Music written in all major and/or minor keys

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Title page of the first book of J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, which covers
all 24 major and minor keys.

There is a long tradition in classical music of writing music in sets of pieces

that cover all the major and minor keys of the chromatic scale. These sets
typically consist of 24 pieces, one for each of the major and minor keys (sets that
comprise all the enharmonic variants include 30 pieces).

Well-known examples include Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier and
Frédéric Chopin's 24 Preludes, Op. 28. Such sets are often organized as preludes
and fugues or designated as preludes or études. Some composers have restricted
their sets to cover only the 12 major keys or the 12 minor keys; or only the flat
keys (Franz Liszt's Transcendental Études) or the sharp keys (Sergei Lyapunov's Op.
11 set). In yet another type, a single piece may progressively modulate through a
set of tonalities, as occurs in Ludwig van Beethoven's Two Preludes through all
twelve major keys, Op. 39.

The bulk of works of this type have been written for piano solo, but there also
exist sets for piano 4-hands; two pianos; organ; guitar; two guitars; flute;
recorder; oboe; violin solo; violin and piano; cello solo; cello and piano; voice
and piano; and string quartet. There are examples of attempts to write full sets
that, for one reason or another, were never completed (Josef Rheinberger's organ
sonatas, Dmitri Shostakovich's string quartets, César Franck's L'Organiste).
Contents

1 Sets that cover all 24 keys

1.1 Most well-known sets
1.2 Composers who wrote multiple sets
2 Variants
2.1 Single pieces that modulate through many keys
2.2 Works covering all eight church modes
2.3 Other sets of 24 pieces
3 History
3.1 Bach and his precursors
3.2 After Bach
4 Keys
4.1 Order of keys in published works
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

Sets that cover all 24 keys

Most well-known sets

Some of the best-known examples of works covering all 24 major and minor keys are:

Johann Sebastian Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Books I and II (1722 and
1742) – two separate sets of 24 preludes and fugues, together known as "the 48".
Frédéric Chopin: 24 Preludes, Op. 28 (1835–39)
Franz Liszt: Transcendental Études, S. 139 (1826–52) – It covers the natural
and flat keys (the keys with flat signatures) only. Liszt originally planned to
write the full suite of 24 études, but apparently abandoned this plan. In 1897–
1905, Sergei Lyapunov wrote his 12 Études d'exécution transcendante, Op. 11, which
covers the remaining sharp keys and is dedicated to Liszt's memory.[1]
 Charles-Valentin Alkan: 25 Preludes, Op. 31 (1847) – 24 etudes in all the major
and minor keys, Op. 35 and 39 (1848 and 1857)
Alexander Scriabin: 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1893–95) – All told, Scriabin wrote a
total of 90 preludes for piano (50 in major keys, 31 in minor keys, and 9 in
indeterminate keys). These contained only one complete set of preludes in all 24
major and minor keys, but he seems to have started another set (spread over 4 opus
numbers) before the key relationships broke down.
Sergei Rachmaninoff: 24 Preludes, Opp. 3/2, 23, and 32 (1892, 1901–03, and
1910) – it seems that Rachmaninoff did not originally set out to write a set of
works in all 24 keys
Paul Hindemith: Ludus Tonalis (1942) – twelve keys
Dmitri Shostakovich: 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87 (1950–51) – Shostakovich
also wrote a separate set of 24 Preludes, Op. 34 in 1933.

Composers who wrote multiple sets

Picture of Niels Viggo Bentzon, who wrote 14 complete sets of 24 Preludes and
Fugues.

A number of composers have not been content with just one set of works covering all
the keys of the scale. For instance, Niels Viggo Bentzon wrote no fewer than 14
complete sets of 24 Preludes and Fugues, a total of 336 pieces in this genre alone.
[2][3] Others who have written more than one set include:

Charles-Valentin Alkan: 25 Preludes; Esquisses; 24 Études (published as

separate sets of major-key and minor-key études) – Alkan seems to have also started
a fourth set: the 11 grands préludes et un transcription du Messie de Hændel, Op.
66, are a set of 12 pieces that cover all the keys that have one to six flats
(although Alkan replaces G♭ major with its enharmonic equivalent using sharps, F♯
major). However, this set was never completed.
Lera Auerbach: 24 Preludes (piano); 24 Preludes (violin and piano); 24 Preludes
(cello and piano)
Johann Sebastian Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Books I and II (1722 and
1742) – Though separated by 20 years, they are usually considered a single work and
referred to as "the 48".
David Cope: 48 Preludes and Fugues
Carl Czerny: At least three sets, piano exercises (Opp. 152, 380) and 24
preludes and fugues ("Der Pianist im klassischen Style: 48 Präludien und Fugen in
allen 24 Dur- und Moll-Tonarten als Vorstudien des volkommenen Vortrags aller
klassischen Tonwerke"[a], Op. 856)
Johann Nepomuk Hummel: 24 Preludes; 24 Études
Friedrich Kalkbrenner: 24 Études; 24 Preludes
Nikolai Kapustin: 24 Preludes in Jazz Style; 24 Preludes and Fugues
Joseph Christoph Kessler: 24 Études; 24 Preludes
Craig Sellar Lang: Two books of 24 preludes and fugues
Trygve Madsen: 24 Preludes Op. 20; 24 Preludes and Fugues Op. 101
Jaan Rääts: 24 Marginalia; 24 Estonian Preludes
Igor Rekhin (b. 1941 in Tambov, Russia): 24 Preludes and Fugues for guitar; 24
Caprices for solo cello
Josef Rheinberger: 24 Fughettas, Op. 123[4] – He also intended to compose 24
organ sonatas, but died having completed only 20.
Christian Heinrich Rinck: 30 Preludes; Exercises in all the keys
Dmitri Shostakovich: 24 Preludes, Op. 34; 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87 – He
also set out to write 24 string quartets all in different keys, but completed only
15 of them.
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford: 2 sets of 24 Preludes, Opp. 163, 179
Louis Vierne: 24 Pièces en style libre; 24 Pièces de fantaisie
Vsevolod Zaderatsky: 24 Preludes; 24 Preludes and Fugues (written in prison,
without a piano, on telegraph forms)
Variants
Single pieces that modulate through many keys

