GTU Paper Analysis

Chapter 2 Steady State Heat Conduction

MAY-16

MAY-17

MAY-18
DEC-15

DEC-16

NOV-17
Sr.
Questions
No.

Derive an expression for three dimensional time dependent heat conduction with internal heat 07 07
generation and constant thermal conductivity in cartesian coordinate system. Reduce it as
1 i. Poisson equation
ii. Fourier equation
iii. Laplace equation
What is the critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire and a steam pipe? Explain its 07 07 04 04
physical significance in both the cases & derive an expression for the same.
2 OR
“It is true that insulation is provided to reduce heat transfer rate but due to insulation heat
transfer rate is not reduced always” Justify the statement analytically.
1How does heat transfer differ from thermodynamics? 03 02
2 What is physical significance of thermal diffusivity? 03
3 Define critical radius of insulation.
OR
1 The highest thermal diffusivity is of __________
3 (a) Iron (b) lead (c) concrete (d) wood.
2 Thermal conductivity of solid metals with rise in temperature normally
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains constant (d) may increase or decrease depending on
temperature (e) unpredictable
OR
What is thermal conductivity? Explain its importance in heat conduction problems.
4 A plane wall of thickness L is subjected to a heat flux q0 at its left surface, while its right surface 03
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dissipates heat by convection with a heat transfer coefficient h in to an ambient at T∞. Write the
boundary conditions at the two surfaces of the wall.
Write the governing differential equation for conduction heat transfer in spherical coordinate. 07
Show that the resistance offered by it is given as
5

What is meant by thermal resistance? Explain the electrical analogy for solving heat problems. 04 03
OR
6 Define following
1) Thermal diffusivity 2) Contact resistance
3) Convection
Derive general heat conduction equation in Cylindrical coordinates 07 07 07
OR
7 Write the general heat conduction equation in cylindrical and reduce that equation for steady
state heat conduction in radial direction and solve it to obtain temperature profile in radial
direction through hollow cylinder.
Example
A steam pipe of 5 cm inside diameter and 6.5 cm outside diameter is insulated with a 2.75 cm 07
radial thickness of high temperature insulation (k = 1.1 W/m K). The surface heat transfer
coefficient for inside and outside surfaces are 4650 W/m2K and 11.5 W/m2K respectively. The
thermal conductivity of the pipe material is 45 W/m K. If the steam temperature is 200°C and
1 ambient air temperature 25°C,
determine
i. Heat loss per meter length of pipe
ii. Temperature at the interface
iii. Overall heat transfer coefficient
2 The walls of a refrigerated truck consist of 1.2 mm thick steel sheet (k=18 W/m-K) at the outer 07
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surface, 22 mm thick cork (k=0.04 W/m-K) on the inner surface. Consider Heat transfer
coefficient of 5 W/m2-K (between inside air and inside surface) and Heat transfer coefficient of 30
W/m2-K (between outside air and outside surface). The temperatures at the inside and outside air
are 0 °C & 35° C respectively.
Calculate (1) heat transfer rate
(2) steel-cork interface temp.
A steam pipe is covered with two layered of insulation, first layer being 3 cm thick and second 5 07 07
cm. The pipe is made of steel (k = 58 W/m K) having ID of 160 mm and OD of 170 mm. The inside
3 and outside film coefficients are 30 and 5.8 W/m2K respectively. Calculate the heat loss per meter
of pipe if the steam temperature is 300°C and air temperature 50°C. The thermal conductivity of
two insulating materials are 0.17 and 0.093 W/m K respectively.
A furnace wall is made up of two layers of thickness 250 mm, 100 mm with thermal conductivity 07
of 1.65 and 9.2 W/m oC respectively. The inside is exposed to gases at 1250 oC with a convection
4
coefficient of 25 W/m2 oC and the inside surface is at 1100 oC, the outside surface is exposed to air
at 25 oC with convection coefficient of 12 W/m2oC.The overall heat transfer coefficient.

