COORDINATE GEOMETRY

5 “A line is breadthless length” - Euclid

Apollonius was born at Perga, in modern day Turkey. His

greatest work was called “conics” which introduced curves like circle,
parabola geometrically. He wrote six other books all related to the Apollonius
262 - 190 BC (BCE)
basics of modern day coordinate geometry.
His ideas were applied to study planetary theory and solve practical problems. He
developed the sundial and contributed to other branches of science using his exceptional
geometric skills. For this reason, Apollonius is hailed as “The Great Geometer”.
Pierre de Fermat
(1601-1665)

Learning Outcomes

� To find area of a triangle formed by three given points.

� To find area of a quadrilateral formed by four given points.
� To find the slope of a straight line.
� To determine equation of a straight line in various forms.
� To find the equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 .
� To find the equation of a line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 .

5.1 Introduction

Coordinate geometry, also called Analytical geometry is a branch of mathematics,

in which curves in a plane are represented by algebraic equations. For example, the
equation x 2 + y 2 = 1 , describes a circle of unit radius in the plane. Thus coordinate
geometry can be seen as a branch of mathematics which interlinks algebra and
geometry, where algebraic equations are represented by geometric curves. This
connection makes it possible to reformulate problems in geometry to problems in
algebra and vice versa. Thus, in coordinate geometry, the algebraic equations have
visual representations thereby making our understanding much deeper. For instance,
the first degree equation in two variables ax + by + c = 0 represents a straight line in

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 a plane. Overall, coordinate geometry is a tool to understand concepts involved visually
and created new branches of mathematics in modern times.

In the earlier classes, we initiated the study of coordinate geometry where we studied
about coordinate axes, coordinate plane, plotting of points in a plane, distance between two
points, section formulae, etc. All these concepts form the basics of coordinate geometry.
Let us now recall some of the basic formulae.

Recall
Distance between two points
B(x2, y2)
d
Distance between two points A(x 1, y1 ) and B(x 2 , y2 ) is

A(x1, y1)
AB = d = (x 2 − x 1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 .
Fig. 5.1
Mid-point of line segment
B(x2, y2)
M
The mid-point M, of the line segment joining
⎛ x + x y + y ⎞⎟
A(x 1, y1 ) and B(x 2 , y2 ) is ⎜⎜⎜ 1 2
, 1 2⎟
⎟. A(x1, y1) Fig. 5.2
⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠

Section Formula
B(x2, y2)
Internal Division
n
Let A (x 1, y1 ) and B (x 2 , y2 ) be two distinct points such that point P

p(x , y ) divides AB internally in the ratio m:n. m

⎛ mx + nx my + ny ⎞⎟
Then the coordinates of P are given by ⎜⎜⎜ 2 1
, 2 1 ⎟
⎟. A(x1, y1) Fig. 5.3
⎝⎜ m + n m + n ⎟⎠

External Division P(x,y)

Let A (x 1, y1 ) and B (x 2 , y2 ) be two distinct points such that the

m n
point p(x , y ) divides AB externally in the ratio m:n.
⎛ mx − nx my − ny ⎞⎟ B(x2, y2)
Then the coordinates of P are given by ⎜⎜⎜ 2 1
, 2 1 ⎟
⎟.
⎝⎜ m − n m − n ⎟⎠ Fig. 5.4
A(x1, y1)

C(x3, y3)
Centroid of a triangle
2
1 G
The coordinates of the centroid (G) of a triangle with vertices
2 1
1
⎛ x + x + x y + y + y ⎞⎟ A(x , 2
A (x 1, y1 ) , B (x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) are given by ⎜⎜⎜ 1 2 3
, 1 2 3⎟
⎟⎟ .
1 y )
1
⎜⎝ 3 3 ⎠ Fig. 5.5 B(x2, y2)

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 Progress Check
1. Complete the following table.
Mid Internal External
S.No. Points Distance
Point Point Ratio Point Ratio
(i) (3, 4), (5, 5) --- --- --- 2:3 --- 2:3
⎛ 13 ⎞⎟
(ii) (–7,13),(–3,1) --- --- ⎜⎜− , 5 ⎟ --- (–13, 15) ---
⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎟⎠

2. A(0, 5 ), B(5, 0 ) and C(-4, -7 ) are vertices of a triangle then its centroid will be at
_________.

5.2 Area of a Triangle Y A(x 1, y 1)

6
In your earlier classes, you have studied how 5
to calculate the area of a triangle when its base and 4
c
b
3
corresponding height (altitude) are given. You have used
2
the formula. 1 B a C (x3, y3)
(x 2, y 2)
1 0
Area of triangle = × base × altitude sq.units. X′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X
2 Y¢
Fig. 5.6
With any three non-collinear points A(x 1, y1 ) ,
B(x 2 , y2 ) and C (y 3 , y 3 ) on a plane, we can form a triangle ABC.

Using distance between two points formula, we can calculate AB = c , BC = a ,

CA = b . a, b, c represent the lengths of the sides of the triangle ABC.

Using 2s = a + b + c , we can calculate the area of triangle ABC by using the Heron’s
formula s(s - a )(s - b)(s - c) . But this procedure of finding length of sides of D ABC
and then calculating its area will be a tedious procedure.