Ludwig van Beethoven wrote 2 Preludes through all 12 Major Keys, Op. 39 for piano
(1789).[b] These two preludes each progressively traverse the 12 major keys. In
Prelude No. 1, each key occupies from 2 to 26 bars. The keys of C♯ and D♭, which
are enharmonically equivalent, are both represented. C major both opens and closes
the set. In Prelude No. 2, the cycle of keys appears twice; in the first cycle, the
number of bars per key ranges from 1 to 8; in the second half, after C every new
key signature lasts for only one bar; the cycle concludes with 15 bars of C major.
There is no evidence that Beethoven intended to write similar sets in the 12 minor
keys.

Giovanni Battista Vitali (1632–1692) included in Artificii musicali, Op. 13 (1689)

a passacaglia which modulates through eight major keys (out of twelve) from E♭
major to E major through the cycle of fifths.
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The eighth fugue from Reicha's 36 Fugues.

Fugue No. 8 from Anton Reicha's Trente six Fugues pour le Piano-Forté composées
d'après un nouveau systême (subtitled Cercle harmonique) modulates through all
keys.

The rondo theme of Darius Milhaud's Le bœuf sur le toit is played fifteen times in
all 12 major keys (twice in A major and thrice in the tonic, C major). It also
passes through every minor key, with the exceptions of E minor and B minor.
Works covering all eight church modes

Around 1704, Johann Pachelbel completed his 95 Magnificat Fugues, which covered all
eight of the church modes.

Charles-Valentin Alkan composed Petits préludes sur les huit gammes du plain-chant,
for organ (1859, no opus number), a sequence of eight organ preludes covering each
of the church modes.

In the music of the Orthodox Church, the doxasticon for Vespers of the Dormition is
notable as a single hymn that includes passages in all eight tones of the Byzantine
Octoechos.[5]
Other sets of 24 pieces

Not all sets of 24 pieces belong in this category. For example, there was no
intention in Niccolò Paganini's 24 Caprices for solo violin, Claude Debussy's 24
Préludes for piano, or Pavel Zemek Novak's 24 Preludes and Fugues for piano[6] to
cover all the keys. (Paganini may not have been aware of Pierre Rode's 24 Caprices
for violin, which did span the 24 keys and were written almost as the same time as
Paganini's.)

Chopin's 24 Études, Opp. 10 & 25 might have originally been planned to be in all 24
keys. In fact, apart from Nos. 7 and 8, the first series (Op. 10) is made of
couples of études in a major key and its parallel minor (the major key either
preceding the minor key or following it) with none of the tonalities occurring
twice (except for C major, which appears in No. 1 and then in the only couple which
is not major-minor, i.e. Nos. 7 and 8). But in the second series (Op. 25) this
tonal scheme gets more and more loose. It is still possible to see connections on a
tonal basis between the couples of études in Op. 25, but they are not based on one
principle (e.g. Nos. 3 and 4 in F major – A minor, two tonalities which Chopin
likes to put together very often, as in his second Ballade).
One might suppose that Chopin considered writing the études in all the tonalities
but eventually came to the conclusion that it wasn't practical and turned back to
it later, for the 24 Preludes, Op. 28. The fact that the first étude of Op. 10 is
made of arpeggios in C major draws a connection to Bach's first book of The Well-
Tempered Clavier and makes it clear that Chopin had the tradition on his mind.
[original research?]
History
Bach and his precursors
See also: The Well-Tempered Clavier § Precursors

Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, two complete sets of 24 Preludes
and Fugues written for keyboard in 1722 and 1742, and often known as "the 48", is
generally considered the greatest example of music traversing all 24 keys. Many
later composers clearly modelled their sets on Bach's, including the order of the
keys.

It was long believed that Bach had taken the title The Well-Tempered Clavier from a
similarly-named set of 24 Preludes and Fugues in all the keys, for which a
manuscript dated 1689 was found in the library of the Brussels Conservatoire. It
was later shown that this was the work of a composer who was not even born by 1689:
Bernhard Christian Weber (1712–1758). In fact, the work was written in 1745–50 in
imitation of Bach's example.[7][8] While Bach can safely claim the title The Well-
Tempered Clavier, he was not the earliest composer to write sets of pieces in all
the keys:

As early as 1567, Giacomo Gorzanis [it; de; ca; fr] (c.1520–c.1577) wrote a cycle
of 24 passamezzo–saltarello pairs.[citation needed] In 1584, Vincenzo Galilei,
father of Galileo Galilei, wrote a Codex of pieces illustrating the use of all 24
major and minor keys.[9][citation needed]

In 1640, Angelo Michele Bartolotti wrote Libro primo di chitarra spagnola, a cycle
of passacaglias that moves through all 24 major and minor keys according to the
circle of fifths.[10] Also in 1640, Antonio Carbonchi wrote Sonate di chitarra
spagnola con intavolatura franzese for guitar.[11]

In 1702, Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer wrote a cycle of 20 organ pieces all in
different keys in his Ariadne musica. These included E major as well as E in
Phrygian mode and again in Dorian mode, but not E minor per se. They also excluded
C♯/D♭ major, D♯/E♭ minor, F♯/G♭ major, G♯/A♭ minor, and A♯/B♭ minor. Bach modelled
the sequence of his 48 Preludes on Fischer's example.[3]

