Pascal's Triangle Final
Pascal's Triangle Final
DHALIGAON
MATHEMATICS
PROJECT
MADE BY
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AIM
OBJECTIVE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere
thanks to My Mathematics Teachers Mr. Pulin Chandra
Medhi in providing a helping hand in this project. His
valuable guidance, support and supervision all through
this project titled “Pattern and properties of pascal’s
triangle.”, are responsible for attaining its present form. I
would like to extend my thanks to my parents and friends
THEORY
Pascal’s triangle
Pascal’s triangle is vertically symmetrical, such that if we divide the triangle into two equal
parts vertically then we observe that the left part is the mirror image of the right part, which
mean the two parts are symmetrical to each other. Pascal’s triangle is primarily used in
probability to calculate the combination.
The formula used to find the value of any element in a Pascal’s triangle using combination
is as follows:
n
CknCk = n! /(k! (n−k)!) n! /(k! (n−k)!)
History
It is named for Blaise Pascal, a 17th-century French mathematician who used the
triangle in his studies in probability theory. However, it has been studied throughout the
world for thousands of years, particularly in ancient India and medieval China, and
during the Golden Age of Islam and the Renaissance, which began in Italy before
spreading across Europe.
0 (x + y)0 1 1
1 (x + y)1 1x + 1y 1,1
Using summation notation, the binomial theorem may be succinctly written as:
H 1
1
T 1
HH 1
2 HT TH 2
TT 1
HHH 1
HHT HTH THH 3
3
HTT THT TTH 3
TTT 1
HHHH 1
HHHT HHTH HTHH THHH 4
4 HHTT HTHT HTTH THHT THTH TTHH 6
HTTT THTT TTHT TTTH 4
TTTT 1
Fractals
Colouring the numbers of Pascal’s triangle by their divisibility produces an interesting
variety of fractals. Colouring all the numbers divisible by two (all the even numbers)
produces the Sierpiński triangle. These patterns have appeared in Italian art since the
13th century, according to Wolfram Math World.
PROCEDURE
To build the triangle, start with “1” at the top, then continue placing
numbers below it in a triangular pattern as shown in figure.
PROPERTIES
Symmetry and Borders: The starting and ending element of each and every row in a
Pascal’s triangle is 11. The triangle is symmetrical, that is the numbers present on the left
side is the same as the numbers on the right side.
Sum of Rows: The horizontal sum of elements in any row equals 2n2n, where nn stands for
the number of the row.
Hockey Stick Pattern : In a Pascal’s triangle starting from the boundary that is 1 going
through diagonal of any length and ending or we can say the head lies at an element across
the same diagonal but below the end of the selection, then the sum of the numbers from 1
and all the numbers across that diagonal would be equal to the head of the hockey stick.
This pattern forms the shape of the hockey stick.
Prime Number: If the first number of any row in a Pascal’s triangle is a prime number
excluding the boundary numbers 11, then each of the row elements are divisible by the first
number. For example, in row 77, the elements read as
follows 1,7,21,35,35,21,7,11,7,21,35,35,21,7,1 excluding the boundary number 11 each all
other elements 7,21,35,35,21,77,21,35,35,21,7 are divisible by the first prime number 77.
Fibonacci Sequence: In a Pascal’s triangle if we add the numbers lying on each diagonal,
then the sum forms a Fibonacci sequence. Fibonacci sequence is defined as a number
series where each number is the addition of two of its preceding numbers.
CONCLUSION