CE 6702-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

VEL TECH HIGH TECH DR.RANGARAJAN DR.SAKUNTHALA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE MATERIAL
CE 6702- PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

PREPARED BY
MR.A.MOHAN., M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES LTPC

3 00 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the need for prestressing as well as the methods, types and advantages of
prestressing to the students. Students will be introduced to the design of prestressed
concrete structures subjected to flexure and shear.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR 9

Basic concepts – Advantages – Materials required – Systems and methods of prestressing –
Analysis of sections – Stress concept – Strength concept – Load balancing concept – Effect of
loading on the tensile stresses in tendons – Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections –
Losses of prestress – Estimation of crack width.
UNIT II DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR 9
Basic assumptions for calculating flexural stresses – Permissible stresses in steel and concrete as
per I.S.1343 Code – Design of sections of Type I and Type II post-tensioned and pre-tensioned
beams – Check for strength limit based on I.S. 1343 Code – Layout of cables in post-tensioned
beams – Location of wires in pre-tensioned beams – Design for shear based on I.S. 1343 Code.
UNIT III DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONE 9
Factors influencing deflections – Short term deflections of uncracked members – Prediction of
long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage – Check for serviceability limit state of
deflection. Determination of anchorage zone stresses in post-tensioned beams by Magnel‟s
method, Guyon’s method and IS1343 code – design of anchorage zone reinforcement – Check
for transfer bond length in pre-tensioned beams.
UNIT IV COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS 9
Analysis and design of composite beams – Methods of achieving continuity in continuous beams
–Analysis for secondary moments – Concordant cable and linear transformation – Calculation of
stresses – Principles of design.
UNIT V MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 9
Design of tension and compression members – Tanks, pipes and poles – Partial prestressing –
Definition, methods of achieving partial prestressing, merits and demerits of partial prestressing.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Student shall have a knowledge on methods of prestressing and able to design various
prestressed concrete structural elements.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Krishna Raju N., "Prestressed concrete", 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Company, NewDelhi,
2012
2. Pandit.G.S. and Gupta.S.P., "Prestressed Concrete", CBS Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd,
2012.
REFERENCES:
1. Rajagopalan.N, "Prestressed Concrete", Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
2. Dayaratnam.P., "Prestressed Concrete Structures", Oxford and IBH, 2013
3. Lin T.Y. and Ned.H.Burns, "Design of prestressed Concrete Structures", Third Edition,
Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.

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UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR

Prestressed concrete – Basic concepts.

The tensile strength of plain concrete is only a fraction of its compressive strength and the
problem of it being deficient in tensile strength appers to have the driving factor in the
development of the composite material known as Reinforced concrete.
The development of early strength and cracks in reinforced concrete due to in
compatibility in the strains of steel and concrete perhaps the starting point in the development of
a new material like “Prestressed concrete”.

Definition:
Prestressed concrete is defined as the application of permanent compressive stress to a
material like concrete, which is strong in compression but weak in tension, increases the
apparent tensile strength of that material, because the subsequent application of tensile
stress must first nullify the compressive prestress.

Advantages of prestressed concrete.

 In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses under working
loads, the cross section is more efficiently utilized when compared with a reinforced
concrete section which is cracked under working loads.

 The flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a reinforced concrete member
of the same length.
 Use of high strength concrete and high strength steel provides light and slender member.
Pre tensioning: A method of Pre stressing concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before
the concrete is placed. In this method, the prestress is imparted to concrete by bond between
steel and concrete.

Post tensioning: A method of pre stressing concrete by tensioning the tendons against hardened
concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted to concrete by bearing.

Materials used,

High tensile steel needed for prestressed concrete construction

High strength concrete is necessary for prestress concrete as the material offers highly
resistance in tension, shear bond and bearing. Tensile strength of high tensile steel is in the
range of 1400 to 2000 N/mm2 and if initially stress upto 1400 N/mm2 their will be still large
stress in the high tensile reinforcement after making deduction for loss of prestress. Therefore
high tensile steel is made for prestress concrete.

High strength concrete is needed ..more than

1200N/mm2.