In 1735, between Bach's two sets, Johann Christian Schickhardt wrote his L'alphabet
de la musique, Op. 30, which contained 24 sonatas for flute, violin, or recorder in
all keys.[12] In 1749, the year before Bach's death, Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, the
inspiration for J.S. Bach's Goldberg Variations, wrote his own 24 polonaises for
keyboard, one in each of the major and minor keys.[13] Other examples include works
by John Wilson (1595–1674), Daniel Croner (1682), Christoph Graupner (1718), Johann
Mattheson (1719), Friedrich Suppig (1722), and Johann David Heinichen (1683–1729).
After Bach

The following is an incomplete list of works of this type that have been written
since the death of J.S. Bach. (Legend: 5C = circle of fifths)
Composer Work Instrument Date Order Comments
Étienne Ozi Nouvelle méthode de basson bassoon 1787 Also, for
two bassoons; or bassoon and cello or double bass[14]
Johann Christian Kittel 16 Preludes in all the keys organ ?
These preludes span C to G, major and minor. Kittel evidently intended to
write 24 preludes, in honour of his teacher J.S. Bach, but the work was left
unfinished.[15]
Lev Gurilyov 24 Préludes et une Fugue piano pub. 1810 5C[c]
First mentioned in a MA thesis by Matthew J. Roy, 2012.[16] Further comment
on style and importance in an article by Wendelin Bitzan.[17]
Muzio Clementi Préludes et exercices dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs
piano 1811 [d] These were appended to the 5th edition of Clementi's
Introduction to the Art of Playing on the Piano Forte[18] There is one prelude and
exercise for each key, and the set concludes with a "Grande Exercice" that
progressively modulates through all the keys but in a somewhat different order than
the foregoing; further, the "Grande Exercice" uses G♭ major where the individual
pieces use F♯ major.[19]
Philip Seydler (1765–1819) XXIV grands Caprices pour une Flûte flute
1810–12 5C[e] [20]
Johann Nepomuk Hummel 24 Preludes, Op. 67 piano 1815 5C[e] The
first such collection for keyboard in which the preludes are neither paired with
fugues nor serve as an introduction to a suite.[21] Some preludes are as short as
five bars and unsuitable for concert performance[22]
Pierre Rode 24 Caprices en forme d'études violin solo pub. 1815
5C[e] [23][24][25]
Friedrich Kalkbrenner 24 Etüden durch alle Tonarten, Op. 20 piano 1816
[22]
Charles Chaulieu 24 petits préludes: dans les tons majeurs et mineurs, Op. 9
piano 1820 [3][26]
Christian Heinrich Rinck 30 Préludes dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs,
Op. 55/37–66 organ before 1821 [f] The 30 Préludes for organ are
part of Rinck's Practical Organ School, Op. 55, a collection of 117 pieces. They
contain both members of all six enharmonically-equivalent key pairs, including the
extremely rare keys of A♯ minor and C♭ major[27][28]
Christian Heinrich Rinck Exercices à deux parties dans tous les tons, Op. 67
piano 1821 The set includes a piece in A♯ minor.[29]
Ignaz Moscheles 24 Études, Op. 70 piano 1825–26 Studien für
das Pianoforte, zur höhern Vollendung bereits ausgebildeter Clavierspieler,
bestehend aus 24 characteristischen Tonstücken[30]
Bartolomeo Campagnoli 30 Preludes in 30 different keys violin ? [g]
These cover all 30 keys that use up to 7 sharps or 7 flats[31]
Friedrich Kalkbrenner 24 Preludes, Op. 88 piano 1827 [22]
Joseph Christoph Kessler 24 Études, Op. 20 piano 1827 5C[e]
The 24 Études were dedicated to Hummel.
Joseph Christoph Kessler 24 Preludes, Op. 31 piano c. 1829 5C[e]
The 24 Preludes were published in 1835[32] and dedicated to Chopin, who a
decade later, dedicated the German edition of his 24 Preludes, Op. 28 to Kessler.
Henri Herz Exercices et préludes, Op. 21 piano c. 1830
Dedicated to Hummel[33]
Ignaz Moscheles 50 Preludes, Op. 73 piano c. 1830 [34]
Johann Nepomuk Hummel 24 Études, Op. 125 piano c. 1834 [35]
Carl Czerny Grand Exercise in All the Keys, major & minor, Op. 152 piano
?
Carl Czerny Grand Exercise in 3rds in all the 24 Keys, Op. 380 piano
1836
Louise Farrenc 30 Études dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs, Op. 26 piano
1837–38 [36]
Frédéric Chopin 24 Preludes, Op. 28 piano 1835–39 5C[e]
Dedicated to Camille Pleyel (French edition) and Kessler (German edition)
Edward Wolff (1816–1880) 24 Études en forme de Préludes, Op. 20 piano
? Wolff was a friend of Chopin's.[37]
Ferdinand David Bunte Reihe, Op. 30 violin and piano c. 1840
Published in 1851.[38] The set was arranged by Franz Liszt for solo piano in
1850 (S. 484)[39]
August Klengel Les Avant-coureurs, 24 canons piano 1841 This
was either "patterned after Bach"[40] or "a kind of preparation" for Bach's 48.[41]
After Klengel's death, Hauptmann edited and published Klengel's 48 Canons and
Fugues, writing "he expressed his own thoughts in the way in which Bach would have
done had he lived at the present day"[42]
Stefano Golinelli 24 Preludes, Op. 23 piano 1845 [43]
Caspar Kummer 24 Études mélodiques, Op. 110 flute solo 1846 5C[e]
[44] Étude No. 13 is shown in 2 versions, F♯ major and G♭ major; No. 14 as D♯
minor and E♭ minor
Charles-Valentin Alkan 25 Preludes in all major and minor keys, Op. 31 piano
1847 The sequence of keys moves alternately up a fourth and down a
third. The 24 keys conclude with a final Prayer in C major.[45][46]
Charles-Valentin Alkan 12 Études in all the major keys, Op. 35 piano 1848
5C[h] These were complemented by the 12 minor key études, Op. 39 (1857)
Anton Bernhard Fürstenau 26 Uebungen (Exercises), Op.107 flute solo ?
[47]
Franz Liszt 12 Transcendental Études, S. 139 piano 1826–52
These covered the neutral and flat keys only. Liszt originally planned to
write the full suite of 24 études but apparently abandoned this plan. See Sergei
Lyapunov below.
William Sterndale Bennett 30 Preludes and Lessons, Op. 33 piano 1851–
53 5C[e] Includes major and minor keys with 7 sharps or flats: C♯ major,
A♯ minor, C♭ major, A♭ minor.
Stephen Heller 24 Preludes, Op. 81 piano 1853 5C[e] [48]