There is an elegant way of finding area of a triangle Y

7 A(x1, y1)
using the coordinates of its vertices. We shall discuss
6
such a method below. 5
4
Let ABC be any triangle whose vertices are at 3
C(x3,y3)
B (x2, y2)
A(x 1, y1 ) , B(x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) . 2
1
Q P R
Draw AP, BQ and CR perpendiculars from A, B 0
X′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X
and C to the x-axis, respectively. Y¢ Fig. 5.7
Clearly ABQP, APRC and BQRC are all
trapeziums.
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 Now from the Fig.5.7, it is clear that
Area of D ABC
= Area of trapezium ABQP + Area of trapezium APRC − Area of trapezium BQRC.
You also know that, the area of trapezium
1
= × (Sum of parallel sides) ´ (perpendicualr distance between
2
the parallel sides) sq.units.
Therefore, Area of DABC
1 1 1
= (BQ + AP )QP + (AP + CR)PR − (BQ + CR)QR
2 2 2
1 1 1
= (y2 + y1 )(x 1 − x 2 ) + (y1 + y 3 )(x 3 − x 1 ) − (y2 + y 3 )(x 3 − x 2 )
2 2 2
1
= {x 1(y2 − y 3 ) + x 2 (y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 (y1 − y2 )}
2
Thus, the area of D ABC is the absolute value of the expression
1
{x (y − y3 ) + x 2 (y3 − y1 ) + x 3 (y1 − y2 )} sq.units.
=
2 1 2
The vertices A (x 1, y1 ) , B(x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) of D ABC are said to be “taken in order”
if A, B, C are taken in counter-clock wise direction. If we do this, then area of D ABC will
never be negative.
Another form
The following pictorial representation helps us to Note
write the above formula very easily. “As the area of a triangle can
never be negative, we must
⎪⎪⎧x x2 x3 x1⎫
⎪
⎪ take the absolute value, in case
1 ⎪⎪ ⎪
1
⎪ area happens to be negative”.
⎨ ⎬
2 ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪y1 y2 y3 y1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
1
{ }
Area of D ABC = (x 1 y2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y1 ) − (x 2 y1 + x 3 y2 + x 1y 3 ) sq.units.
2

Progress Check
The vertices of D PQR are P(0, - 4 ) , Q(3, 1 ) and R(-8, 1 )
1. Draw D PQR on a graph paper.
2. Check if D PQR is equilateral.
3. Find the area of D PQR .
4. Find the coordinates of M, the mid-point of QP.
5. Find the coordinates of N, the mid-point of QR.
6. Find the area of D MPN .
7. What is the ratio between the areas of D MPN and D PQR ?

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 5.2.1 Collinearity of three points
If three distinct points A (x 1, y1 ) , Note
B (x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) are collinear, then we Another condition for collinearity
cannot form a triangle, because for such a If A (x 1, y1 ) , B (x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) are
triangle there will be no altitude (height). collinear points, then
Therefore, three points A (x 1, y1 ) , B (x 2 , y2 ) x1(y2–y3)+x2(y3–y1)+ x3(y1–y2) = 0
and C (x 3 , y 3 ) will be collinear if the area of or x 1y2 + x 2y 3 + x 3y1 = x 1y 3 + x 2y1 + x 3y2 .
∆ ABC = 0 .

Similarly, if the area of D ABC is zero, then the three points lie on the same straight
line. Thus, three distinct points A (x 1, y1 ) , B (x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) will be collinear if and
only if area of ∆ABC = 0 . Y ) ,y 4 C (x3, y3)
7 D (x 4
5.3 Area of a Quadrilateral 6
5
If ABCD is a quadrilateral, then considering the
4
diagonal AC, we can split the quadrilateral ABCD into 3
two triangles ABC and ACD. 2

Using area of triangle formula given its vertices, we 1 A (x1,y1) B (x2,y2)

can calculate the areas of triangles ABC and ACD. X′ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X

Now, Area of the quadrilateral ABCD = Area of Y¢

Fig. 5.8
triangle ABC + Area of triangle ACD
We use this information to find area of a quadrilateral Thinking Corner
when its vertices are given. How many triangles exist,
whose area is zero?
Let A (x 1, y1 ) , B (x 2 , y2 ) , C (x 3 , y 3 ) and D (x 4 , y 4 ) be the
vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD. 7
Y A(x 1,y 1) D (x4,y4)

Now, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of the 6

DABD +Area of the DBCD 5

4
1
= {(x 1y2 + x 2y 4 + x 4y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 4y2 + x 1y 4 )} 3
B (x2,y2) C (x3,y3)
2 2
1
2
{
+ (x 2y 3 + x 3y 4 + x 4y2 ) − (x 3y2 + x 4y 3 + x 2y 4 ) } 1
P Q R S
X′ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X

Therefore, area of the quadrilateral ABCD Y¢

Fig. 5.9
1
= {(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y4 + x 4y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x 4y3 + x1y4 )}
2 1 2
1
= {(x 1 − x 3 )(y2 − y 4 ) − (x 2 − x 4 )(y1 − y 3 )} sq.units.
2
The following pictorial representation helps us to write the above formula very easily.
Take the vertices A(x 1, y1 ) , B(x 2 , y2 ) , C (x 3 , y 3 ) and D(x 4 , y 4 ) in counter-clockwise direction
and write them column-wise follow the same technique of the area of a triangle.
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 ⎧⎪x x2 x3 x4 x1 ⎫
⎪
⎪⎪ 1 ⎪
⎪
= ⎪⎨ ⎪
⎬
⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪y1 y2 y3 y4 y1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
Therefore, area of the quadrilateral ABCD
1
= {(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y4 + x 4y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x 4y3 + x1y4 )} sq.units.
2 1 2
Note
(i) To find the area of a quadrilateral, we divide it into triangular regions, which have no
common area and then add the area of these regions.
(ii) The area of the quadrilateral is never negative. That is, we always take the area of
quadrilateral as positive.

Thinking Corner
If the area of a quadrilateral formed by the points (a, a), (–a, a), (a, –a) and (–a, –a),
where a ¹ 0 is 64 square units, then (i) identify the type of the quadrilateral
(ii) find all possible values of a.

Example 5.1 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (-3, 5 ) , (5, 6 ) and (5, - 2 )
Solution Plot the points in a rough diagram and take them in counter-clockwise order.
Let the vertices be A (-3, 5 ) , B (5, - 2 ) , C (5, 6 )

(x 1, y1 ) (x 2 , y2 ) (x 3 , y 3 ) Y C(5,6)
6
A(–3,5)
The area of DABC is 5
4
1
= {(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x1y3 )}
2 1 2
3
2
1 1
=
2
{(6 + 3 0 + 2 5) − (2 5 − 1 0 − 1 8 )}
X′ -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5X
-1
1
= {61 + 3} -2 B(5,–2)
2 Y¢
1 Fig. 5.10
= (64 ) = 32 sq.units
2
Example 5.2 Show that the points P(-1.5 , 3 ) , Q(6 , -2 ) , R(-3 , 4 ) are collinear.
Solution The points are P(-1.5 , 3 ) , Q(6 , -2 ) , R(-3 , 4 )
1
Area of D PQR = {(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x1y3 )}
2 1 2
1 1
= {(3 + 2 4 − 9 ) − (18 + 6 − 6)} = {18 − 18} = 0 sq.units
2 2
Therefore, the given points are collinear.

Example 5.3 If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices A(-1, 2 ) , B(k , -2 ) and
C(7, 4 ) (taken in order) is 22 sq. units, find the value of k.

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 Solution The vertices are A(-1, 2 ) , B(k , -2 ) and C(7, 4 )
Area of triangle ABC is 22 sq.units
1
{(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x1y3 )} = 22
2 1 2
1
2
{(2 + 4k + 14) − (2k − 14 − 4)} = 22
2k + 34 = 44 ⇒ 2k = 10 k =5

Example 5.4 If the points P(-1, -4 ) , Q(b, c) and R(5, - 1 ) are collinear and 2b + c = 4 ,
then find the values of b and c.
Solution Since the three points P(-1, - 4 ) , Q(b, c) and R(5, - 1 ) are collinear,
Area of triangle PQR = 0
1
{(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x1y3 )} = 0
2 1 2
1
2
{(−c − b − 20 ) − (−4b + 5c + 1)} = 0
−c − b − 20 + 4b − 5c − 1 = 0
b - 2c = 7 …(1)
Also, 2b + c = 4 …(2) (from given information)
Solving (1) and (2) we get b = 3 , c = −2

Example 5.5 The floor of a hall is covered with identical tiles which are in the shapes of
triangles. One such triangle has the vertices (-3 , 2 ) , (-1, -1) and (1, 2 ) . If the floor of the
hall is completely covered by 110 tiles, find the area of the floor.
Solution Vertices of one triangular tile are at
(-3 , 2 ) , (-1, -1) and (1, 2 )
1
Area of this tile =
2
{(3 − 2 + 2) − (−2 − 1 − 6 )} sq.units
1
= (12 ) = 6 sq.units A(–3,2) ,2)
2 C(1
Since the floor is covered by 110 triangle shaped
identical tiles, B(–1,–1)

Area of floor = 110 × 6 = 660 sq.units Fig. 5.11

Example 5.6 Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points (8, 6 ) , (5, 1 1 ) , (-5, 1 2 )
and (-4, 3 ) .
Solution Before determining the area of quadrilateral, plot the vertices in a graph.
Let the vertices be A(8,6), B(5,11), C(–5,12) and D(–4,3)

Therefore, area of the quadrilateral ABCD

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 1 C(–5,12) Y
= {(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y4 + x 4y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x 4y3 + x1y4 )}
2 1 2
12 B(5,11)
10

1 8
= {(88 + 60 − 15 − 24) − (30 − 55 − 48 + 24)} 6
2 A(8,6)
4
1
= {109 + 49} D(–4,3) 2
2
X′ -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 X
1 Y¢
= {158} = 79 sq.units Fig. 5.12
2

Progress Check

Given a quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(–3, –8), B(6, –6), C(4, 2), D(–8, 2)
Y
6
1. Find the area of D ABC . 4
D(–8,2) C(4,2)
2. Find the area of D ACD . 2