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Chapter 3 - Heat Transfer from Extended Surface

MAY-16

MAY-17

MAY-18
DEC-15

DEC-16

NOV-17
Sr.
Questions
No.

If a thin and long fin, insulated at its tip is used, show that the temperature distribution along the fin 07 07 07
is given by
1
OR
Derive equations of temperature distribution and heat dissipation for Fin insulated at tip.
If the general solution for temperature distribution in fin is given by 07

2 where C1 and C2 are constant, show that the temperature distribution in infinite long fin is

Write temperature profile equation and heat transfer from fin for 03
3 1) Infinite long fin 2) Tip insulated fin
3) Tip non insulated fin
Define and Explain significance of fin effectiveness & fin efficiency. 02 04 07
OR 04
Define fin efficiency and fin effectiveness. Derive their equations for infinitely long fin. Based on
these equations give your comment on “why in car radiator fins are placed in gas side instead of
liquid side “?
4 OR
1 Explain the situation when the addition of fins to a surface is not useful.
2 Under what situations does the fin efficiency becomes 100%?
OR
Explain shortly
(a) efficiency and effectiveness of fin
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(b) time constant and response of thermocouple

Example
A steel fin (k = 54 W/m K) with a cross section of an equilateral triangle, 5 mm in side and 80 mm 07
long. It is attached to a plane wall maintained at 400°C. The ambient air temperature is 50°C and
1
convective heat transfer coefficient at surface is 90 W/m2K. Calculate the heat dissipation rate from
the rod.
A fin 30 cm long and 10 cm diameter throughout is made of steel alloy of thermal conductivity 43 07
W/m-K. The fin attached to a plane heated wall at 200 °C temp. extends into surroundings at 25 °C
2
and heat transfer coefficient of 120 W/m2-K. Find fin efficiency and fin effectiveness. Assume that
the tip of the fin is insulated and thermal radiation effect is negligible.
A thermocouple is formed by soldering end-to-end wires of 0.5 mm diameter. The thermal 03
diffusivity of the material is 5.3 × 10–6 m2/s. The conductivity of the material is 19.1W/m-K. If the
3
convective heat transfer coefficient between the wire and the fluid is 85 W/m2-K, determine the
time constant for the probe.
A long rod 12 mm square section made of low carbon steel protrudes into air at 35°C from a furnace 04
wall at 200°C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is estimated at 22W/m2 -K. The conductivity
4
of the material is 51.9 W/m-K. If the length of the rod is 159 mm. find the temperature at 80 mm
from base.

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Chapter 4 - Transient Heat Conduction

MAY-16

MAY-17

MAY-18
DEC-15

DEC-16

NOV-17
Sr.
Questions
No.

1 Explain lumped heat capacity method and state its assumptions. 07 04 03

1 How does transient heat conduction differ from steady state heat conduction? 02
2
2 What is Fourier number? What is its physical significance?
Example
An aluminum sphere weighing 6 kg and initially at temperature of 350°C is suddenly immersed in 07
a fluid at 30°C with convective coefficient of 60 W/m2 K. Estimate the time required to cool the
1
sphere to 100°C. Take thermo physical properties of sphere as C = 900 J/kg K, ρ = 2700 kg/m3 , k
= 205 W/m K
Estimate the time required to cook a carrot in boiling water at atmospheric pressure. The carrot 07
is initially at room temp 32 °C and the cooking requirement stipulates that a minimum temp. of
2 97 °C is reached at the center of carrot. Treat the carrot as a long cylinder of 18 mm diameter and
having the following properties: ρ=1025 kg/m3, Cp = 4000 J/kg K, k= 3.45 W/m-K, convective heat
transfer coefficient h = 60 W/m2-K.

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Chapter 5 – Radiation Process and Properties

MAY-16

MAY-17

MAY-18
DEC-15

DEC-16

NOV-17
Sr.
Questions
No.

