UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE

Bachelor of Architecture

Name of the subject:

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-VIII (ARP-502)

Learning Material of 9th Semester

 Writers

Contributor

ARP-502 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-VIII

Ar. RiyazulSamadBinmoahmmad
Program Outcome, Program Specific Outcome and Course Outcome

Name of the Department : University Institute of Architecture

Name of the Program : Architecture
Duration of the degree : Five years
Program Code : ARP 337

Program Educational Objectives:

PEO 1: Career Opportunities: The Architecture graduates will be able to work as entrepreneur, in
Architect’s Office, MNC’s in construction sector, Government, and will be eligible for Masters Degree
program to peruse career in teaching and research.

PEO 2 Technical adeptness:The Architecture Graduates will be technically adept to specific fields and other
disciplines and Management towards Planning, Design, and executing a project. Their technical skills and
knowledge will enable them to perform their work with a commitment and quality, timeliness with continuous
improvement.

PEO 3: Professionalism: Understanding of professionalism, quality performance, sustainability and allow

them to be professional leaders and contributors to society through their problem solving capabilities,
executing the work and exhibit effective interpersonal skills in teams and at work place.

PEO 4: Innovation and Continuous Learning: Architecture Graduates will exhibit interest in lifelong
learning including studies leading to professional licensure or higher studies in Architecture that provides for
continued development of their technical ability innovation and management skills.

PEO 5: Awareness of Social impact and ethical Behaviour: Graduates will be made aware of causes of
impacts due to the development and also to identify remedial measures if necessary by ethical behaviour and
awareness.

Program Outcome
PO 1: Develop creativity:Students will be able to gain creative ability and imagination to create and solve
problems with innovative methods and solutions.

PO 2: Development of analytical skills:The student will be able to analyze the ability to collect, gather,
visualize and analyze information in details. They include also the ability to see a problem or situation from
different points of view.

PO 3: Design and Planning of Buildings:The student will be able to provide solutions to design problems of
construction of small and large buildings, Urban Design, and Urban Planning that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 4: Preparing technical drawings:The student will be able to prepare technical drawings according to the
national building codes local regulations, standards, performance expectations, professional service contracts,
zoning and subdivision ordinances, environmental regulation, historic preservation laws, and accessibility
laws.

PO 5: Project management:The student will be able to prepare building project progress reports; building
cost, life-cycle cost, and construction estimate and write specifications as per the project design.

PO 6: Communication skills:The student will be able to communicate with the professionals of the industry
and users equally well.

PO 7: Ethics: The student will be able to serve the industry along with meeting his social responsibilities.
The student will become a responsible citizen by applying his knowledge for progress of society, health,
safety, legal and culture of his country.

PO 8: Research aptitude: The student will have research aptitude and will be able to identify and formulate
future requirements of architectural industry. This can lead him to higher studies in architecture.

PO 9. Modern tool usage:The student will be able to apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
rendering tools in preparing drawings. He will be able to use various latest architectural softwares and be
industry ready and with an understanding of their limitations.

PO 10: Environment and sustainability:The student will be able to reduce the impact of the building project
on the environment and promote sustainable development.

PO 11: Professional Training, Professional Practice:The student gains insight of details required in
professional practice by working for 6 months as a trainee in an established architectural firm.

PO 12: Life-long learning:Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 Table of Content

Title Page. No.

Course Objectives andOutcomes 6

Syllabus 6

Definitions 8

Unit – I 9

Unit – II 13

Unit – III 21

References 26
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To familiarize students with the intent, contents, role, importance and applicability of legal
framework in designing safe, functional and healthy buildings, based on norms.

COURSE OUTCOMES
Study of building control Standards, bye laws and codes of practices prevalent in different development
authorities and municipalities in India.

CO Title Level
Number
Students should understand importance of working drawing Remember,
CO1
Students should understand modular construction. Understand,
CO2

Students should learn how to handle construction material and its Understand
CO3 transportation.