X′ -8 -6 -4 -2 0
3. Calculate area of D ABC + area of D ACD . -2
2 4 6 8 10 X

-4
4. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD. -6
-8 B(6,–6)
5. Compare the answer (iii) and (iv). A(–3,–8)
-10
Y¢
Fig. 5.13
Y
Example 5.7 The given diagram shows a plan for constructing a 9
C(4,9)

new parking lot at a campus. It is estimated that such construction 8 1 ,7)

D(
would cost `1300 per square feet. What will be the total cost for 7

making the parking lot? 6

5
Solution The new parking lot is a quadrilateral whose vertices are 4 5,5
)
B(
at A(2, 2) , B(5, 5) , C(4, 9 ) and D(1, 7 ) . 3
2
Therefore, Area of parking lot A(2,2)
1
1
= {(10 + 45 + 28 + 2) − (10 + 20 + 9 + 14)} X′ 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
2
Y¢
1 1 ⎧⎪2 5 4 1 ⎫
2⎪ Fig. 5.14
= {85 − 53} Use: ⎪⎨ ⎪
⎬
2 2⎪ ⎪2 5 9 7 2⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
1
= (32 ) = 16 sq.units.
2
So, area of parking lot = 16 sq.feets
Construction rate per square feet = ₹ 1300
Therefore, total cost for constructing the parking lot = 16 × 1300 = ₹20800

Activity 1
(i) Take a graph sheet.
(ii) Consider a triangle whose base is the line joining the points (0,0) and (6,0)

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 Third vertex Area of Triangle
(iii) Take the third vertex as (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,1) A1 =
(4,4), (5,5) and find their areas. Fill in the
(2,2) A2 =
details given:
(3,3) A3 =
(iv) Do you see any pattern with A1, A2, A3,
(4,4) A4 =
A4, A5 ? If so mention it.
(5,5) A5 =
(v) Repeat the same process by taking third
vertex in step (iii) as (1,2), (2,4), (3,8), Third vertex Area of Triangle
(4,16), (5,32) (1,2) A1 =
(2,4) A2 =
(vi) Fill the table with these new vertices
(3,8) A3 =
(4,16) A4 =
(vii) What pattern do you observe now with
(5,32) A5 =
A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 5 ?

Activity 2
Y C(5,7)
7
6 Two French
Find the area of the mathematicians Rene
5 D(5,5)
shaded region 4 Descartes and
3 Pierre-de-Fermat were
2 the first to conceive
1
A(1,1)
B(8,1) the idea of modern
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X
coordinate geometry by
Y¢
1630s.
Fig. 5.15

Exercise 5.1

1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points

(i) (1,–1), (–4, 6) and (–3, –5) (ii) (–10, –4), (–8, –1) and (–3, –5)

2. Determine which of sets of points are collinear.

⎛ 1 ⎞
(i) ⎜⎜− , 3 ⎟⎟⎟ , (–5, 6) and (–8, 8) (ii) (a, b+c), (b, c+a) and (c, a+b)
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
3. Vertices of given triangles are taken S.No. Vertices Area (sq.units)
in order and their areas are provided (i) (0, 0), (p, 8), (6, 2) 20
below. In each of the following find
(ii) (p, p), (5, 6), (5, –2) 32
the value of ‘p ’.
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 4. In each of the following, find the value of ‘a’ for which the given points are collinear.
(i) (2, 3), (4, a) and (6, –3) (ii) (a, 2–2a), (–a+1, 2a) and (–4–a, 6–2a)
5. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are at
(i) (–9, –2), (–8, –4), (2, 2) and (1, –3) (ii) (–9, 0), (–8, 6), (–1, –2) and (–6, –3)
6. Find the value of k, if the area of a quadrilateral is 28 sq.units, whose vertices are
(–4, –2), (–3, k), (3, –2) and (2, 3)
7. If the points A(-3, 9 ) , B(a, b) and C(4, - 5 ) are collinear and if a + b = 1 , then find
a and b.
8. Let P(11, 7 ) , Q(13 .5, 4 ) and R(9.5 , 4 ) be the mid-
points of the sides AB, BC and AC respectively of D(–10,6)
C(6,10)
D ABC . Find the coordinates of the vertices A, B
G(3,7)
and C. Hence find the area of D ABC and compare H(–6,4)

this with area of D PQR .

9. In the figure, the quadrilateral swimming pool
shown is surrounded by concrete patio. Find the
area of the patio.
F(6,–2)
10. A triangular shaped glass with vertices at E(–3,–5)

A(-5, - 4 ) , B(1, 6 ) and C(7, - 4 ) has to be painted. If A(–4,–8) B(8,–4)

one can of paint covers 6 square feet, how many

cans of paint will be required to paint the whole 4
Y
A(–5,3) F(–2,3)
glass, if only one coat of paint is applied. 3
D(1,3)

2
E(1.5,1)
1
11. In the figure, find the area of (i) triangle AGF G(–4.5,0.5)
O
(ii) triangle FED (iii) quadrilateral BCEG. X′ -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4X
C(2,–1)
-2
B(–4,–2) Y¢
5.4 Inclination of a line
The inclination of a line or the angle of inclination of a line is the angle which a
straight line makes with the positive direction of X axis measured in the counter-clockwise
direction to the part of the line above the X axis. The inclination of the line is usually
denoted by .
Note
(i) The inclination of X axis and every line parallel to X axis is 0 .
(ii) The inclination of Y axis and every line parallel to Y axis is 90 .

5.4.1 Slope of a Straight line

While laying roads one must know how steep the road will be. Similarly, when
constructing a staircase, we should consider its steepness. For the same reason,
anyone travelling along a hill or a bridge, feels hard compared to travelling along
a plain road.

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 All these examples illustrate one important aspect
called “Steepness”. The measure of steepness is called
slope or gradient.
The concept of slope is important in economics
because it is used to measure the rate at which the
demand for a product changes in a given period of time
on the basis of price. Slope comprises of two factors
namely steepness and direction. Fig. 5.16

Definition
If is the angle of inclination of a non-vertical straight line, then tan is called the
slope or gradient of the line and is denoted by m.
Therefore the slope of the straight line is m = tan , 0 ≤ ≤ 180° , ≠ 90°

To find the slope of a straight line when two points are given
Y
Slope m = tan 7
B(x2,y2)
opposite side 6
= 5
adjacent side 4
(y2–y1)

3
BC A(x1,y1) q
= 2
(x2–x1)
C
AC 1
q
y 2 − y1 0
m = . X′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X
x 2 − x1 Y¢
Fig. 5.17
y1 − y 2
It can also be measured as = .
x1 − x 2
Note
change in y coordinates The slope of a vertical
Slope m =
change in x coordinates line is undefined.
y 2 - y1
The slope of the line through (x 1, y1 ) and (x 2 , y2 ) with x 1 ¹ x 2 is .
x 2 - x1
Values of slopes
S. No. Condition Slope Diagram
Y
4
3

The line is parallel 2

1
(i) = 0° to the positive = 0°
direction of X axis. X′-2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
Y¢
Fig. 5.18(a)

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 Y
4
3
The line has positive 0∠ ∠90°
2
slope (A line with 1
(ii) 0< < 90°
positive slope rises
X′ -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
from left to right). -1
Y¢
Fig. 5.18(b)

Y
4
3
The line has negative 2
90°∠ ∠180°
slope (A line with
(iii) 90° < < 180° 1
negative slope falls
X′ -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
from left to right). -1
Y¢
Fig. 5.18(c)

Y
4
3

The line is parallel 2

(iv) = 180° to the negative 1

= 180°
direction of X axis. X′ -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
-1
Y¢
Fig. 5.18(d)

Y
4
= 90°
3
2
The slope is
(v) = 90°
1
undefined.
X′ -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
-1
Y¢
Fig. 5.18(e)

Activity 3
Y
6
5 l2
The diagram contain four lines l1
4
l1, l2, l3 and l4. 3

(i) Which lines have positive slope? 2

1
(ii) Which lines have negative slope?
X′ -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
-1
-2 l3 l4
Y¢
Fig. 5.19

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 Progress Check

Write down the slope of each of the lines shown on the grid below one is solved for you.
Y Y
(i) (ii) Slope = ?
Slope = ?
s
t
O X

O X Y Y
q
Y
(iii) (iv) (v) r
p
Slope = ?

Slope = 3/3 = 1 Slope = ?

O X O X O X

Fig. 5.20
change in y coordinate 3
Solution (iii) Slope of the line p = = =1
change in x coordinate 3

5.4.2 Slopes of parallel lines 6

Y
l1
Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if 5
4
their slopes are equal. 3
0∠ ∠90° l2

Let l1 and l2 be two non-vertical lines with slopes 2

1
m1 and m2 respectively. 1 2

Let the inclination of the lines with positive X′ -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X

-1
direction of X axis be 1 and 2 respectively. -2
Y¢
Assume, l1 and l2are parallel Fig. 5.21

1
= 2
(Since, 1
, 2
are corresponding angles)
tan 1
= tan 2

m1 = m2
Hence, the slopes are equal.
Therefore, non-vertical parallel lines have equal slopes.
Conversely
Let the slopes be equal, then m1 = m2
tan 1
= tan 2

1
= 2
(since 0 £ 1
, 2
≤ 180° )

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 That is the corresponding angles are equal.
Gives l1 and l2 are parallel.
Thus, non-vertical lines having equal slopes are parallel.
Hence, non vertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.

5.4.3 Slopes of perpendicular lines

Y
Two non-vertical lines with slopes m1 6 l2 l1
and m2 are perpendicular if and only if 5 C

m1m2 = −1 . 4
3

Let l1 and l2 be two non-vertical lines 2

with slopes m1 and m2 , respectively. Let their 1

1 90o– 1
2

inclinations be 1 and 2 respectively. X′ -1 0 1A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11B 12 13 X

-1
Then m1 = tan 1
and m2 = tan 2
-2
Y¢
Fig. 5.22
First we assume that, l1 and l2 are
perpendicular to each other.
Then ∠ABC = 90° − 1
(sum of angles of DABC is 180° )
Now measuring slope of l2 through angles 2
and 90° − 1 , which are opposite to each
other, we get
tan ( 2 ) = − tan(90 ° − 1 )
− sin(90 ° − 1 ) −cos 1
= = 1
= −cot 1
gives, tan 2
=−
cos(90 ° − 1 ) sin 1
tan 1

ta n 1. ta n 2
= −1
m1.m2 = −1 .