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Systems of prestressing
 Freyssinet systems
 Gifford Udall
 Lee-Mccall systems
 Magnel blaton systems

Methods of prestressing
1.Conventional methods
 Circular prestressing
 Linear prestressing
 Pretensioned method
 Post tensioned method
Non Conventional methods
 Externally prestressed
 Electro – thermal prestressing.
 Chemical prestressing.
 Prestressing with fibre composites.
Pre tensioning: A method of Pre stressing concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before
the concrete is placed. In this method, the prestress is imparted to concrete by bond between
steel and concrete. 

Post tensioning: A method of pre stressing concrete by tensioning the tendons against hardened
concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted to concrete by bearing.

classifications of prestressed concrete structures

 Externally or internally prestressed
 Pretensioning and post tensioning
 End-Anchored or Non-End Anchored Tendons
 Bonded or unbonded tendons
 Precast, cast-in-place, composite construction
 Partial or full prestressing

load balancing concept.

It is possible to select cable profiles in a prestressed concrete member such that the
traverse component of the cable force balances the given type of external loads. This can be
readily illustrated by considering the free body of concrete with the tendon replaced by
forces acting on the concrete beam.

Effect on tendon profile on deflections.

In most of the cases of prestressed beams, tendons are located with eccentricities towards the
soffit of beams to counteract the sagging bending moments due to transverse loads.
Consequently, the concrete beam deflects upwards on the application or transfer of prestress.
Since the bending moment at every section is the product of the prestressing force and
eccentricity, the tendon profile itself will represent the shape of the BMD.

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Tendon profile that affects factors influencing deflections

 Imposed load and self weight
 Magnitude of the prestressing force
 Cable profile
 Span of the member

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loss of prestress.
 loss due to elastic deformation.
 loss due to shrinkage of concrete.
 loss due to creep of concrete.
 loss due to anchorage slip.
 loss due to friction.
 loss due to relaxation of stress in steel.

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UNIT II DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR

Basic assumptions for calculating flexural stresses.

 Plane section remains plane after bending.


 Perfect bond between concrete and prestressing steel for bonded tendons.

 The prestressed concrete section will also behave like a reinforced
concrete section only after cracking.

 The tensile stressed are resisted by the steel components namely
untensioned reinforcement if and the high tensile steel.

Different types of flexural failure modes observed in PSC beams

 Failure of under reinforced sections

 Failure of over reinforced sections

 Failure of sections by other modes

 Fracture of steel in tension

Strain compatibility method

The method of estimating the flexural strength of prestressed concrete sections is
based on the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces acting on the section at
the stage of failure.
The assumptions made for strain compatibility method.
 The stress distribution in the compression zone of concrete can be
defined by means of coefficients applied to the characteristic compressive
strength and the average compressive stress and the position of the centre
of compression can be assessed.

 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

 The resistance of concrete in tension is neglected.

 The maximum compressive strain in concrete at failure reaches a particular value.

Factors which influence the ultimate flexural strength of PSC beams.

 The failure mainly a flexural failure, which no effect of shear, bond or
anchorage, which might decrease the strength of the section.

 The beams are bonded. Unbounded beams have different ultimate
strength than for bonded beams.

 Beams are statically determinate.

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 Ultimate loads, obtained are the result of short time static loading.
No effect of impact fatigue or long time loading is considered.
Conventional failure of an over reinforced prestressed concrete beam.
An Over reinforced members fail by the sudden crushing of concrete. The failure being
reinforced members fail by the sudden crushing of concrete. The failure being characterized by
small deflections and narrow cracks, the area of steel being comparatively large, the stresses
developed in steel at failure of the member may not reach the tensile strength.

Type I, Type II and Type III structures.

In a type I member, no tensile stress is allowed under service loads or at transfer.

In a type II member, tensile stresses are allowed but they should be within
the cracking stress.

For a type III member, the tensile stress can exceed the cracking stress, but
still it is limited to a certain value which limits the crack width.

Degree of prestressing.
A measure of the magnitude of the prestressing force related to the resultant stress occurring in
the structural member at working load.

Flexure failure of conventional RC beam with PSC beam.

There is no difference in flexural failure of a conventional RC beam and a prestressed
concrete beam. Because the prestressed concrete beam will behave as an RC beam, after flexural
cracks are formed.

Horizontal shear
The horizontal shear stress is (normally) maximum at the neutral axis of the beam.
This is opposite of the behavior of the bending stress which is maximum at the other edge of the
beam, and zero at the neutral axis.