Charles-Valentin Alkan 12 Études in all the minor keys, Op. 39 piano 1857
5C[i] These complete the sequence that was started with the 12 Études
in all the major keys, Op. 35. Études 4–7 comprise the Symphony for Solo Piano, and
Études 8–10 make up the Concerto for Solo Piano.
Carl Czerny The Pianist in the Classical Style, 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op.
856 piano 1857 5C
Giuseppe Concone (1801–61) 24 Brilliant Preludes, Op. 37 piano ?
[j] [49]
Heinrich Wilhelm Stolze (1801–1868) 24 Fugues with preludes organ
1861 Pupil of Johann Christian Kittel. The collection was published as
part 4 of his organ method and is entitled The Well-Tempered Organ in reference to
Bach.
Charles-Valentin Alkan Esquisses, Op. 63, 49 short pieces piano 1861
Consists of 49 pieces in 4 books, which cover all the major and minor keys
twice and end with a final Laus Deo in C major.
Adolf Jensen 25 Études, Op. 32 piano 1866 5C[e] + 1 This set
employs the circle of fifths for the first 24 preludes, and concludes with an
additional prelude in C major
Ferdinand David Dur und Moll: 25 Etüden, Capricen und Charakterstücke in allen
Tonarten, Op. 39 violin solo, or violin and piano ? [50][51]
Ferruccio Busoni 24 Preludes, Op. 37, BV. 181 piano May 1881 5C[e]
Busoni had just turned 15 when he wrote this work. It has been recorded by
Daniele Petralia,[52] Geoffrey Douglas Madge,[53] and Trevor Barnard.[54][55][56]
Adolf von Henselt Préambules dans tous les tons piano 1884
[57]
Sebastian Lee 30 Präludien in allen Tonarten, Op. 122 cello solo 1885
[58]
Richard Hofmann 32 Special-Etüden, Op. 52 piano 1886 [59]
Felix Blumenfeld 24 Preludes, Op. 17 piano 1892 5C[e] Philip
Thomson made the world premiere recording in 1999[60]
José Antonio Santesteban 24 Preludes, Op. 84 piano 1892 [61]
Anton Arensky 24 Morceaux caractéristiques, Op. 36 piano 1894 [k]
[62]
Alexander Scriabin 24 Preludes, Op. 11 piano 1893–95 5C[e]
Scriabin chose G♭ over F♯. He seems to have set out to write a further set of
24 preludes, and the 23 preludes of Opp. 13, 15, 16 and 17 (containing 6, 5, 5 and
7 preludes respectively) contain evidence of this, but he obviously moved away from
his original idea as the key sequence breaks down.[63]
Max Reger 111 Canons in all major and minor tonalities piano 1895
[64]
August Winding Preludes in all the keys: A Cycle, Op. 26 piano ?
[l] The work is in 25 parts: 24 preludes, ordered by ascending fourths
(increasing flats, decreasing sharps), and a final Postludium in C major. It is
dedicated to Isidor Seiss.
Richard Hofmann 50 leichte, melodische Studien in der ersten Lage u. in allen
Tonarten, Op. 107 piano 1899 [59]
40 melodische Studien in allen Lagen u. Tonarten, Op. 108
Johan Adam Krygell Moll und Dur, 24 preludes and fugues organ 1893
[65] All minor keys followed by all major keys
Josef Rheinberger 20 sonatas organ Rheinberger set out to
write 24 organ sonatas, one in each key. He completed 20 of these before his death
in 1901.[66]
César Cui 25 Preludes, Op. 64 piano 1903 [m] [67] Cui's order of keys
is unique in that each major key is followed by the minor of its mediant (e.g. C
major to E minor). It includes a 25th prelude in C major.[68]
Sergei Lyapunov 12 Études d'exécution transcendante, Op. 11 piano 1897–
1905 This set complements Franz Liszt's set of 12 Transcendental Études from
1826–52 (which was written in neutral and flat keys only) by employing the
remaining sharp keys. It is dedicated to Liszt's memory.[1]
Jean-Henri Ravina 100 Préludes dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs, Op. 110
piano ? [69]
Reinhold Glière 25 Preludes, Op. 30 piano 1907 [n] [70]
Selim Palmgren 24 Preludes, Op. 17 piano 1907 [o]
Emil Sjögren Legends: Religious Moods (Swedish: Legender: religiösa
stämningar) Op. 46 organ 1907 Based on fragments of his famous
improvisations in St. John's Church, Stockholm. Divided into two volumes: the first
follows the first half of the circle of fifths completely from C major to G♯ minor;
in the second volume, the order instead is from F major to E♭ minor.
Richard Hofmann Elementar-Studien für Violine, op. 129 violin solo 1909
[59]
Ludvig Schytte Melodische Vortragsstudien in allen Tonarten, Op. 159 piano
1909 [71]
Hans Sitt Dur und Moll: 28 leichte melodische Etüden für Violine (erste Lage) zur
Befestigung der Intonation in allen Tonarten, Op. 107 violin solo 1909
[72]
Sergei Rachmaninoff 24 Preludes, Opp. 3/2, 23, 32 piano 1892–1910
[p] The Prelude in C♯ minor, Op. 3/2, was part of a collection of pieces,
and there is no evidence Rachmaninoff had at that stage planned to write 24
preludes traversing all the keys. Between 1901 and 1903, he wrote 10 Preludes, Op.
23, and in 1910, he completed the 24 with his 13 Preludes, Op. 32.[73]
Blas María de Colomer 24 Préludes mélodiques piano 1910 5C[e] [74]
Hans Huber 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 100 piano 4-hands [3]
Many sources inexplicably say there were only 12 pieces in the set, while at the
same time listing 24
Louis Vierne Vingt-quatre Pièces en style libre, Op. 31 organ 1913
[75]
Georg Schumann Durch Dur und Moll, Op. 61 piano 1916 [n] [76]
Walter Niemann 24 Preludes, Op. 55 piano 1918 [77]
Charles Villiers Stanford 24 Preludes, Set I, Op. 163 piano 1918
Set I has been recorded by Peter Jacobs.[78][79]
Charles Villiers Stanford 24 Preludes, Set II, Op. 179 piano 1920
Set II was completed in December 1920, not in 1921 as many sources report.
[80]
Alexander Wunderer 24 Etüden in allen Tonarten oboe solo pub. 1924 [n]
[81] The 11th Etüde bears a striking similarity to the 11th variation of
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's Variations on a Theme of Glinka, for oboe and military
band.[82]
Gustav Struempl (1855–1927) 24 Preludes, Op. 16 piano ? [83]
Samuel Maykapar Biriulki (Spillikins), Op. 28, 26 pieces piano 1926
Cycle of 26 children pieces (with program titles) in all 24 major and minor
keys (including two times in C major and A minor) in a special order of 3 sets:

Set I: 8 pieces (1–8) in the fifths circle order from C major to F♯ minor

Set II: 8 pieces (9–16) in the fifths circle order from C major to C minor

Set III: 10 pieces (17–26) in the fifths circle order from E major to G♯ minor (17–
20), than from A♭ major to B♭ minor (21–24), than the rest 2 pieces in F♯ major and
E♭ minor (25–26)[clarification needed]
Louis Vierne Pièces de fantaisie, 4 books, Opp. 51, 53–55 organ 1926–
27 [q] [75]
Manuel Ponce 24 Preludes guitar c. 1929 Twelve of these
were published by Andrés Segovia in 1930, but the remainder had to wait for the
guitarist Miguel Alcazar to reconstruct them from Ponce's manuscripts before being
published in 1981.[84][85]
François Demierre (1893–1976) 24 Préludes dans tous les tons majeurs et
mineurs[86] piano 1932 Swiss-French organist and teacher; his
first wife was the sister of Ernest Ansermet.[87]
Dmitri Shostakovich 24 Preludes, Op. 34 piano 1932–33 5C[e]
[88] See also 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87 (1950–51).
Valery Zhelobinsky 24 Preludes, Op. 20 piano 1934 [n] Zhelobinsky
uses Bach's sequence of keys, but Prelude No. 23, although it is effectively in B♭
minor, has a key signature with 6 flats, as if it were written in E♭ minor (like
Prelude No. 8). Most C♮'s in this prelude are arrived at via the use of
accidentals, while C♭, which would have required accidentals had the true key
signature with only 5 flats been used.[89]
Vsevolod Zaderatsky 24 Preludes piano 1934 [90]
Boris Goltz 24 Preludes, Op. 2 piano 1934–35 [91] Goltz
used the key order of Chopin [92]
Charles Koechlin Fifteen Vocalises in all major keys, Op. 152 voice and piano
Aug–Sep 1935 [93]
Charles Koechlin Fifteen Vocalises in all minor keys, Op. 154 voice and piano
Oct. 1935 [93]
Viktor Kosenko Twenty-four Pieces for Children, Op. 25 Piano 1936 5C[e]
Erroneously published in 1938 as Op. 15, but later corrected by Musichna
Ukraina.
Vsevolod Zaderatsky 24 Preludes and Fugues piano 1937–38 [94]
Algernon Ashton 24 string quartets string quartet ? The set was
lost, possibly destroyed in WWII bombing.[95] Ashton also wrote 8 piano sonatas,
[95] all in different keys,[96] and it may be that he planned to complete a cycle
of 24 of them as well. One source says he wrote 24 Preludes and Fugues,[97] but
this is not corroborated.
Roger Sacheverell Coke 24 Preludes, Op. 33 and Op. 34 piano 1938–41
5C[e] Two sets, Op. 33 containing eleven, and Op. 34 thirteen.[98][99]
David Diamond 52 Preludes and Fugues piano 1939–42 [3][97] The
first recording that Leonard Bernstein ever made included one pair (the Prelude and
Fugue No. 3 in C♯ major).[100]
Joseph Jongen Vingt-quatre petits préludes pour piano dans tous les tons, Op.
116[101] piano 1941 [102] At least some of them exist in a version
for organ.[103]
Paul Hindemith Ludus Tonalis, 25 movements piano 1942 [r] The work
consists of a prelude, 11 interludes, and a postlude, each separated by 12
fugues[3]
Dmitry Kabalevsky 24 Preludes, Op. 38 piano 1943–44 5C[e]
Julius Weismann Der Fugenbaum (The Fugue Tree), 24 Preludes and Fugues in all the
keys, Op. 150 piano 1946 [97]
Matvei Gozenpud 24 Preludes, Op. 53 piano 1947 [104]
Craig Sellar Lang A miniature 48; two books of short preludes & fugues in all
keys, Op. 64 piano 1949 [3]
York Bowen 24 Preludes, Op. 102 piano 1938–50 [n]
Dmitri Shostakovich 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87 piano 1950–51
5C[e] See also 24 Preludes, Op. 34 (1932–33). In both these cases,
Shostakovich adhered to Chopin's order of keys, although he was greatly influenced
by Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier and even quoted parts of that work in Op. 87.
Franciszek Zachara New Well-Tempered Clavicord for the Piano piano
1950s 24 sets of preludes and fugues in all major and minor keys,
with an additional 25th prelude and fugue (on a theme from Ernő Dohnányi) added at
the end.
Hans Gál 24 Preludes, Op. 83 piano 1959–60 Written during a
fortnight's hospital stay, as a birthday present to himself; FP October 1960,
composer, Edinburgh Society of Musicians[105].
Gara Garayev 24 Preludes piano 1951–63 5C[e] [106] [107]
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco Les Guitares bien tempérées (The Well-Tempered
Guitars), 24 préludes et fugues, Op. 199 2 guitars 1962 [s] Described as "the
longest and most important cycle of works for two guitars ever composed", the 200-
page score was written between 8 March and 3 June 1962, in response to performances
by the popular husband-wife duo Ida Presti and Alexandre Lagoya[108]
Gunnar de Frumerie Circulus Quintus Op. 62, 24 piano pieces piano 1965
Some have names which suggest the character of the piece such as "Siciliano",
"Tarantella", or "Gavotte". As in the case of Emil Sjögren's Legends for organ, the
collection is divided in two volumes, where the first has the pieces ordered in a
