Scribd
Upload
1K views25 pages

Foundation of Structures 1

This document provides an overview of foundations for building structures. It defines foundations as the element that connects a structure to the ground and transfers loads. It then describes two main types of foundations - shallow foundations embedded about a meter into soil, and deep foundations that transfer loads through weaker topsoil to stronger subsoil. The document outlines functions of foundations and basic design procedures. It also discusses common foundation materials like concrete, steel, aggregates and water.

Uploaded by

A K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views25 pages

Foundation of Structures 1

This document provides an overview of foundations for building structures. It defines foundations as the element that connects a structure to the ground and transfers loads. It then describes two main types of foundations - shallow foundations embedded about a meter into soil, and deep foundations that transfer loads through weaker topsoil to stronger subsoil. The document outlines functions of foundations and basic design procedures. It also discusses common foundation materials like concrete, steel, aggregates and water.

Uploaded by

A K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Welcome

DRE 211: Fundamentals of Infrastructure Design and Construction

Foundation
of Structures

Md. Rasel Sheikh


Lecturer, Dept. of Disaster Resilience and Engineering, PSTU
Building

Foundation
Contents

1. Definition, objectives and function of foundation


2. Types of foundation
3. Materials used for foundation
Foundation

The foundations of the building transfer the weight of the building to the
ground. While 'foundation' is a general word, normally, every building has a number
of individual foundations. Most buildings have some kind of foundation structure
directly below every major column, so as to transfer the column loads directly to the
ground.

A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is the element of an architectural


structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to
the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.
Foundation Design Principles

The main objectives of foundation design are to:-

ensure that the structural loads are transmitted to the subsoil safely,
economically and without any unacceptable movement during the construction
period and throughout the anticipated life of the building or structure
Basic Design Procedure
Assessment of site conditions in the context of the
site & soil investigation report

Calculation of anticipated structural loading

Choosing the foundation type, should consider:

• Soil condition Sizing the chosen foundation in the


• Type of structure context of loading, ground bearing
• Structural loading capacity & any likely future movement
• Economic factors of the building / structure
• Time factors relative to the proposed contract period
• Construction problem
Functions of foundation

1. Distribution of loads
2. Stability against sliding & overturning
3. Minimize differential settlement
4. Safe against undermining
5. Provide level surface
6. Minimize distress against soil movement
Functions of foundation……..

 Distribution of loads
 Foundation help to distribute the loads of super-structure to a large of the soil
 Therefore, the intensity of load at its base does not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil
 In the case of deep foundations, the super imposed loads are transmitted
either through end bearing or both by side friction & end bearing
Functions of foundation……..

 Stability against sliding & overturning


 Foundation imparts lateral stability to the super structure by anchoring it to the
ground
 It increases the stability against sliding & overturning due to horizontal forces to wind,
earthquake, etc.
Functions of foundation……..

 Minimize differential settlement


 Foundation distribute the super-imposed loads evenly on the sub-soil, even in
the case of non-uniform loads
 This can be achieved by constructing combined footing or raft foundation
Functions of foundation……..

 Safe against undermining


 Foundation provide safety against scouring or undermining by flood water or
burrowing animals
Functions of foundation……..

 Minimize distress against soil movement


 Distress or failure due to expansion or contraction of the sub-soil due to
moisture variation in clayey & black cotton soils are minimized by the
provision of special type foundations
Basic Foundation Types

1. Shallow foundations: often called footings, are usually embedded


about a metre or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists
of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost
line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.

2. Deep foundation: is used to transfer the load of a structure down


through the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There
are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts,
caissons, helical piles, geo-piers and earth stabilized columns. The naming
conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers.
Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned
concrete.
Types of foundations

TYPES OF
FOUNDATIONS

PAD RAFT STRIP PILED


FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION
Pad foundation/footing
 Suitable for most subsoil except loose sand, loose gravels
and fill areas

 Usually constructed of reinforced concrete, square in


plan

 Typical pad foundation types are:


 Isolated or pad foundation
 Steel grillage
 Rectangular pad
 Combined column foundation
Strip foundation
 Suitable for most subsoil & light structure loadings
 Suitable for those encountered in low to medium rise
domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be used

 Typical strip foundation types:


 Traditional strip
 Deep strip or trench fill
 Reinforced concrete strip
 Continuous column
Raft foundation
 Used to spread the load of the structure over a large base to
reduce the load per unit area being imposed on the ground
 Particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils are
encountered & where individual column loads are heavy
 Typical raft foundation:
 Solid slab raft
 Beam & slab raft
Pile foundation
 Can be defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit the loads of
a structure to a lower level of subsoil

 Can be used when suitable foundation conditions are not presented at or near ground level

 Classification of piles (may be classified by their basic


design function or method of construction):
• End bearing piles
• Friction or floating piles
• Replacement piles
• Displacement piles
Materials used for foundation

 Foundation must be constructed of a durable material of an adequate


strength

 The most suitable material is concrete. But now-a-days RCC is best choice

 Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates & water in a controlled


proportion
Materials used for foundation…………

Cement
 Manufactured from clay & chalk
 Act as a binder of the concrete mix
 Cement can be supplied in bags ( 1 bag = 50kg) or in bulk
 Air tight sealed bags requiring a dry dump free store
 Bulk cement delivered by tanker (12 to 50 tonnes) & pumped into storage silo
Materials used for foundation…………

 Aggregates
 2 types of aggregates: coarse & fine aggregates
 Coarse aggregate is defined as a material which is retained on a 5mm sieve
 Fine aggregate is defined as a material which is passes a 5mm sieve
 Aggregate can be either :
 Natural rock which has disintegrated
 Crushed stone
 gravels
Materials used for foundation…………

 Water
 Must be of a good quality fit for drinking
 Water is added to start the chemical reaction & to give workability
 The amount of water used is called the water/cement ratios, usually about 0.4 to
0.5
 Too much water will produce a weak concrete mix of low strength
 Whereas too little water will produce a concrete mix of low & inadequate
workability.
Materials used for foundation…………

 Steel
 Characteristics
 Strength: 40 grade, 60 grade etc.
 Constructability
 Fire resistance
 Corrosion
 Mold: deformed bar
Concrete mix
 This concrete mix expressed as a ratio, e.g.,
1:2:4 or 1:3:6/20mm, which means
1 part of cement
3 parts of fine aggregates
6 parts of coarse aggregate
20mm – maximum size of coarse aggregate for the mix
Md. Rasel Sheikh (01924209655)

 It is a different types of foundation for construction work.

 THE END

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy