RCC

FOUNDATION
AND
FOOTINGS
 FOUNDATION
•A foundation is that part of the structure which is in
direct contact with the ground.
•It transfers the load of the structure to the soil
below so as to avoid overloading of the soil beneath.
•It prevents the differential settlement by evenly
loading the substrata.
•It provides the level surface for the building
operation.
•Increases stability of the structure by taking the
structure deep into the ground.
•Foundations are generally built of bricks, stones,
concrete, steel , etc.
•The selection of material and type of foundation
depends upon the type of structure and the nature
of the underlying soil.
•Foundation design must take into account the effects of construction on the
environment of such factors as:
1.pile driving vibration
2.pumping
3. discharge of ground water ,the disposal of waste materials and the operation
of heavy mechanical plant.
•Before deciding upon foundation size ,we must ensure that:
1.The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed the allowable soil pressure.
2.The settlement of the foundation I within reasonable limit.
3.Differential settlement is so limited as not to cause any damage to the
structure.
•Foundations may be classified under two categories :
1.Shallow foundation
2.deep foundation
 UNDERSTANDING THE FOUNDATION
-PURPOSE

• Supports the weight of the structure and other vertical

loads such as snow
• Stabilizes the structure against horizontal forces such as
wind
• It is a retaining wall that might be a barrier to the moisture,
heat loss, or sound transmission.
 CONTINUOUS FOUNDATION
• Most common foundation
• Can be built of stone, stone, clay tile, block,
concrete, treated wood, metal, or other
material
• Used to support heavy loads or to enclose a
crawl space or basement
 STEP FOUNDATION
• It is a continuous wall of variable height
• Used on steep grades or for residential
structures with partial basements
 GRADE BEAM FOUNDATION
• is a pressure-treated wood or reinenforced
concrete beam that is submerged to a depth of
about 8 inches below grade
• Can be supported on a stone fill or on underground
piers that extend into the ground below the frost
line
• Usefull in the climate or in well-drained soils where
the structure can be built close to the ground
 SLAB FOUNDATION
• a special type of foundation that
floats on the soil and also serve as
the floor of the structure
• Slab is thickened under all the
walls to support their heavier loads
• All slab floors are not slab
foundation –many are simply
concrete floors
• A separate foundation supports the
wall loads
• Every foundation must support the weight of the
structure and its content. Load can vary
considerably, depending upon the type of
construction, the kind of furniture, special used
of structure
• If foundation loads are heavy , reinforced
concrete will provide strongest wall.
• Foundation to be widened at bottom( known as
footing) to keep the heavy residential and
commercial structures from sinking into the soil.

FOOTINGS
• Footing size depends on the kind of soil under it
• Soil strength vary from 1000 to 2000 pounds per
sq ft
• Footings usually designed for 1000 pounds per sq
ft.
• Thickness of footing depends on how far it
protrudes beyond the foundation wall
• Thickness to be twice as great as the largest
projection
 FOOTING DESIGNS
Footings are the projections at the base of the
foundation
They distribute the weight of the building over an
area larger than the foundation
Also a foundation to prevent wind from lifting the
building.
In a well designed foundation, the pressure of
building weight on the soil beneath the footings
of the interior pier will equal the
 PREVENTION FROM BREAKAGE
• Because wind can lift or slide
structures off their
foundations, structures must
be securely fastened to the
foundation.
• In masonry wall, the
fastening device should be
extended through the
foundation to the footing
• In all cases, there should be
continuous tie extending as
far into the soil as practical.
• Foundations acting as retaining walls
must be designed to prevent
overturning or breakage
• Breakage can be prevented by
1. reinforcing or by making the wall
thicker,
2. overturning can be prevented by
making the walls thicker,
3. tying the wall to anchors in the soil,
4. or counterbalancing the wall.
 SOIL CHARCTERISTICS
• Ideal foundation bed type supports the
weight of the building, neither swells nor
shrinks excessively, and does not heave from
the frost action.
• Dry well-compacted , sandy clay soil probably
comes near the ideal soil
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

SHALLOE DEEP
FOUNDATIO FOUNDATIO
N N
• When the foundation is placed
immediately beneath the lowest part of
the super structure , it is termed as
shallow foundation .
• The object of this type of foundation is
to distribute the structural loads over a
wide horizontal area at shallow depth
below the ground level.
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
• Spread footings
• Combined footing
• Mat or raft foundation
 SPREAD FOOTINGS
• Spread footing foundations, or simply
footings, consists of strips or pads of concrete
(or other materials) which transfer the loads
from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.
• These foundations are common in residential
construction that includes a basement, and in
many commercial structures.
• But for high rise building it is not sufficient.
Spread footing can be classified as:
1.Wall footing