perfect half-circle of fifths from C major to G♯ minor, and the second volume is
ordered in a half-circle of fifths backwards, i.e. starting with F major and ending
with E♭ minor.
Richard Cumming 24 Preludes piano 1966–69 Commissioned by
John Browning, who stipulated they should be "as hard as possible", gave the world
premiere in 1969 and recorded them[109][110][111]
Rodion Shchedrin 24 Preludes and Fugues, in 2 volumes piano 1964–70
5C[e] Shchedrin premiered Vol. I in Moscow in 1965 and the complete
cycle in 1971. Dedicated to the memory of his father.[112]
Dmitri Shostakovich 15 string quartets string quartet 1938–74
Shostakovich planned to write 24 string quartets, one each in a different
key, but completed only 15 before his death.[113]
Alan Bush 24 Preludes, Op. 84 piano 1977 Composer gave the first
performance at the Wigmore Hall on 30 October 1977.[114]
Hans Gál 24 Fugues, Op. 108 piano 1979–80 Written as a 90th
birthday present to himself.[115]
Hiroshi Hara (1933–2002) 24 Preludes & Fugues piano 1981 [3]
Jaan Rääts 24 Marginalia, Op. 68 2 pianos 1982 [116]
Alexander Iakovtchouk (b. 1952) 24 Preludes and Fugues piano 1983
[3]
Alexander Iakovtchouk (b. 1952) 24 Preludes and Fugues piano 1983
John McLeod (b. 1934) Twelve Preludes[117] piano 1984 Cycle of
Preludes related by key. Commissioned by Richard Orlando Thompson. Premiered 30
September 1984, Purcell Room, London
Anthony Burgess The Bad-Tempered Electronic Keyboard piano Nov–Dec 1985
24 preludes and fugues + a closing "Finale: Natale", written for the
300th anniversary of the birth of Johann Sebastian Bach
Igor Rekhin (b. 1941) 24 Preludes and Fugues[118][119][120] guitar 1985–
90 [n]
Nikolai Kapustin 24 Preludes in Jazz Style, Op. 53 piano 1988 5C[e]
[121]
Jaan Rääts 24 Estonian Preludes, Op. 80 piano 1988 [116]
Igor Rekhin (b. 1941) 24 Caprices[122][123] cello solo 1991 [n]
David Cope The Well-Tempered Disklavier, 48 preludes and fugues piano 1991
[3]
Sergei Slonimsky 24 Preludes and Fugues piano 1994 Inspired to create
this cycle after listening to Glenn Gould's recording of The Well-Tempered Clavier
on New Year's Eve, 1993. The cycle was dedicated to the memory of A. N. Dolzhansky.
It follows Bach's key organization, ascending in chromatic order from C major to B
minor.[112]
Trygve Madsen 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 101 piano 1995–96
[3]
Howard Blake Lifestyle, Op. 489: 24 pieces Piano 1996 [124]
[125]
Nikolai Kapustin 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 82 piano 1997 The
major keys tour the circle of fifths in the flat direction (beginning with C major
and ending with G major), while the minor keys tour in the same mode but begin at
the other side of the circle (starting with G♯ minor and ending with E♭ minor).
This has the effect of juxtaposing very unrelated keys, and spacing relative majors
and minors as far apart from one another as possible.[126]
Ron Weidberg Voyage to the End of the Millennium: 24 Preludes and Fugues
piano 1997–98 [127]
Lera Auerbach 24 Preludes, Op. 41 piano 1999 5C[e] [84][128]
24 Preludes, Op. 46 violin and piano
24 Preludes, Op. 47 cello and piano
Niels Viggo Bentzon Det temperede klaver, 14 sets each containing 24 Preludes
and Fugues piano ? Opp. 157, 379, 400, 409, 428, 470, 530, 532,
541, 542, 546, 554, 633, 638[2][3]
Henry Martin (b. 1950) 24 Preludes and Fugues piano 1990–2000 [3]
John Ramsden Williamson (b. 1929) Palindromic Preludes (at least 8 sets of 12),
New Preludes piano 1993–2000 These sets generally consist of 12
major or minor keys[129][130][131][132]
Daniel Padrón (b. 1966) 24 Nocturnes piano c. 2002 [133]
Rob Peters 24 Preludes, Op. 119 organ 2003 [134]
Wim Zwaag (b. 1960) 24 Preludes piano 2004 Premiered in April
2007 by Paul Komen at the Bethaniënklooster, Amsterdam[135]
Edward Cowie 24 Preludes piano 2004–2005 Vol 1 – Book 1
(Water); Book 2 (Air); Vol 2 – Book 3 (Earth); Book 4 (Fire). [136]
Jeroen van Veen 24 Minimal Preludes, 2 Books piano 1999–2006 5C[e]
Book I, 1999–2003; Book II, 2004–06 [137]
Mark Alburger Standards: 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 162 piano 2008
[3]
Marc-André Hamelin Twelve Etudes in All the Minor Keys piano 1986–
2008 5C[t] Each etude has a title.
Michelle Gorrell Well-Tempered Licks & Grooves: 24 Preludes & Fugues in Jazz
Styles piano 2010 [3]
Leslie Howard 24 Classical Preludes for Piano, Op. 25 piano ?
Each prelude is written in the style of a different composer
Shuwen Zhang (b. 1991) The 24 Chinese Solar Terms piano or harpsichord 2011–
2012 [u]
Lawrence Chandler The Tuning of the World string quartet 2012
Steven O'Brien 24 Preludes, Op. 2 piano 2012 [138]
Michael Brough (b. 1960) 25 Picture-Preludes for Piano, Op. 19 piano
2013–14 All the major and minor keys and a central piece in no
(open) key
Keys