Methods of improving the shear resistance of a prestressed concrete beams

 Horizontal or axial prestressing
 Prestressing by inclined or sloping cables 
 Vertical or transverse prestressing

Analysis of the reinforced and prestressed concrete members under shear

The analysis for axial load and flexure are based on the following principles of mechanics
 Equilibrium of internal and external forces
 Compatibility of strains in concrete and steel
 Constitutive relationship of materials.

Different types of cracks in a simply supported beam under uniformly distributed load
without prestressing.

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Flexural cracks – These cracks form at the bottom near the midspan and propagate
upwards.
Web shear cracks – These cracks form near the neutral axis close to the support and
propagate inclined to the beam axis.
Flexure shear cracks – These cracks form at the bottom due to flexure and propagate due
to both flexure and shear.

Functions of stirrups.
 Stirrups resist part of the applied shear.

 They restrict the growth of diagonal cracks

 The stirrups counteract widening of the diagonal cracks, thus maintaining
aggregate interlock to a certain extent

 The splitting of concrete cover is restrained by the stirrups, by reducing dowel
forces in the longitudinal bars.
Unbounded Tendons
For members with unbounded tendons and with the span/depth ratio not exceeding 35,
the stress n the tendons is computed by the relation,
Fps = (fps+70+(fc/100ǷP))
Factors to be considered in design of prestressed concrete section for flexure.
Two stages of loading are to be considered in design of prestressed concrete section for
flexure are as,1)Transfer of prestressing force,
2)At working load (service stage)

principles of mechanics for the analysis of axial load and flexure in PSC structures.
The analysis for axial load and flexure are based on the flowing principles of mechanics.
Equilibrium of internal and external forces

Compatibility of strains in concrete and steel

Constitutive relationships of materials.

Factors which influence the ultimate flexural strength of PSC beams.

 The failure mainly a flexural failure, with no effect of shear, bond or
anchorage which might decrease the strength of the section.

 The beams are bonded. Unbonded beams have different ultimate strength than
for bonded beams.

 Beams are statically determinate.

 Ultimate loads, obtained is the result of short time loading. No effect of
impact fatigue or long time loading is considered.

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LAYOUT OF CABLES IN POST TENSION

BEAMS

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LAYOUT OF CABLES IN PRE TENSION

BEAMS

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UNIT III DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONE

Factors affecting the deflection of the prestressed concrete beam

 Imposed load & self weight
 Magnitude of the prestressing force.
 Second moments of area of cross section
 Shrinkage, creep & relaxation of steel stress.
 Modulus of elasticity of concrete
 Cable profile
 Span of the member
 Rigidity condition

Importance of control of deflection.

1. Excessive sagging of principal structural members is not only unsightly, but at times, also
renders the floor unsuitable for intended use.
2. Large deflections under dynamic effects and under the influence of variable loads may
cause discomfort to the users.
3. Excessive deflections are likely to cause damage to finishes, partitions and associated
structures.

Mohr’s theorem
Short term or instantaneous deflection of prestressed members are governed by the
bending moment distribution along the span and the flexural rigidity of the members.
Mohr’s moment area theorem are readily applicable for the estimation of deflections
due to the prestressing force, self weight and imposed loads.

Then, according to mohr’s first theorem,

Slope = area of BMD/ flexural rigidity

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Anchorage zone.
Prestressed concrete contains tendons which are typically stressed to about 1000 MPa.
These tendons need to be anchored at their ends in order to transfer (compressive) force to the
concrete. The zone of region is called Anchorage zone.

Functions of end blocks.

 Provide Lateral (horizontal) stability from wind and other horizontal (Racking)
loads.
 Provide additional vertical load capacity for the ends of the joists from point
loads above.

stress distribution in end block.(anchorage zone)


A physical concept of the state of stress in the transverse direction, that is normal to planes
parallel with the top and bottom surfaces of the beam, may be obtained by considering these
lines of force as individual fibres acting as curved stuts between end force 2P and the main body
of the beam.


By providing an external initial stress (the prestress) which compresses the beam. Now they can only
separate if the tensile stress induced by the self weight of the beam is greater than the compressive
prestress introduced.

Effective reinforcement ratio

Ratio of effective area of reinforcement to the effective area of concrete at any section of a
structural member is known as effective reinforcement ratio.

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End block in a post tensioned member.

The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal stress
exists is generally referred to as the anchorage zone or end block.

Bursting tension.
The effect of transverse tensile stress is to develop a zone of bursting tension in a
direction perpendicular to the anchorage force resulting in horizontal cracking.

Permissible limits for deflection

The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep &
shrinkage should not normally exceed span / 250.
Deflections including the effects of temperature, creep & span / 350
or 20mm whichever is less
If finishes are to be applied to prestressed concrete members the
total upward deflections should not exceed span.
Check for serviceability limit state of deflection
It is the general practice in most of the codes to safeguard against excessive deflections
under serviceability limit states, either indirectly by prescribing a minimum span to depth ratio
for the member, or directly by specifying a maximum permissible deflection expressed as a
fraction of the span.
The recommendations of the Indian standard code (IS 1343) with regard to the limit
state of deflection are as follows,
1. The final deflection, due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage should normally not exceed span / 250.
2. The deflection, including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after
the erection of partitions and the application of finishes , should not normally exceed
span / 350 or 20mm, whichever is less.
3. If finishes are to be applied to the prestressed concrete member, the total upward
deflection should not exceed span / 300, unless uniformly of camber between adjacent
units can be ensured.

Primary moment: The primary moment is the apparent bending moment at a section in a
statically indeterminate structure due to the ahead eccentricity of the tendons from the additional
moments.
Secondary moment: Secondary moments are additional moments induced at a section due to the
redundant reactions developed as a consequence of prestressing the structure.


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Resultant moment: The resultant moment at a section of an indeterminate prestressed structure

is the sum of primary & secondary moments (i.e) R.M = (P.M + S.M)

Importance of providing reinforcement in anchorage zone or end block

In post tensioned members, the prestressing wires are introduced in cables holes or
ducts. Pre-formed in the members and then stressed and anchored at the end forces. Large
forces concentrated over relatively small areas are applied on the end blocks. It is linearly
distributed and develop transverse and shear stressed so that an adequate amount of steel is
properly distributed to sustain the transverse tensile stressed.
Transmission length
In a pretensioned system, when a wire is released, the transmission of prestressing
force from steel to concrete is though a bond comprising of adhesion, friction and shearing
resistance. When the bond stress is zero, and uniform stress distribution is prevalent from
the section then the length for achieving this is termed as transmission length.
Necessity of using anchor block in prestressed concrete
Anchor block having higher discontinuous force applied at the end develop
transverse and shear stresses. The distribution of stressed in the anchorage zone, can provide
an adequate amount of steel, properly distributed to sustain the transverse tensile stresses.
Anchorage zone
Large amount of prestressing forces, concentrated over relatively small areas are
applied on the end blocks through bearing plates. These forces develop transverse and shear
stressed. Generally bursting tensile forces or splitting tensile force and spalling tensile
forces are developed while transmitting the prestress to the concrete. These forces are
resisted by providing suitable arrangements of reinforcement in the end blocks.
Investigations on anchorage zone stresses.
The stress distribution in the anchorage zone done by,
1. Magnel’s method
2. Guyon’s method
3. Zielinski and Rowe’s method.
4. Codal provision
Indian code
British code
American code.

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UNIT 4 – COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS

COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Precast prestressed members are used in conjunction with the concrete cast –in- situ, so
that the members behave as monolithic unit under service loads is called composite construction.
High strength prestressed units are used in the tension zone and cast-in-situ of relatively
lower compressive strength is used in the compression strength is used in the compression zone
of the composite members.

Achieve compositeness between precast and cast in situ part

The composite action between the two components is achieved by roughening the
surface of the prestressed unit on to which the concrete is cast in situ, thus giving a better
frictional resistance or by stirrups protruding from the prestressed unit into the added concrete or
by castellations on the surface of the prestressed unit adjoining the concrete which is cast in situ.