2 And 1- one and half brick thick footing Stone wall footing

2. Reinforced concrete footing

3. Inverted arch footing

4.Column footing
 Footing for brick pillar

 R.C.C. column footing

 COMBINED FOOTING
• A combined footing supports two columns.
• It is used when the two columns are so close
to each other that their individual footings
would overlap.
• By combining it with that of an interior
column, the load is evenly distributed.
• A combined footing may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan.
Rectangular shape is only
possible where loading
condition is such that
either the two columnsare
equally loaded or the
interior column carries
greater load .
On the other hand, in case
of trapezodial footing ,no
such condition is
applicable
 RAFT FOUNDATION

• In made –up ground , soft clay or marshy site having

low value of bearing capacity , heavy concentrated
structural loads are generally supported by providing
raft foundation .
• If the structure is liable to subsidence on account of
its being located in mining area or due to uncertain
behaviour of its sub-soil water condition, raft
foundation should be preferred.
• It provides an economical solution to difficult site
condition .
• Raft foundation consists of thick reinforced
concrete slab covering the entire area of the
bottom of the structure like a floor.
• The slab is reinforced with the bars running at
right angles to each other both near bottom
and top face of the slab
 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
• The raft slab generally projects for a distance of 30-45cm on all
sides of the outer walls of the structure and as such the area of
excavation is slightly more than the area of the structure itself.
• The excavation is made to the required depth and the entire
excavated area is well considered .
• This surface , when dry , provides the base upon which the raft
slab is laid
• All the precautions that are necessary to be observed during
the reinforced concrete construction are strictly adhered to and
further construction is started only after the curing of the raft
has been fully done

Pic frm sushil kumar

 Raft foundation

Different types of raft foundation

 FOUNDATION IN BLACK COTTON SOIL
• Construction on black cotton soil, is commonly known as SHRINKABLE SOIL has
always been a difficult problem for the engineers.
• The structure built on black cotton soil cracks terribly without any warning.
• Black cotton soil is dangerous for the buildings on account of its volumatric changes
with the change of the atmospheric conditions.
• It swells excessively when wet and shrinks excessively when dry.
• This soil has fine clay particles which swells when they come in contact with water.
• This compression and expansion of soil results in formation of cracks thus cracks
formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 meter deep.

PRECAUTION FOR THE SAFETY OF FOUNDATIONS IN THIS SOIL

• Limit the load on the soil
• Take the foundation to such a depth where the cracks seize to extend the
minimum depth of foundation should be atleast 1.5 mtr.
• The soil above the hard bed should be removed completely and foundation is
laid on the hard bed below.
• In case of ordinary building , the foundation should be taken atleast 30cm
deeper than the depht where the cracks stops.
• Construction should be undertaken during dry season.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
• deep foundation is a type of
foundation distinguished from
shallow foundation by the
depth they are embedded
into the ground. 
• Deep Foundations are the
part of a structure used to
carry and transfer the load of
the structure to the bearing
ground located at some depth
below ground surface.
 WHEN IS IT NEEDED
• Top layers of soil are highly compressible for it
to support structural loads
• In presence of expansive and collapsible soils
at the site.
• Offshore structures
• Seismic activity is another thing which can
influence foundation decisions,
 PILE FOUNDATION
• pile foundations are one of
the types of deep
foundations. They are used
in case soft/silty/clayey type
of soils. In such case of soils
going for normal foundations
may not be possible
• These are the foundations
which transfer load to
greater depths
• These are pipe shaped, there
are different types of pile
foundations.
 COLUMN LOAD REINFORCED
CONCRETE PILE
CAPS

• Types of Piles
PRECAST
Steel Piles REINFORCED PILES

• Pipe piles
• Rolled steel H-section piles
Concrete Piles END BEARING PILES

• Pre-cast Piles FRICTION

• Cast-in-situ Piles PILES

• Bored-in-situ piles
Timber Piles

BEARING STRATUM
OF SOIL OR ROCK
Pre-cast Piles:
• Usual length: 10 m – 45 m
• Usual Load: 7500 kN –
8500 kN
Cast-in-situ Piles:
• Usual length: 5 m – 15 m
• Usual Load: 200 kN – 500
kN
 CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATION
• A concrete pile is a component
iwhich is driven into the ground to
ensure that the foundation is deep.
• Pile foundation can use large
numbers of concrete piles during
construction, with the piles
connecting to the footers of the
foundation.
• The piles distribute the weight of the
structure safely, reducing the risk of
structural failure or collapse.
Advantage:
• Relatively cheap
• Can be easily combined with concrete
superstructure
• Corrosion resistant
• Can bear hard driving
Disadvantage:
• Difficult to transport
• Difficult to achieve desired cut off