Define total emissive power (Eb) and intensity of radiation (Ib). Show that Eb = π×Ib 07 03 07
OR
1
Define Intensity of radiation. Derive relationship between normal intensity and black body total
emissive power.
1 What is a black body? What are its properties? 02
2
2 What do you mean by spectral and total emissivity?
(a) Explain Wien’s displacement law of radiation. 07 04 04 03
(b) Explain Kirchoff’s law of radiation. 04
OR
3
State & Explain the Wien Displacement Law. Show that E bλ will be maximum when λmax. T = 2900
µk
State & explain Kirchoff ‘s identity. What are conditions under which it is applicable?
1 The amount of radiation mainly depends upon the_____________________ 06
(a) Nature of the body (b) Temperature of the body (c) type of surface of the body (d) All of these.
2 Emissivity of a white polished body in comparison to a black body is
(a) higher (b) lower (c) same (d) depends upon the shape of body
4 3 All radiations in a black body are ____
(a) reflected (b) refracted (c) transmitted (d) absorbed (e) partly reflected
4 The value of the wavelength for maximum emissive power is given by (a) Stefan's law (b)
Planck's law (c) Fourier's law (d) Wien's law (e) Kirchhoff's law.
5 Planck's law holds good for (a) black bodies (b) polished bodies (c) all coloured bodies (d) all

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of the above (e) none of the above.

6 The ratio of the emissive power and absorptive power of all bodies is the same and is equal to
the emissive power of a perfectly black body. This statement is known as (a) Planck's law (b)
Stefan's law (c) Wien' law (d) Krichoff's law (e) Black body law.
Define following: 03 03
1) Black body 2) Radiosity 3) absorptivity 03
5
Define following:
1) 1) Grey body 2) Irradiation 3) Emissivity
6 Justify that a good absorber is also a good emitter for radiation heat transfer. 04
Example
The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 μm. Assuming sun to be a black body, calculate the 04
1
surface temperature of sun and the total emissive power of the sun’s surface at that temperature.

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Chapter 6 – Radiation Heat Transfer

MAY-16

MAY-17

MAY-18
DEC-15

DEC-16

NOV-17
Sr.
Questions
No.

What are the radiation surface and space resistances? How are they expressed? For what kind of 03
1
surface, is radiation surface resistance zero?
What does the view factor represents? When the view factor from a surface to itself not zero? 02 04
2 OR
Write any four important characteristics of shape factor.
What is radiation shield? Where is it used? 02 07 04 07
OR
Define and explain Radiation shield and Radiation shape factor
3
OR
What is radiation shield? Show that presence of n number of radiation shields reduces the
radiation heat transfer by a factor of (n+1).
What is grey body approximation? Explain how the average emissivity of a grey surface can be 03
4
determined?
What is Radiosity (J)? Show that the net radiant energy leaving the surface is given by 04
5

Example
A gray, diffuse opaque surface (Absorptivity α = 0.8) is at 100ºC and receives an irradiation 1000 07
1 W/m2. If the surface area is 0.1 m2, calculate
i. Radiosity of the surface

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ii. Net radiative heat transfer rate from the surface

iii. Calculate above quantities if surface is black.
A cubical room 4 m × 4 m × 4 m is heated through the ceiling by maintaining it at uniform 07
2 temperature of 350 K, while walls and the floor are at 300 K. Assuming that the all surfaces have
an emissivity of 0.8, determine the rate of heat loss from ceiling by radiation.
Two large parallel plates with Є = 0.5 each are maintained at different temperatures and are 07
exchanging heat only by radiation. Two equally large radiation shields with surface emissivity
3
0.05 are introduced in parallel to the plates. Find the percentage reduction in net radiation heat
transfer.
A spherical liquid oxygen tank 0.3 m in diameter is enclosed concentrically in a spherical 07
container of 0.4 m diameter and the space in between is evacuated. The tank surface is at -183°C
4 and has an emissivity 0.2. The container surface is at 15°C and has an emissivity of 0.25.
Determine the net radiant heat transfer rate and rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its latent
heat is 220 kJ/kg.
Consider two large parallel plates, one at temperature at 727 °C with emissivity 0.8 and other at 07
227 °C with emissivity 0.4. An aluminium radiation shield with an emissivity of 0.05 on both sides
5
is placed between two plates. Calculate reduction in heat transfer rate between two plates as a
result of shield.
The flat floor of hemispherical furnace is at 800K and has an emissivity of 0.5. The corresponding 07
6 values of hemispherical roof are 1200K and 0.25. Calculate net heat transfer between roof and
floor.
An enclosure measures 1.5m* 1.5m with a height of 2m under steady state conditions, The wall 07
and ceiling are maintained at 525 K and floor is at 400K. Determine net radiation to floor. Take
7
emissivity of ceiling and wall = 0.85 and
emissivity of floor = 0.75