Composite construction of prestressed and in situ concrete

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In a composite construction, precast prestressed members are used in conjunction

with the concrete cast in situ, so that the members behave as monolithic unit under service loads.
The high strength prestressed units are used in the tension zone while the concrete, which is the
cast in situ of relatively lower compressive strength is used in the compression zone of the
composite members.
In the case of composite members, deflections are computed by taking into account the
different stages of loading as well as the differences in the modulus of elasticity of concrete in
the precast prestressed unit and the in situ cast element.
Unpropped construction
If the precast units are not propped while placing the in situ concrete, stresses are
developed in the unit due to the self weight of the member and the dead weight of the in situ
concrete. This method of construction is referred to as unpropped construction.
Forces considered in the calculation of deflection of prestressed concrete
Prestressing force
Self weight of the beam
Dead load of the concrete
Live load acting on the concrete
Role played by shear connectors in composite construction
It is generally assumed that the natural bond at the interface contributes a part of
the required shear resistance depending upon the strength of the in situ cast concrete and the
roughness of the precast element. Any extra shear resistance over and above this should be
provided by shear connectors
Advantages in using precast prestressed units
Saving in the cost of steel in a composite member compared with a reinforced or prestressed
concrete member.
 Sizes of precast prestressed units can be reduced due to the effect of composite
action
 Low ratio of size of the precast unit to that of the whole composite member.
 Composite members are ideally suited for construction bridge decks without the
disruption of normal traffic.

Disadvantages of prestressed continuous beams


 (i)Loss of prestress due to friction is more in long cables.
 (ii) Secondary stresses due to prestressing, creep, shrinkage, temperature &
settlement of supports may induce very high stresses unless they are
 controlled.
 (iii)Cable positioned to cater for secondary moments are generally no suitable
 to provide the required ultimate moment under a given system of loads.
 (iv)The computation of collapse (or) ultimate load is influenced by the degree
of redistribution of moments.
shrinkage and resultant stresses in composite member
The magnitude of differential shrinkage is influenced by the composition of
concrete and the environmental conditions to which the composite member is exposed. In the

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absence of exact data, a general value of 100 micro strains is provided for computing
shrinkage stresses.
Assumptions made in stresses developed due to differential shrinkage
 The shrinkage is uniform over the in situ part of the section.
 Effect of creep and increase in modulus of elasticity with age and the
component of shrinkage, which is common to both the units are
negligible.
Loadings to be considered for computing deflection if the beam is propped section.
 Prestress
 Self weight of the beam
 Self Weight of the in situ cast concrete
Loadings to be considered for computing deflection if the beam is unpropped
section.
 Prestress
 Self weight of the beam
 Live load of the in situ cast concrete

Advantages of statically indeterminate prestressed concrete structures?

a.The bending moments are more evenly distributed between the centre of span and
the supports of members.
i. Reduction in the sizes of members results in lighter structure.
ii. The ultimate load carrying capacity in higher than the
01statically determinate structure due to the redistribution of
moment
iii. Continuity of the members in framed by segmental
construction using precast units connected by prestressed
cables.
b. In continuous post tensioned guides, the curved cables can be suitably positioned
to resist the span & support moments.

Disadvantages of prestressed continuous beams

(i)Loss of prestress due to friction is more in long cables.
(ii) Secondary stresses due to prestressing, creep, shrinkage, temperature & settlement
of supports may induce very high stresses unless they are controlled.
(iii)Cable positioned to cater for secondary moments are generally no suitable to
provide the required ultimate moment under a given system of loads.
(iv)The computation of collapse (or) ultimate load is influenced by the degree of
redistribution of moments.

Assumptions made for the analysis of secondary moment

c. The effect of change in length of members due to the prestressing force &
external loading in neligible.

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d. The cable friction is considered to be negligible so that the prestressing force

is constant at all points of the cable.

Composite construction is prestressed concrete

In a composite construction, precast prestressed members are used in conjunction
with the concrete cast in site. So that the members behave as a monolithic unit under
service loads.
Advantages of composite constructions
a. Appreciable savings in the cost of steel in a composite member compared with
a R.C.C. or prestressed concrete members.
b. Sizes of the precast prestressed units can be reduced due to the effect of
composite action.
c. Composite constructions are indically suited for the constructions of bridge
decks without disturb the normal traffic.
d. Efficient utilization of materials in a composite section results in reduced dead
loads leading to overall economy.

Methods of achieving continuity

Continuity in precast prestressed concrete construction is achieved by using
curved or straight cables which are continuous over several spans. It is also possible to
develop continuity between two precast beams by using cap cables. Alternatively, short,
straight tendons may be used over the supports to develop continuity between two precast
prestressed beams.