UNIT 1: Working Drawings: Preparation of Complete Set of working drawings of a major design project
including Site plan, Foundation plans, Elevations and Sections, floor plans, etc.
Commercial Kitchen- Study, designing and detailing of a commercial kitchen for hotels, restaurants, etc.

UNIT 2: Pre- stressing and Post- Tensioning: Introduction to the concept and techniques of Pre- stressing
and Post- Tensioning
Modular Construction- Objectives, basic principles, planning and structural modules

UNIT 3: Study Prefabrication :Study of Prefabricated structures, Advantages and

disadvantages, on-site and off- site pre-fabrication, Pre-fabricated components, involving simple details in
prefabrication.

Text Book:
1. R Barry, Building Construction, East West Press, New Delhi, 1999
Reference Books:
1. Don A. Watson, Construction Materials And Processes, Mcgraw Hill Co.,1972.
2. W.B.Mckay, 'Building Construction', Vol.1, 2, 3, Longmans, U.K. 1981.
3.Alanwerth, Materials, The Mitchell Pub. Co. Ltd., London,1986..
4.R.Chudley, 'Building Construction Handbook', British Library Cataloguing Inpublication Data,
London, 1990.

5. Punmia B.C. , “BuildingConstruction

6. Ching Francis D.K. , “Buil. Construction Illustrated, JohnWiley,New York 2003.
7. National Building Code2005

General guidelines for the teacher:

• To introduce students to primary building materials and their applications in Building
construction.
 • To cultivate and promote personal observation and self- learning in students through
sitevisits.
• Students will submit a report on the learning of site visit for evaluation. The award shall form
part and parcel of the sessional work for internalmarks.

General Guidelines for the Examiner/Paper setter

● External marks shall be awarded by the External Examiner, appointed by the University
through viva- voce, based on the work done by the student during the semester.
TERMINOLOGY/ DEFINITIONS

 Working Drawings: The purpose of the working drawings is to show how the design is to be
materialized.
 Working drawings should give the contractor exactly the information he needs.
 The drawings should be neatly arranged and systematically numbered, should be clear, simple, and
clean. Should have only relevant data. necessary notes should be accurately drawn so that scaled
measurements agree with figures. should be free of repeated details.
 UNIT 1

1. Working Drawings

 A Complete Set Of Working Drawings Consists Of:

o Title sheet with Index
o Site setting Layout
o Foundation layout
o Excavation plan
o Column layout
o Beam- column layout
o Brickwork layout ( floor plans , 2 sections , all elevations, JOINERY DETAILS, FLOORING DETAILS
,etc. )
o Reflected ceiling plans
o Structure drawings – column details, beam details, framing plans, etc.
o Electrical drawing.
o Plumbing drawing
o HVAC drawing
o Generic details
o Elevations
o Sections



 In pre-tensioning system, the high-strength steel tendons are pulled between two end abutments
(also called bulkheads) prior to the casting of concrete. The abutments are fixed at the ends of a
Prestressing bed. Once the concrete attains the desired strength for Prestressing, the tendons are cut
loose from the abutments.
 In post-tensioning systems, the ducts for the tendons (or strands) are placed along with the
reinforcement before the casting of concrete. The tendons are placed in the ducts after the casting of
concrete. The duct prevents contact between concrete and the tendons during the tensioning
operation. Unlike pre-tensioning, the tendons are pulled with the reaction acting against the
hardened concrete.

 A commercial kitchen :
 Case studies shown : Mess kitchen of Le Corbusier hostel , Chandigarh University
And HMCT kitchens , Chandigarh University.
Standards to be followed acc to TSS;
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UNIT 2

2. Pre- stressing and Post-

Tensioning and Modular
Construction


 Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a

factory or other manufacturing site and transporting complete assembles to the

construction site where the structure is to be located.