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Chapter 7 – Convection

May – 16

May – 17

May – 18
Nov – 17
Dec – 16
Dec – 15
Sr.
Questions
No.

Theory
1. For forced convection heat transfer, prove that 𝑁𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒, 𝑃𝑟) 07 07 07 07 07
2. Explain the Reynold Colburn analogy for laminar flow over a flat plate. 07
Distinguish between natural and forced convection heat transfer. Also define velocity & thermal
3. 07 03 04
boundary layer thickness.
Write Von-Karman integral momentum equation, for the hydrodynamic laminar boundary layer of
4. fluid flowing over stationary plate. Using this equation, derive the expression for hydrodynamic 07
boundary layer thickness considering the cubic velocity profile.
5. Differentiate mean film temperature and bulk mean temperature. 03 03
Explain the physical significance of following numbers
6. 04 03 03 03
(a) Nusselt number (b) Grashof number (c) Reynolds number
7. What do you mean by hydrodynamically developed flow? 03
8. Explain Chilton Colburn analogy for turbulent flow inside a smooth tube. 04
9. Explain the concept of thermal boundary layers. 04 04
10. Define: Convection. 01
Define Prandtl number. What is the physical interpretation when its value is lesser or greater than
11. 03 01
one. Show with neat sketches.

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Show using momentum equation that in the case of incompressible boundary layer flow with
12. 04
negligible pressure gradient, ∂3u/∂y3 = 0 at y = 0.
Derive the momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary in differential form with neat sketch.
13. 07
Write equation for stretching factor? State its significance for solving momentum equation.
14. Differentiate Convection and Radiation modes of heat transfer. 03
Examples
Water at 50°C enters 1.5 cm diameter and 3 m long tube with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The tube wall
is maintained at 100°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and total amount of heat transferred
1. if the water exit temperature is 70°C. The relevant properties of water are Pr = 3.15, ρ = 990 07
kg/m3, ν = 0.517 × 10-6 m2/s, Cp = 4184 J/kg-K, kf = 0.65 W/mK. Use following correlation,
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.023(𝑅𝑒𝐷 )0.8 (𝑃𝑟)0.4
A horizontal 40 W fluorescent tube which is 3.8 cm in diameter and 120 cm long stands in still air
at 1 atm and 20°C. If the surface temperature is 40°C and radiation is neglected, what percentage
of power is being dissipated by convection?
2. Use following properties of air: 07
ν = 16.19 × 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.706, kf = 0.02652 W/mK
Use following correlation:
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.53(𝑅𝑎𝐷 )1/4
A long horizontal pipe of 15 cm outside diameter passes through a large room. The surface temp
of the pipe is 95°C and the surrounding air is at 20°C. Work out the convective coefficient for free
convection. Use the correlation:
3. 07
𝑁𝑢 = 0.53(𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟)0.25
Take the air properties at mean film temp. of 60°C as:
Cp = 1046 J/kg-K, k = 2.9 x 10-2 W/m-K, ν = 18.97x10-6 m2/s, μ = 1.929x10-5 kg/m-s.