Methods of analysis of secondary moments.

In addition to the basic assumptions such as, the elastic behavior of materials and
linear strain distribution across the section, the following assumptions are generally made
for the analysis of secondary moments in continuous prestressed concrete members.
1. The effect of change in the length of members due to the prestressing force and
external loading is negligible.
2. The cable friction is considered to be negligible, so that the prestressing force is
constant at all points of the cable.
There are several methods for analyzing statically indeterminate prestressed
structures to compute the secondary moments that develop from prestressing the
structure.

The most commoly used methods are based on the principles of,
1. Three moment theorem
2. Consistent deformation
3. Tendon reaction

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Calculation of stresses.

shear connectors
Effective bonding between the two parts of a composite beam may be developed by
providing castellation in the precast unit or by projecting reinforcements from the precast
unit is known as shear connectors.

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UNIT 5 - MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

Prestressed tension member:

Prestressed tension member have the following three specific behaviors’,
1.the member can be considered as essentially made of concrete which is put under
uniform compression , so that it can carry tension produced by internal pressure or external
loads, if the concrete has no cracked , it is able to carry a total tensile force equal to the total
effective pre compression plus the tensile capacity of the concrete itself.
2. the member can be considered as essentially made of high tensile steel which is
prolonged to reduce the deflection under load, from the view point, the ultimate strength of the
member is dependent upon the tensile strength of the steel, but the usable strength is often
limited by excessive elongation of the steel following the cracking of the concrete.
3.the member can be considered as a combined steel and concrete member whose strains
and stresses before cracking can be evaluated, assuming elastic behavior and taking into account
the effect of shrinkage and creep.
The design criteria for prestressed concrete tanks
 It is to resist the hoop tension and moments developed are based on the considerations of
desirable load factors against cracking and collapse.
 It is desirable to have at least a minimum load factor of 1.2 against cracking and 2 against
ultimate collapse as per IS code.
 It is desirable to have at least a minimum load factor of 1.25 against cracking and 2.5
against ultimate collapse as per BS code.
 The principal compressive stress in concrete should not exceed one-third of the
characteristic cube strength.
 When the tank is full, there should be a residual compressive stress of at least 0.7 N/mm2.
When the tank is empty, the allowable tensile stress at any point is limited to 1 N/mm2.
The maximum flexural stress in the tank walls should be assumed to be numerically equal
to 0.3 times the hoop compression.

Circular prestressing.
When the prestressed members are curved in the direction of prestressing, the
prestressing is called circular prestressing. For example, circumferential prestressing in
pipes, tanks, silos, containment structures and similar structures is a type of circular
prestressing.

The tanks classified based on the joint.

 Tank wall with fixed base.
 Tank wall with hinged base.
 Tank wall with sliding base.

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The different types of joints used between the slabs of prestressed concrete tanks
 Movement joint
 Expansion joint
 Construction Joint
 Temporary Open Joints.

The stress induced in concrete due to circular prestressing

The circumferential hoop compression stress is induced in concrete by
prestressing counterbalances the hoop tension developed due to the internal fluid pressure.

Theadvantages of prestressing water tanks

 Water storage tanks of large capacity are invariably made of prestressed concrete.
 Square tanks are used for storage in congested urban and industrial sites where
 land space is a major constraint.
 This shape is considerable reduction in the thickness of concrete shell.
 The efficiency of the shell action of the concrete is combined with the
prestressing at the edges.
The functions of water stopper (water bar) in water tank construction
 The base slab is subdivided by joints which are sealed by water stops.
 The reinforcement in the slab should be well distributed to control the cracking of the
slab due to shrinkage and temperature.

The design criteria for prestressed concrete pipes

 Circumferential prestressing, winding with or without longitudinal prestressing. Handling
stresses with or without longitudinal prestressing.
 Condition in which a pipe is supported by saddles at extreme points with full water load
but zero hydrostatic pressure.
 Full working pressure conforming to the limit state of serviceability. The first crack stage
corresponding to the limit state of local damage.

prestressed cylinder and non-cylinder pipe.