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 Prefabricated building is the completely assembled and erected building of

which the structural parts consist of prefabricated individual units or assemblies

using ordinary or controlled materials

 Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is desirable for large scale

housing programmes.

 PRINCIPLES: (AIMS)

1. To effect economy in cost

2. To improve in quality as the components can be manufactured under controlled

conditions.

3. To speed up construction since no curing is necessary.

4. To use locally available materials with required characteristics.

5. To use the materials which possess their innate characteristics like light weight,

easy workability, thermal insulation and combustibility etc.

 NEED FOR PREFABRICATION

1. Prefabricated structures are used for sites which are not suitable for normal
construction method such as hilly region and also when normal construction
materials are not easily available.
2. PFS facilities can also be created at near a site as is done to make concrete
blocks used in place of conventional brick.
3. Structures which are used repeatedly and can be standardized such as mass
housing storage sheds, godowns, shelter, bus stand security cabins, site
offices, fool over bridges road bridges. Tubular structures, concrete building
blocks etc.,
4. are prefabricated structures

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 PROCESS OF PREFABRICATION

 An example from house building illustrates the process of prefabrication.

The conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks,
timber, cement, sand, steel and construction aggregate etc. to the site
and to construct the house on site from these materials

 In prefabricated construction only the foundations are constructed in this

way. While sections of walls floors and roof are prefabricated structures with
windows and door frame included and transported to the site lifted in to
place by a crane and boiled together

 Introduction

1. The concept of precast structures also known as prefabricated/ modular

structures.
2. The structural components are standardized and produced in plants in a location
away from the building site.
3. Then transported to the site for assembly.
4. The components are manufactured by industrial methods based on mass production
in order to build a large number of buildings in a short time at low cost.

 Features
1. The division and specialization of the human workforce.
2. The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the
production of standard, interchangeable parts and products.
3. Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete erection is faster and less
affected by adverse weather conditions.
4. Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high quality control and greater
control on finishes.

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 Design concept for precast concrete buildings

The Design concept of the precast buildings is based on

1. Build Ability.
2. Economy
3. Standardization of precast components.

 Precast concrete structural elements

 A modular building is a pre-engineered structure that is flexible enough to satisfy

virtually any requirement... tougher than standard drywall construction,

expandable, can be relocated and completely re-usable.
affordable. The modular coordination is defined as the basic module is in adopted the size of
which is selected for general application to building and its components. The value of the
basic module chosen is 100 mm for maximum flexibility and convenience. The symbol used
for basic module is M.

1M = 100mm
100mm = 1M = It is international standard value.
Dimensional coordination employing the basic module or a multimodal. The purposes of
modular coordination are:

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i. To reduce the variety of component size produced
ii. To allow the building designer greater.

 AIMS OF MODULAR COORDINATION

Major
Objective
Specific
Objective

 MAJOR OBJECTIVE

The principal object of modular coordinate is to assist the building design construction
professional building industry and its associated manufacturing industries by standardization
in such a way that building components fit with each other with other components and with
building assembly on site thereby improving the economics of building.

 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Modular coordination thus facilities cooperation between building designers manufacturers

distributors contractors and authorities.
- In the design work enables buildings to be so dimensionally coordinated that they can be

erected with standard components without undue restriction on freedom of design.

- Permits a flexible type of standardization. This encourages the use of a number of

standardized building components for the construction of different types of buildings.

- Optimize the number of standard sizes of multimodal’s will suit particular applications.

However if modular coordination is to be achieved the values of multimodal’s should not be

chosen arbitrarily and only standardized multimodal’s shall be used pay using multimodal’s it
is possible to achieve a substantial reduction in the number of modular sizes particularly for
components having at least one dimension equal to one of the dimensions of the functional
element of which they are a part.
A further reduction in the number of modular sizes for components having may be achieved by

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mean of as general series of multi modular sizes based on selected multimodal’s for horizontal
coordinating dimensions are 3M , 6M, 12M, 30M & 60M. The multimode 15M may also be
used for special applications.