Even though there can only be 24 keys,[v] each note can be represented by several
enharmonic note names[w] and so each key can be represented by several enharmonic
key names.[x]

In theory,[y] there are 31 possible note names[z] and, taking each as the tonic of
one major and one minor key, 62 key names. But 32 of those keys have uncommon
signatures which contain double flats or double sharps, so in practice the choice
of key name is restricted to the 30 keys whose signatures have no double flats or
double sharps. Keys with 6 flats and 6 sharps,[aa] with 7 flats and 5 sharps[ab]
and with 5 flats and 7 sharps[ac] are enharmonic to one another. Composers will, in
most (though not all) cases, choose only one key from each enharmonic pair. But
there are also cases of sets covering all 30 keys, which, in other words, include
all enharmonic variants.

The table below outlines the choices made in the various collections listed here.
The keys are in the order that J.S. Bach used.
Key Key signature Comments
1 C major No sharps or flats
2 C minor 3 flats
3 Either C♯ major 7 sharps Bach and Alkan chose C♯ major, but most
composers have preferred D♭ major
or D♭ major 5 flats
4 C♯ minor 4 sharps
5 D major 2 sharps
6 D minor 1 flat
7 E♭ major 3 flats
8 Either D♯ minor 6 sharps Most composers of sets of 24 pieces have chosen
E♭ minor over D♯ minor. Bach, Lyapunov and Ponce used D♯, but most composers have
preferred E♭. The first use of D♯ minor was in Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, in
Fugue No. 8 from Book 1 (although its corresponding Prelude was written in E♭
minor), while D♯ minor was used for both the Prelude and the Fugue in Book 2.
Another is in Lyapunov's Étude d'execution transcendante No. 2, subtitled "Ronde
des Fantômes"
or E♭ minor 6 flats
9 E major 4 sharps
10 E minor 1 sharp
11 F major 1 flat
12 F minor 4 flats
13 Either F♯ major 6 sharps F♯ major was the choice of Bach, Hummel,
Chopin, Heller, Busoni, Lyapunov, Arensky, Blumenfeld, Ponce and Shostakovich.
G♭ major was preferred by Alkan, Rachmaninoff, Scriabin, Shchedrin, Stanford and
Winding.
or G♭ major 6 flats
14 F♯ minor 3 sharps
15 G major 1 sharp
16 G minor 2 flats
17 A♭ major 4 flats
18 Either G♯ minor 5 sharps Alkan wrote a piece in A♭ minor, and Brahms a
fugue in this key, but most composers have preferred G♯ minor.
or A♭ minor 7 flats
19 A major 3 sharps
20 A minor No sharps or flats
21 B♭ major 2 flats
22 Either B♭ minor 5 flats No well-known sets of 24 pieces include A♯
minor. Two examples are from Bartolomeo Campagnoli's 30 Preludes for violin, and
Christian Heinrich Rinck's 30 Préludes from his Practical Organ School, Op. 55,
published before 1821.[27]
or A♯ minor 7 sharps
23 Either B major 5 sharps No well-known sets of 24 pieces include C♭
major. While C♭ major is sometimes used in compositions (particularly for the harp,
which is especially suited to this key), it is not generally considered one of the
standard keys because it is enharmonically equivalent to B major. With its tonic
note C♭ being in fact a white key, and its parallel minor having 10 flats, its
usage is generally undesirable. It is very rare for a set of pieces covering all
the keys to include a piece in C♭ major. C♭ major does appear in Campagnoli's and
Rinck's works mentioned above, along with A♯ minor, but those collections include
both members of all six enharmonically equivalent pairs.[139]
or C♭ major 7 flats
24 B minor 2 sharps
Order of keys in published works

The circle of fifths, whereby each major key is followed by its relative minor key,
is a commonly used schema. Angelo Michele Bartolotti used this approach as early as
1640, and it was also adopted by such later composers as Rode, Hummel, Chopin,
Heller, Busoni, Scriabin, Shostakovich, Kabalevsky and Kapustin.

In J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier and some other earlier sets, major keys
were followed by their parallel minor keys. The Bach order was adopted by Arensky,
Glière, York Bowen and others.

Other composers derived their own schemas based on certain logical rationales. For
example, in Alkan’s 25 Preludes, Op. 31, the sequence of keys moves alternately up
a fourth and down a third.