Thus, when the line l1 is perpendicular to line l2 then m1m2 = −1 .

Conversely,
Let l1 and l2 be two non-vertical lines with slopes m1 and m2 respectively, such that
m1m2 = −1 .
Since m1 = tan 1 , m2 = tan 2

We have tan 1
tan 2
= −1
1
tan 1
=−
tan 2

tan 1
= −cot 2

tan 1
= − tan(90 ° − 2 )
tan 1
= ta n (−(90 ° − 2 )) = tan ( 2 − 90 °)

1
= 2
− 90° (since 0 ≤ 1, 2
≤ 180 ° )
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 2
= 90° + 1

But in DABC , 2
= ∠C + 1 In any triangle, exterior
Therefore, ∠C = 90° angle is equal to sum of the
opposite interior angles.
Note
Let l1 and l2 be two lines with well-defined slopes m1 and m2 respectively, then
(i) l1 is parallel to l2 if and only if m1 = m2 .
(ii) l1 is perpendicular to l2 if and only if m1m2 = −1 .
Example 5.8 (i) What is the slope of a line whose inclination is 30 ?
(ii) What is the inclination of a line whose slope is 3?

Solution (i) Here = 30°

Thinking Corner
Slope m = tan
1 The straight lines X axis
Therefore, slope m = tan 30° =
3 and Y axis are
(ii) Given m = 3 , let be the inclination of the line perpendicular to each
other. Is the condition
tan = 3 m1m2 = −1 true?

We get, = 60°

Example 5.9 Find the slope of a line joining the given points
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛2 3 ⎞
(i) (-6, 1 ) and (-3, 2 ) (ii) ⎜⎜⎜− , ⎟⎟⎟ and ⎜⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟⎟ (iii) (14 , 10 ) and (14 , -6 )
⎜⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 7 7 ⎟⎠
Solution
(i) (-6, 1 ) and (-3, 2 )
y 2 − y1 2 −1 1
The slope = = = .
x 2 − x1 −3 + 6 3
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛2 3 ⎞
(ii) ⎜⎜⎜− , ⎟⎟⎟ and ⎜⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟⎟
⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 7 7 ⎟⎠ Progress Check
3 1 6−7
−
The slope = 7 2 = 14 S.No. Points Slope
2 1 6+7 1 A(–a, b), B(3a,–b) __
+
7 3 21 2 2
A(2, 3), B(_,_)
1 21 3 3 ___ 0
=− × =− .
14 13 26 4 ___ undefined
(iii) (14 , 10 ) and (14 , - 6 )
−6 − 10 −16
The slope = = .
14 − 14 0
The slope is undefined.

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 Example 5.10 The line r passes through the points (–2, 2) and (5, 8) and the line s
passes through the points (–8, 7) and (–2, 0). Is the line r perpendicular to s ?
8−2 6
Solution The slope of line r is m1 = =
5+2 7
0−7 −7
The slope of line s is m2 = =
−2 + 8 6
6 −7
The product of slopes = × = −1
7 6
That is, m1m2 = −1
Therefore, the line r is perpendicular to line s.
Example 5.11 The line p passes through the points (3, - 2 ) , (12 , 4 ) and the line q passes
through the points (6, - 2 ) and (12 , 2 ) . Is p parallel to q ?
4+2 6 2
Solution The slope of line p is m1 = = =
12 − 3 9 3
2+2 4 2
The slope of line q is m2 = = =
12 − 6 6 3
Thus slope of line p = slope of line q.
Therefore, the line p is parallel to the line q.
Example 5.12 Show that the points (-2, 5 ) , (6, - 1 ) and (2, 2) are collinear.
Solution The vertices are A(-2, 5 ) , B(6, -1 ) and C(2, 2) .
− 1 − 5 −6 −3 Y
Slope of AB = = = 6
6+2 8 4 A
5
2 +1 3 −3 (–2,5)
Slope of BC = = = 4
2 − 6 −4 4 3

We get, Slope of AB = Slope of BC 2 C

(2,2)
1
Therefore, the points A, B, C all lie in a same
X′ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
straight line. -1
(6,–1)
B
-2
Hence the points A, B and C are collinear. Y¢
Fig. 5.23
Example 5.13 A(1, - 2 ) , B(6, - 2 ) , C(5, 1 ) and D(2, 1 ) be four points
(i) Find the slope of the line segment (a) AB (b) CD
(ii) Find the slope of the line segment (a) BC (b) AD
(iii) What can you deduce from your answer.
y 2 − y1 −2 + 2 If the slopes of both
Solution (i) (a) Slope of AB = = =0
x 2 − x1 6 −1 the pairs of opposite
sides are equal then
1−1 0 the quadrilateral is a
(b) Slope of CD = = =0
2 − 5 −3 parallelogram.

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 1+2 3
(ii) (a) Slope of AD = = =3
2 −1 1
1+2 3
(b) Slope of BC = = = −3
5 − 6 −1
(iii) The slope of AB and CD are equal so they are parallel.
Similarly the lines AD and BC are not parallel, since their slopes are not equal.
So, we can deduce that the quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium.