 MODULES
Modules are a standard unit of size used to coordinate the dimensions of buildings and
components. They are of two types:
1. Multi modules
2. Basic modules

 MULTI MODULES
Multi modules are standardized selected whole multiples of the basic module different
single T beam has resulted the beam to fall 2 basement down. The beam just placed for
connection.

 BASIC MODULE

The fundamental module used in modular coordination the size of which is selected for
general application to buildings and components

 MODULAR CO-ORDINATION DIMENSION:

1) The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be:
a. 3m for residential and institutional buildings
b. For industrial

buildings, 15M
for spans up to
12m
30M for spans between 12m and
18m and 60M for spans over 18m
The centre lines of load bearing walls shall coincide with the grid lines.
2) In case of external walls, the grid lines shall coincide with the centre line of the wall 50mm

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from the internal force.

3) The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M up to end including a height of

2.8m, above the height of 2.8m it shall be 2M.

4) Preferred increments for sill heights, doors, windows etc. shall be 1M.
5) In case of internal columns, the grid lines coincide with the centre lines of columns. In case

of external columns and columns near the lift and stair wells the grid lines shall coincide with
centre lines of the column in the top most storey or a line in the column 50mm from the
internal face of column in the top most storey.

 Important Formulae:

Modular Grid

A rectangular coordinate reference system in which the distance between consecutive lines
is the basic module or a multimodule. This multimodule may differ for each of the two
dimensions of the grid.

 Type of Modular Grid

There are different types of grid patterns which are used to locate the positions and dimensions
of building spaces components are Elements in building design Continuous grid,
Superimposed grid, Displacement of grid (or) Tartan grids , Interrupted grids as neutral
zones.

 Continuous grid
Where all dimensions in either direction are based on one increment only.

 Superimposed grids

When the modulur grid of 100 mm increment is superimposed on a multi-modular grid.

 Displacement of grid or tartan grids

Where there is a homogenous and repetitive relation between at least two

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basic increments. Eg:- 1M +2M (or) 3/2 M + 3M

 Interrupted grids (or) neutral zones

Where there are non modular interruptions of grids neutral zones are created tocope with the
economics of building design.

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UNIT 3

3. Prefabrication

 Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a

factory or other manufacturing site and transporting complete assembles to the

construction site where the structure is to be located. Prefabricated building is
the completely assembled and erected building of which the structural parts
consist of prefabricated individual units or assemblies using ordinary or
controlled materials. Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is
desirable for large scale housing programmes.

1) To effect economy in cost

2) To improve in quality as the components can be manufactured under controlled conditions.
3) To speed up construction since no curing is necessary.
4) To use locally available materials with required characteristics.
5) To use the materials which possess their innate characteristics like light weight, easy

workability, thermal insulation and combustibility etc.

 NEED FOR PREFABRICATION

1. Prefabricated structures are used for sites which are not suitable for normal construction

method such as hilly region and also when normal construction materials are not easily
available.
2. PFS facilities can also be created at near a site as is done to make concrete blocks used in

plane of conventional knick.

3. Structures which are used repeatedly and can be standardized such as mass housing

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storage sheds, godowns, shelter, bus stand security cabins, site offices, fool over bridges
road bridges. Tubular structures, concrete building blocks etc. are prefabricated structures

 USES OF PREFABRICATION

1. The most widely used form of prefabrication building and civil engineering is the use of

prefabrication concrete & prefabricated steel sections in structures where a particular part
or form is repeated many times.
2. Pouring concrete sections in a factory brings the advantages of being able to re-use

moulds and the concrete can be mixed on the spot without having to be transported to and
pumped wet on a congested construction site.
3. Prefabricating steel sections reduces on-site cutting and welding costs as well as the
associated hazards.
4. Prefabrication techniques are used in the construction of apartment blocks and housing

developments with repeated housing units.