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Air at 27°C is flowing across a tube with a velocity of 25 m/s. The tube could be either a square of
5 cm side or circular cylinder of 5 cm diameter. Compare the rate of heat transfer in each case if
the tube surface is at 127°C. Use the correlation:
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑛 𝑃𝑟 1/3
4. C = 0.027, n = 0.805 for cylinder 07
C = 0.102, n = 0.675 for square tube
Use following properties of air
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 𝑚2 𝑘𝐽
𝜌 = 0.955 3 , 𝐾𝑓 = 0.03 , 𝜈 = 20.92 × 10−6 , 𝐶𝑝 = 1.009 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7
𝑚 𝑚𝑘 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘
Water at 20°C enters a 2 cm diameter tube with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The tube is maintained at
100°C. Find the tube length required to heat the water to a temperature of 60°C. Use following
5. properties of water: 07
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 𝑚2 𝐽
𝜌 = 992.2 3 , 𝐾𝑓 = 0.634 , 𝜈 = 0.659 × 10−6 , 𝐶𝑝 = 4174 , 𝑃𝑟 = 4.31
𝑚 𝑚𝑘 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘
A horizontal fluorescent tube which is 3.8 cm in diameter and 120 cm long stands in still air at 1
6. bar and 20°C. If the surface temperature is 40°C and radiation is neglected, what is heat transfer 07
rate by convection? Use 𝑁𝑢 = 0.53(𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟)0.25
The temperature ratio [(Ts – T)/(Ts – T∞)] = y / 0.0075 in a flow over a flat plate. If k = 0.03 W/m-
7. K, determine the value of convective heat transfer coefficient. Where Ts is surface temperature and 04
T∞ is temperature of fluid at plate inlet.
Calculate the rate of heat loss from human body which may be considered as a vertical cylinder
300mm in diameter and 175mm high in still air at 15°C. The skin temperature is 35°C and
8. emissivity at the skin surface is 0.4. Neglect sweating and effect of clothing. The thermo physical 07
properties of air at mean film temperature are: K = 0.0263 w/m°C ν = 15.53 x 10-6 m2/s Pr = 0.7
for turbulent flow use Nu = 0.13( Gr x Pr)0.33

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A motor cycle cylinder consists of fins having outside diameter 150 mm and total surface area of
0.27 m2. Calculate the rate of heat dissipation from cylinder fins when motorcycle is running at 20
9. m/s speed. The atmospheric air is at 25°C and average fin surface temperature is 475°C. the 04
relevant thermo – physical properties at average temperature of 250°C are: K = 0.0427 w/m°C, ν =
40.61 x 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.677. For turbulent flow use Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33

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Chapter 8 – Two Phase Heat Transfer

May – 16

May – 17

May – 18
Nov – 17
Dec - 15

Dec- 16
Sr.
Questions
No.

Theory
Discuss the various regimes in boiling and explain (i) the condition for the growth of bubbles and
(ii) effect of bubble size on boiling. OR 07
1. 07 04
Define boiling? Draw boiling curve which shows all the boiling regimes and explain nucleate boiling
regime in brief.
Explain dropwise and filmwise condensation. OR
Discuss the conditions under which the drop wise condensation can take place. Why the rate of heat 07
2. 03 07 03
transfer in drop wise condensation is many time that of film condensation. OR
What is condensation? How does drop wise condensation differ from film wise condensation?
Examples
The outer surface of a vertical tube 80 mm in outer diameter and 1 m long is exposed to saturated
steam at atmospheric pressure. The tube surface is maintained at 50°C by flow of water through the
1. tube. What is the rate of heat transfer to coolant and what is the rate of condensation of steam? 07
Use following properties of saturated vapor and water, μ = 375 × 10-6 kg/ms, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg, ρ =
975 kg/m3, ρv = 0.596 kg/m3, kf = 0.668 W/m-K.
A vertical plate 0.4 m high and 0.41 m wide at 50°C is exposed to steam at 100°C. Calculate the
following:
2. (a) Film thickness at bottom of the plate (b) Maximum velocity at the bottom of the plate (c) Total 07
heat transfer rate and heat flux.
Assume at 75°C: ρ=976 kg/m3, kf=0.668 W/m-K, μ=405x10-6 kg/m-s, hfg=2258 kJ/kg.

