solid . This
creates limited access of Filipino fishers to the South China Sea.Obviously, these
examples still exist. However,they have the tendency to melt. This should not be taken
literally, like an ice berg melting. Instead, this process involves how we can describe what
is happening in today's global world.It becoming increasingly liquid.

Liquid

as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container.Moreover, liquids are not fixed.
Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people ,things,
information, and places in the contemporary world.Zygmunt Bauman's ideas were the
ones that have much to say about the characteristic of liquidity. First , todays liquid
phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous
fluctuation.This means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization.In global
finance, for instance,changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds.Another
characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to stop.For
example,videos uploaded on YouTube or Fabebook are unstoppable once they become
viral. The so-called internet sensations become famous not only in their homeland but
also to the entire world.Finally, the forces(the liquid ones) made political boundaries
more permeable to the flow of people and things(Cartier,2001). This bring us to what
Ritzer(2015,p.6) regarded as the most important characteristics of liquid: it "tends to
melt whatever stands in its path(especially solids)." The clearest example is the decline, if
not death, of the nation-state.

Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.However, liquidity is the one increasing
and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is
liquidity.Liquids do flow and this idea of flow(Appadurai,1996;Rey and Ritzer,2010) will
Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.However, liquidity is the one increasing
and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is
liquidity.Liquids do flow and this idea of flow(Appadurai,1996;Rey and Ritzer,2010) will be
the focus of the next discussion.Also, it should be expected that this concept will appear
in the succeeding lessons.The literature on globalization makes use of the concept of
flows.

Flows

The previous section described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the
increase in liquidity.It is only logical to discuss the flows of liquid phenomena. Flows are
the movement of people,things,places,and information brought by the
growing"porosity"of global limitations(Ritzer,2015).Think of the different foreign cuisines
being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos.Aside from local dishes , many of us are
fond of eating sushi,ramen,hamburger,and French fries-foods introduced to us by foreign
cultures.Clearly, foods are being globalized.Another example of flows is global financial
crises.As Landler(2008,p.C1)put it; "in global financial system, national borders are
porous". This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring ramifications to
other regions to the world.An example of which is the expressed of the effects of
American financial crisis on Europe in 2008. The following are other kinds of flows that
can be observe today:poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world(Moses,2006),
the virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as blogs and child
pornography,respectively, and immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in hort countries.A
concrete example is the filipino communities abroad and the chinese communities in the
Philippines.
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Homogeneity

Cultural homogenization is an aspect of cultural globalization, listed as one of its main

characteristics, and refers to the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization
and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols—not only physical objects but customs,
ideas and values. O'Connor defines it as "the process by which local cultures are
transformed or absorbed by a dominant outside culture". Cultural homogenization has
been called "perhaps the most widely discussed hallmark of global culture". In theory,
homogenization could result in the breakdown of cultural barriers and the global
assimilation of a single culture.

Cultural homogenization can impact national identity and culture, which would be "eroded
by the impact of global cultural industries and multinational media".The term is usually
used in the context of Western culture dominating and destroying other cultures. The
process of cultural homogenization in the context of the domination of the Western
(American), capitalist culture is also known as McDonaldization, coca-colonization,
Americanization or Westernization and criticized as a form of cultural imperialismand neo-
colonialism.This process has been resented by many indigenous cultures. However, while
some scholars, critical of this process, stress the dominance of American culture and
corporate capitalism in modern cultural homogenization, others note that the process of
cultural homogenization is not one-way, and in fact involves a number of cultures
exchanging various elements. Critics of cultural homogenization theory point out that as
different cultures mix, homogenization is less about the spread of a single culture as about
the mixture of different cultures, as people become aware of other cultures and adopt their
elements. Examples of non-American culture affecting the West include world music and
the popularization of non-American television (Latin American telenovelas, Japanese
anime, Indian Bollywood), religion (Islam, Buddhism), food, and clothing in the West,
though in most cases insignificant in comparison to the Western influence in other
countries.The process of adoption of elements of global culture to local cultures is known
as glocalization or cultural heterogenization.