Prestressed cylinder pipe:

 It is developed by the Lock Joint Company.
 A welded cylinder of 16 gauge steel is lined with concrete inside and steel
pipe wrapped with a highly stressed wire.
 Tubular fasteners are used for the splices and for end fixing of the wire
and pipe is finished with a coating of rich mortar.
 It is suitable upto 1.2 m diameter.
Prestressed non-cylinder pipe:
 It is developed by Lewiston Pipe Corporation.
 At first concrete is cast over a tensioned longitudinal reinforcement.
 A concrete pipes after curing are circumferentially stressed by means of a spiral wire.

The types of prestressed concrete pipes construction

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 Monolyte construction
 Two stage construction..

Non-cylinder pipes:
The design principles are used for determining the minimum thickness of concrete required
and the pitch of circumferential wire winding on the pipe.
Cylinder pipes:
The design principles of cylinder pipes are similar to those of the non-cylinder pipes except
that the required thickness of concrete is computed by considering the equivalent area of the
light gauge steel pipe embedded in the concrete.

The advantages of prestressed concrete piles

 High load and moment carrying capacity.
 Standardization in design for mass production.
 Excellent durability under adverse environmental conditions. Crack free characteristics
under handling and driving.
 Resistance to tensile loads due to uplift. Combined load moment capacity.

Prestressed concrete poles:

The effect of prestressing force in concrete poles.

It should be reduced in proportion to the cross section by the techniques of debonding
or dead ending or looping some of the tendons at mid height.
The types of loadings that act on prestressed concrete poles.
Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face. Combined bending
and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wires. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of
wires. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole. Handing and erection
stresses.

The importance of shrinkage in composite construction

The time dependent behavior of composite prestressed concrete beams depends upon the
presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the concretes of web and deck, in addition to
other parameters, such as relaxation of steel, presence of untensioned steel, and compression
steel etc.

The advantages of partially prestressed concrete poles

 Resistance to corrosion in humid and temperature climate and to erosion in desert areas.
 Easy handling due to less weight than other poles.
 Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
 Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced concrete poles.
 Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.

The advantages of prestressed concrete over R.C.C concrete.

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 The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in
lighter and slender members than is possible with reinforced concrete.

 The effectiveness of carrying external loads is only by the section above the
neutral axis is reinforced concrete but the entire cross section is effective is
prestressed concrete.

Partial prestressing.
Under the working load, if the cross section is subjected to no tension after prestressing
then it is known as fully prestressed. under working loads even after the pretsress is apply. If
there is some tension. It is known as partial prestressing . Normally the tension portion is
reinforced with mild steel reinforcement. This untensioned reinforcement is required so as to
resist differential shrinkage temperature effects and handling stresses.

Limited prestressing
It leads to a reduction in the cost of stressing, sheathing and grouting. The use of
high yield strength deformed bars is generally believed to offer better crack control and
high ultimate strength.

Objectives of partial prestressing:

Partial prestressing may be adopted to serve one or more of the following objectives,
 Better distribution of stress
 Reinforce regions of peak moment
 Control on excessive camber
 Control of crack width
 Increase of ductility and rotation capacity
 Limit state collapse condition

Methods of achieving partial prestressing

Partial prestress may be obtained by any of the following measures,
 By using less high tensile steel for prestressing, this will save steel, but will also
decrease the ultimate strength, which is almost directly proportional to the amount of
steel.

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 By using the same amount of high tensile steel, but leaving some non- prestressed.
This will save some tensioning and anchorage, and may increase resilience at the
sacrifice of earlier cracking and slightly smaller ultimate strength.
 By using same amount of steel , but tensioning them to a lower level. The effects of
this are similar to those, but no end anchorage are saved.
 By using less prestressed steel and adding some mild steel for reinforcing. This will
give the desired ultimate strength and will result in greater resilience at the expense of
earlier cracking.

Merits
 Camber of bridge deck is better controlled
 Savings in the amount of prestressing steel.
 Greater resilience in the structure is possible.
 Economical utilization of mild steel.

Demerits
 Earlier appearance of cracks
 Greater deflections under overloads
 Higher principal tensile stress under working loads.
 Slight decrease in ultimate flexural strength for the same amount of steel.

The advantages of partial prestressing.

 Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under service loads with controls on the
maximum width of cracks and depending upon the type of prestressing and
environmental condition.
 Untensioned reinforcement is required in the cross-section of a prestressed member for
various reasons, such as to resist the differential shrinkage, temperature effects and
handling stresses.

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