5. The technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and factory buildings.
6. Prefabricated steel and glass section are widely used for the exterior of large buildings.
7. Prefabricated bridge elements and systems offer bridge designers & contractors significant

advantages in terms of construction time safety environmental impact constructability and

cost.
8. Prefabrication can also help minimize the impact on transfer from bridge building.
9. Radio towers for mobile phone and other services often consist of multiple prefabricated
sections.
10. Prefabricated has become widely used in the assembly of aircraft and space craft with

component such as wings and fuselage sections often being manufactured in different
countries or states from the final assembly site.

 ADVANTAGE OF PREFABRICATION

Self supporting readymade components are used so the need for formwork shuttering and
scaffolding is greatly reduced.
Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner allowing on earlier return of
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the capital invested.
On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a construction site
setting. Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour, power materials space and
overheads are lower. Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the
construction site is minimized.
Materials for scaffolding are stored partly or in
full and used Availability of precise structure and
expect workmanship. Work time is reduced.
Fewer expansion joints are
required. Interruptions in
connecting can be omitted. Work
is done with a better technology.
Less workers are
needed. Members can
be used again.

 DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass
panels is required. Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the
joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint
Similarly leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the
materials of which they are made which can often be packed more efficiently.
Large prefabricated structures require heavy-duty cranes & precision measurement and
handling to place in position.
Large groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements tend to look drab
and monotonous. Local Jobs are lost.

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 The main reasons to choose precast construction method over conventional in situ

method
1. Economy in large scale project with high degree of repetition in work execution.
2. Special architectural requirement in finishing
3. Consistency in structural quality control
4. Fast speed of construction
5. Constraints in availability of site resources (e.g. materials & labour etc.)
6. Other space & environmental constraints
7. Overall assessment of some or all of the above factors which points to the superiority of

adopting precast construction over conventional method.

The following details gives the cost implications of precast construction & conventional in-situ
method.

 MATERIALS ARE ALUMINUM, STEEL, WOOD, FIBERGLASS AND CONCRETE

Prefabricated metal buildings use galvanized steel and galvalume as the chief materials for
building. Galvalume is a form of steel coated with aluminium zinc. This is to protect the
building against corruption rust and fire. It also provides a study and protective covering to the
prefabricated building. Almost all the components of a metal building such as beams, frames
columns wall & roofs are made of steel. Most fabricated military buildings use steel or
aluminium frames. [Synthetic materials are used for the walls & roofs. To provide enhanced
security a combination of both metal and cloth materials are used plastic flooring materials
can be quickly assembled and are very durable]
Prefabricated building materials used for small prefabricated buildings are steel, wood, fibre
glass plastic or aluminium materials. These materials are cheaper than regular brick and
concrete buildings. Materials like steel, fibre glass, wood and aluminium are used as
prefabricated building materials for sports buildings. These materials provide flexibility and
are preferred for making structures and accessories like stands and seats for stadium and
gyms.
For making low cost houses prefabricated materials like straw bale, Ferro cement consists of
a cement matrix reinforced with a mesh of closely spaced iron rods or wires. In this type of

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construction the techniques used are simple & quick. Using prefabricated material one can
make durable, water and fire resistant and cheap prefabricated buildings Most of the
prefabricated building materials are eco-friendly

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4. References:

1. R Barry, Building Construction, East West Press, New Delhi, 1999

2. Don A. Watson, Construction Materials And Processes, Mcgraw Hill Co.,1972.
3. W.B.Mckay, 'Building Construction', Vol.1, 2, 3, Longmans,
U.K. 1981. 3.Alanwerth, Materials, The Mitchell Pub. Co. Ltd.,
London,1986..
4. R.Chudley, 'Building Construction Handbook', British Library Cataloguing
Inpublication Data, London, 1990.
5. Punmia B.C. , “BuildingConstruction
6. Ching Francis D.K. , “Buil. Construction Illustrated, JohnWiley,New York 2003.
7. National Building Code2005

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