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"GLOBLIZATION"

Globalization typically refers to the process by which different economies and societies become more
closely

integrated, and concurrent with increasing worldwide globalization, there has been much research
into its

consequences (Nilson, 2010, p.1191). Covering a wide range of distinct political, economic, and
cultural

trends, the term ―globalization‖ has quickly become one of the most fashionable buzzwords of
contemporary

political and academic debate. In popular discourse, globalization often functions as little more than a

synonym for one or more of the following phenomena: the pursuit of classical liberal (or ―free
market‖)

policies in the world economy (―economic liberalization‖), the growing dominance of western (or
even

American) forms of political, economic, and cultural life (―westernization‖ or ―Americanization‖), the

proliferation of new information technologies (the ―Internet Revolution‖), as well as the notion that
humanity

stands at the threshold of realizing one single unified community in which major sources of social
conflict

have vanished (global integration‖; Globalization, 2010). Globalization is not a new phenomenon, with
global

ecological changes, an ever more integrated global economy, and other global trends, political activity

increasingly takes place at the global level (Globalization, 2005). It is old but not very about more than
20

years scholars from a variety of fields and coerces have been discussed in a vigorous debate about this
social

phenomenon: globalization (Belk, 1996; Castells, 1996; Featherstone, 1990, 1995; Ger and Belk, 1996;
Liebes

and Katz, 1993; Robertson, 1992; Sklair, 2002; Waters, 1995; Matei, 2006, p.1).
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Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the global than ever before,
especially through non-material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global culture
flows.

These are differentialism, hybridization, and convergence.

Cultural Differentialism emphasize the fact that cultures are essentially different and are
only superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain
the potential for “catastrophic collision”. Samuel Huntington’s theory on the clash of the
civilizations proposed in 1996 best exemplifies this approach. According to Huntington, after
the Cold War, political-economic differences were overshadowed by new fault lines, which
were primarily cultural in nature.

Cultural hybridization approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures
(Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997). Globalization is considered to be a creative process which
gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the global or the local. A key
concept is “glocalization” or the interpenetration of the global and local resulting in unique
outcomes in different geographic areas (Giulianotti and Robertson, 2007, p. 1333).

Cultural convergence approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures

are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when
one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture. One
important critique of cultural imperialism is John Tomlinson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of
culture. Deterritorialization means that it is much more difficult to tie culture to a specific
geographic point of origin.

Globalization and Regionalization

The processes of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the 1980s and
heightened after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. At first, it seems that these two
processes are contradicting-the very nature of globalization is, by definition, global while
regionalization is naturally regional.

The regionalization of the word system and economic activity undermines the potential
benefits coming out from liberalized global economy. This is because regional organizations
prefer regional partners over the rest. Regional organizations respond to the states’ attempt
to reduce the perceived negative effect of globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a sort of
counter-globalization.

The previous discussions answered the question “What is globalization?” The next question
“Where did it start?” is not easy to answer as well because there are different views about
this. This book generally adheres to the perspective that the major points of the beginnings
Origins and History of Globalization

The previous discussions answered the question “What is globalization?” The next question
“Where did it start?” is not easy to answer as well because there are different views about
this. This book generally adheres to the perspective that the major points of the beginnings of
globalization started after the Second World War.

Hardwired

According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of our basic human need to make our lives
better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of
globalization from our ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said continent in the late
Ice Age.

Cycles

For some, globalization is a long term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a
daunting task. What is important is the cycles that globalization has gone through (Scholte,
2005). Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have
appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon
disappear and reappear.

Epoch

Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also called
“waves” and each has its own origin. Today’s globalization is not unique if this the case. The
different of this view from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as
returning.

Events

Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of
globalization. If this is the case, then several points can be treated as the start globalization.
Gibbon (1998), for example, argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its
origin.

Broader, More Recent Changes

Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These board changes happened in the last half of
the twentieth century. Scholars today point to these three notable changes as the origin of
globalization that we know today. They are as follows:

1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (post-World War 2)

2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)

3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
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