Yet others used no systematic ordering. Cui, Palmgren, Rachmaninoff and

Castelnuovo-Tedesco's works are examples of this.
Notes

The number is 48 as preludes and fugues are counted separately

C, G, D, A, E, B, F♯, C♯, D♭, A♭, E♭, B♭, F
Arranged in a circle of fifths with major keys preceding the minor keys: C, G, D, A
etc.; a, e, b ... d.
Préludes et exercices: C, a, F, d, G, e, B♭, g, D, b, E♭, c, A, f♯, A♭, f, E, c♯,
D♭, b♭, B, g♯, F♯, e♭; Grande Exercice: C, a, F, d, B♭, g, E♭, c, A♭, f, D♭, b♭,
G♭, e♭, B, g♯, E, c♯, A, f♯, D, b, G, e
Arranged in a circle of fifths, as alternating major and relative minor keys: C, a,
G, e, D, b, A, f♯, E, c♯, B, g♯, F♯, e♭, D♭, b♭, A♭, f, E♭, c, B♭, g, F, d.
Alexander Scriabin, Rodion Shchedrin et al. chose G♭ over F♯, but this does not
affect the essential integrity of the scheme.
C, a, G, e, D, b, A, f♯, E, c♯, B, g♯, F♯, d♯, C♯, a♯, F, d, B♭, g, E♭, c, A♭, f,
D♭, b♭, G♭, e♭, C♭, a♭
C, a, G, e, D, b, A, f♯, E, c♯, B, g♯, F♯, d♯, C♯, a♯, C♭, a♭, G♭, e♭, D♭, b♭, A♭,
f, E♭, c, B♭, g, F, d
A, D, G, C, F, B♭, E♭, A♭, C♯, G♭, B, E
a, d, g, c, f, b♭, e♭, g♯, c♯, f♯, b, e
C, a, F, d, B♭, g, E♭, c, A♭, f, D♭, b♭, G♭, e♭, B, a♭ (the prelude is headed "A♭
minor or G♯ minor"), E, c♯, A, f♯, D, b, G, e
C, c, D♭, c♯ leading to D♭, D, d, E♭, e♭, E, e, F, f, F♯, f♯, G, g, A♭, g♯, A, a,
B♭, b♭, B, b
C, a, F, d, B♭, g, E♭, c, A♭, f, D♭, b♭, G♭, e♭, B, g♯, E, c♯, A, f♯, D, b, G, e, C
C, e, G, b, D, f♯, A, c♯, E, g♯, B, e♭, F♯, b♭, D♭, f, A♭, c, E♭, g, B♭, d, F, a, C
C, c, D♭, c♯, D, d, E♭, e♭, E, e, F, f, F♯, f♯, G, g, A♭, g♯, A, a, B♭, b♭, B, b,
C; Alexander Wunderer and York Bowen chose G♭ over F♯; Valery Zhelobinsky notated
his B♭ minor prelude with a 6-flat key signature (ostensibly E♭ minor), using
accidentals to achieve the correct tonality.
e, f♯, E, c♯, G, g, D, b, g♯, A♭, C, a, B, d, B♭, F, f, A, F♯, e♭, c, E♭, b♭, D♭
c♯, f♯, B♭, d, D, g, E♭, c, A♭, e♭, G♭, C, b♭, E, e, G, f, F, a, A, b, B, g♯, D♭
C, a, d, F, g, B♭, c, e, G, b, D♭, b♭, A♭, f, g♯, c♯, e♭, D, E♭, F♯, A, B, f♯, E
C, G, F, A, E, E♭, A♭, D, B♭, D♭, B, F♯
g, D, a, E, b, F♯, c♯, A♭, e♭, B♭, f, C, G, d, A, e, B, f♯, C♯, g♯, E♭, b♭, F, c
a, e, b; c, g, d; e♭, b♭, f; f♯, c♯, a♭. The etudes are laid out in four groups of
three keys following the ascending circle of fifths separated by a minor third.
C, c, C♯, c♯, D, d, E♭, e♭, E, e, F, f, F♯, f♯, G, g, A♭, g♯, A, a, B♭, b♭, B, b
There are 12 notes in the octave. Each of them can be the tonic of one major and
one minor key.
Note names which designate the same actual note in the 12 note octave such as G♯
and A♭.
Keys whose tonics are enharmonic to one another such as F♯ major and G♭ major.
If one restricts oneself to the note names used for the diatonic and chromatic
tones of the 15 keys which use no double flats or double sharps in their signature.
The seven notes A, B, C, D, E, F and G can be natural, flat or sharp. All notes
except C and F can be double-flatted. All notes except B and E can be double-
sharped. Fdouble flat and Cdouble flat occur only (first as chromatic tones) in
keys with double flats in their key signature. Bdouble sharp and Edouble sharp
occur only (first as chromatic tones) in keys with double sharps in their key
signature.
G♭ major and F♯ major, E♭ minor and D♯ minor
C♭ major and B major, A♭ minor and G♯ minor

D♭ major and C♯ major, B♭ minor and A♯ minor

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Daniel Padrón site
IMSLP: Peters, 24 Preludes for organ
Wim Zwaag site
UMP
Jeroen van Veen site
[6]

IMSLP: Rinck, 14 flat preludes, Nos. 53–66

External links

The Short-Tempered Clavier: Preludes and Fugues in all the Major and Minor Keys
Except for the Really Hard Ones, S. easy as 3.14159265 (P.D.Q. Bach)

vte

Musical key

Circle of fifths Closely related Diatonic scale Homotonal Major and minor
Modulation Music in all keys Parallel Relative Signature
Names and translations Tonic Transposing
Instrument

F-sharp Major key signature.png

Categories:

Compositions covering all major and/or minor keysWestern classical music

stylesHistory of European art musicMusical terminologyMusical formsPreludes
(music)FuguesMusical keysMusical scalesClassical compositions

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This page was last edited on 18 December 2019, at 20:44 (UTC).

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