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Chapter 9 – Heat Exchangers

May – 16

May – 17

May – 18
Nov – 17
Dec – 16
Dec - 15
Sr.
Questions
No.

Theory
1. Derive an expression for log mean temperature difference of parallel flow heat exchanger. 07
How are the heat exchangers classified? Sketch the temp variations in (i) parallel flow heat
exchanger (ii) counter-flow heat exchangers (iii) Boiler (iv) Condenser.
OR
Classify only, the heat exchanger based on
2. 1) Nature of heat exchange process and 07 04 03 03
2) Direction of fluid flow.
OR
Explain working of storage type heat exchanger and direct contact type heat exchanger with
example.
What are the fouling factors? Explain their effect in Heat Exchanger design.
3. OR 07 04 03 04
What is fouling? What is its effect on working of heat exchanger? Write equation for fouling factor.
4. Define Effectiveness and NTU of heat exchanger. 01
5. Explain multi pass heat exchanger including correction factor. Where it is used. 03
6. Define Effectiveness. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger. 07 07
7. What is critical heat flux? How it is useful to designers of heat exchangers? 02

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LMTD in case of counter flow heat exchanger as compared-to parallel flow heat exchanger is (a)
8. higher (b) lower (c) same (d) depends on the area of heat exchanger (e) depends on temperature 01
conditions.
In heat exchangers, degree of approach is defined as the difference between temperatures of (a) cold
9. water inlet and outlet (b) hot medium inlet and outlet (c) hot medium outlet and cold water inlet (d) 01
hot medium outlet and cold water outlet (e) none of the above.
10. Why is counter-flow Heat Exchanger more effective than a parallel flow heat exchanger. 03
11. “Effectiveness of evaporator is irrespective of flow arrangement” Justify the statement analytically. 04
12. Derive an expression for log mean temperature difference of counter flow heat exchanger. 07

Examples
Hot water at 2.5 kg/s and 100°C enters a concentric tube counter flow heat exchanger having a total
1. area of 23m2. Cold water at 20°C enters at 5 kg/s and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1000 07
W/m2K. Determine the total heat transfer rate and the outlet temperature of hot and cold fluids.
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, 6 kg/s of oil flows through the shell side. The oil enters at 105°C
and leaves at 40°C. Water flows in the tubes, entering at 32°C and leaving at 50°C. In addition, Cp oil =
2. 07 07
2282 J/kg-K and U = 416 W/m2-K. Determine number of tubes, if outer diameter of tubes is 100 mm,
length of each tube is 1.9 m and take correction factor as 0.85.
Calculate the critical heat flux for mercury at 1 atm. Use the following properties of mercury:
hfg=301 kJ/kg, ρv=3.90 kg/m3, ρl=12740 kg/m3, σ=417x10-3 N-m
3. 02
Use modified Zuber-Kutateladze correlation
1/2
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.149𝜌𝑣 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [𝜎𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )]1/4

4. In a food processing plant, A brine solution is heated from -12°C to -6.5°C in a double pipe parallel 04
flow heat exchanger by water entering at 35°C and leaving at 20.5°C at the rate of 9 kg/min.

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Determine the heat exchanger area for overall heat transfer coefficient of 860W/m2-K. Take specific
heat of water 4186 SI.
A heat exchanger is to be designed to condensate 8 kg/s of an organic liquid having saturation
temperature 80°C and hfg = 600kJ/kg. Cooling water is available at 15°C and at a flow rate of 60
5. kg/s. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is 480 W/m2-K. Determine: 07
1) The number of tubes required if tubes are to be 2mm thick, 4.85 m in length and 25mm OD.
2) No. of tube passes if limiting velocity of cooling water is 2 m/s.
A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool oil of specific heat Cp=2.45 KJ/Kg°C with mass
flow rate of 0.55 Kg/sec from 115°C to 40°C by water. The inlet and outlet temperature of cooling
6. water are 15°C and 75°C respectively. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is 1450W/m2 °C. Using 07
NTU method, calculate: (i) The mass flow rate of water (ii) The effectiveness of heat exchanger (iii)
The surface area required.

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