Example 5.14 Consider the given growth of population graph. Find the slope of the line
AB and hence estimate the population in the year 2030?
Y
Solution The points A(2005 , 96 ) and B(2015 , 100)
are on the line AB. 102

100 − 96 4 2
Slope of AB = = = 100
B(2015, 100)

Production (in crores)

2015 − 2005 10 5
98
Let the growth of population in 2030 be k crores.
96
A(2005, 96)
Assuming that the point C (2030, k ) is on AB,
94

we have, slope of AC = slope of AB

92

k - 96 2 k − 96 2
= gives = 0
2030 - 2005 5 25 5 X′ 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 X
Y¢ Year
k - 96 = 10 Fig. 5.24
k = 106
Hence the estimated population in 2030 = 106 Crores.
Example 5.15 Without using Pythagoras theorem, show that the vertices (1, - 4 ) , (2, - 3 )
and (4, - 7 ) form a right angled triangle.
Solution The vertices are A(1, - 4 ) , B(2, - 3 ) and C(4, - 7 ) .
−3 + 4 1
The slope of AB = = =1
2 −1 1
−7 + 3 −4
The slope of BC = = = −2
4−2 2
−7 + 4 −3
The slope of AC = = = −1
4 −1 3
Slope of AB ´ slope of AC = (1)(−1) = −1 Thinking Corner
That is, when the product of slope is –1, Provide three examples of
using the concept of slope in
AB is perpendicular to AC. ∠A = 90° real-life situations.
Therefore, D ABC is a right angled triangle.

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 Example 5.16 Prove analytically that the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides
of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is equal to half of its length.
Solution Let P (a, b) Q(c, d ) and R(e, f ) be the vertices of a triangle.
Let S be the mid-point of PQ and T be the mid-point of PR
P(a,b)
⎛a + c b + d ⎞⎟ ⎛a + e b + f ⎞⎟
Therefore, S = ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ and T = ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 2 , 2 ⎟⎟⎠
⎟
⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
b + f b +d S
−
Now, slope of ST = 2 2 = f −d T

a +e a +c e −c
−
2 2 Q(c,d)
(e,f)
f −d Fig. 5.25
And slope of QR = R
e −c
Therefore, ST is parallel to QR. (since, their slopes are equal)
2 2 Note
⎛a + e a + c ⎞⎟ ⎛b + f b + d ⎞⎟
Also ST = ⎜⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟⎠
⎟ This example
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
illustrates how a
1 geometrical result
= (e − c)2 + ( f − d )2
2 can be proved
1 using coordinate
ST = QR Geometry.
2
Thus ST is parallel to QR and half of it.

Exercise 5.2
1. What is the slope of a line whose inclination with positive direction of x -axis is
(i) 90 (ii) 0
2. What is the inclination of a line whose slope is (i) 0 (ii) 1
3. Find the slope of a line joining the points
( )
(i) 5, 5 with the origin (ii) (sin , - cos ) and (- sin , cos )
4. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line joining A(5, 1 ) and P where P is
the mid-point of the segment joining (4, 2 ) and (-6, 4 ) .
5. Show that the given points are collinear: (-3, - 4 ) , (7, 2 ) and (12 , 5 )
6. If the three points (3, - 1 ) , (a, 3 ) and (1, - 3 ) are collinear, find the value of a.
1
7. The line through the points (-2 , a ) and (9, 3 ) has slope - . Find the value of a.
2
8. The line through the points (-2, 6 ) and (4,8) is perpendicular to the line through the
points (8,12) and (x , 24 ) . Find the value of x.
9. Show that the given vertices form a right angled triangle and check whether its
satisfies pythagoras theorem
(i) A(1, - 4 ) , B(2, - 3 ) and C(4, - 7 ) (ii) L(0, 5 ) , M(9, 1 2 ) and N (3, 1 4 )
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 10. Show that the given points form a parallelogram :
A(2.5 , 3.5 ) , B(10 , - 4 ) , C(2.5 , - 2.5 ) and D(-5, 5)
11. If the points A(2,2), B(–2, –3), C(1, –3) and D(x, y) form a parallelogram then find
the value of x and y.
12. Let A(3, - 4 ) , B(9, - 4 ) , C(5, - 7 ) and D(7, - 7) . Show that ABCD is a trapezium.
13. A quadrilateral has vertices A(-4, - 2 ) , B(5, - 1 ) , C(6, 5 ) and D(-7, 6 ) . Show that the
mid-points of its sides form a parallelogram.
14. PQRS is a rhombus. Its diagonals PR and QS intersect at the point M and satisfy
QS = 2PR. If the coordinates of S and M are (1, 1) and (2, - 1 ) respectively, find the
coordinates of P.

5.5 Straight line Y

Any first degree equation in two variables x and y of

the form ax + by + c = 0 …(1) where a, b, c are real ax+
by+
c=
numbers and at least one of a, b is non-zero is called 0
“Straight line” in xy plane.
X′ 0 X
5.5.1 Equation of coordinate axes Y¢
Fig. 5.26
The X axis and Y axis together are called coordinate axes. Y
The x coordinate of every point on OY (Y axis) is 0. Therefore
(0,3)
equation of OY(Y axis) is x = 0
(0,2)
Y
The y coordinate of every (0,1)
(0,0)
point on OX (X axis) is 0. X′ 0 X
(0,–1)
(–4,0)
(–3,0)
(–2,0)
(–1,0)

Therefore the equation of OX

(1,0)
(2,0)
(3,0)
(4,0)
(5,0)
(0,0)

(0,–2)
X′ 0 X
(X axis) is y = 0 (0,–3)
(0,–4)
Y¢
Y¢
Fig. 5.28
Fig. 5.27
Y

5.5.2 Equation of a straight line parallel to X axis

(–4,b)
(–3,b)
(–2,b)
(–1,b)

(1,b)
(2,b)
(3,b)
(4,b)
(5,b)
(0,b)

Let AB be a straight line parallel to X axis, which

y=b
is at a distance ‘b’. Then y coordinate of every point on
‘AB’ is ‘b’. X′ 0 Y¢ X
Fig. 5.29
Therefore, the equation of AB is y = b
Note
� If b 0 , then the line y=b lies above the X axis
� If b < 0 , then the line y=b lies below the X axis
� If b = 0 , then the line y=b is the X axis itself.

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 5.5.3 Equation of a Straight line parallel to the Y axis Y
(c, 4)
Let CD be a straight line parallel to Y axis, which is at a (c, 3)
distance ‘c’. Then x coordinate of every point on CD is ‘c’. The (c, 2)

equation of CD is x = c. (c, 1)
Note (c, 0)
X′ 0 X
If c 0 , then the line x=c lies right to the side of the Y axis (c,–1)

x=c
(c,–2)
If c < 0 , then the line x=c lies left to the side of the Y axis (c,–3)
If c = 0 , then the line x=c is the Y axis itself. (c,–4)
Y¢
Fig. 5.30
Example 5.17 Find the equation of the straight line passing
through (5,7) and is (i) parallel to X axis (ii) parallel to Y axis.
Solution (i) The equation of any straight line parallel to X axis is y=b.
Since it passes through (5,7), b = 7 .
Therefore, the required equation of the line is y=7.

(ii) The equation of any straight line parallel toY axis is x=c
Since it passes through (5,7), c = 5
Therefore, the required equation of the line is y=5.

5.5.4 Slope-Intercept Form

Every straight line that is not vertical will cut the Y axis at a single point. The
y coordinate of this point is called y intercept of the line.
A line with slope m and y intercept c can be expressed through the equation
y=mx+c
We call this equation as the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line.
Note
� If a line with slope m, makes x intercept d, then the equation of the straight line
x = my+d.
� y = mx is the equation of a straight line passing through the origin.

Example 5.18 Find the equation of a straight line whose

(i) Slope is 5 and y intercept is -9 (ii) Inclination is 45 and y intercept is 11
Solution (i) Given, Slope = 5, y intercept, c = −9
Therefore, equation of a straight line is y = mx + c
y = 5x − 9 gives 5x − y − 9 = 0
(ii) Given, = 45° , y intercept, c = 11
Slope m = tan = tan 45° = 1
Therefore, equation of a straight line is of the form y = mx + c
Hence we get, y = x + 11 gives x − y + 11 = 0

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 Example 5.19 Calculate the slope and y intercept of the straight line 8x − 7y + 6 = 0
Solution Equation of the given straight line is 8x − 7y + 6 = 0
7y = 8x + 6 (bringing it to the form y = mx + c )
86 For, the point
y = x+ …(1) (x, y) in a xy plane, the
77
Comparing (1) with y = mx + c x-coordinate x is called
“Abscissae” and the
8 6 y-coordinate y is called
Slope m = and y intercept c = “Ordinate”.
7 7
Example 5.20 The graph relates temperatures y (in Fahrenheit degree) to temperatures x
(in Celsius degree) (a) Find the slope and y intercept (b) Write an equation of the line
(c) What is the mean temperature of the earth in Fahrenheit degree if its mean temperature
is 25 celsius?
change in y coordinate 68 − 32 36 9
Solution (a) From the figure, slope = = = = = 1.8
change is x coordinate 20 − 0 20 5
The line crosses the Y axis at (0, 32) 80
Y

9 70 (20, 68)
So the slope is and y intercept is 32.
5 60
50
Fahrenheit
(b) Use the slope and y intercept to write an equation 40
9 (0, 32)
The equation is y = x + 32 30
5 20

(c) In Celsius, the mean temperature of the earth is 25 . To 10

find the mean temperature in Fahrenheit, we find the X′ -1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 X

value of y when x = 25 Y′ Celsius
Fig. 5.31
y=
9
x + 32
Note
5 The formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is
9 9
y = (25) + 32 given by F = C + 32. which is the linear equation
5 5
y = 77 representing a stragiht line is derived in the example.

Therefore, the mean temperature of the earth is 77 F.

Y
5.5.5 Point-Slope form 8
7
Here we will find the equation of a straight line 6
passing through a given point A(x 1, y1 ) and having the 5 (x, y)
P

slope m. 4
(y–y1)
3
A(x1, y1)
Let P (x , y ) be any point other than A on the given 2
(x–x1)
line. Slope of the line joining A(x 1, y1 ) and P (x , y ) is given 1

by
y − y1 X ′ -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
m = tan = Y′ M
x − x1
Fig. 5.32
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 Therefore, the equation of the required line is Thinking Corner
y − y1 = m(x − x 1 ) (Point slope form) Is it possible to express, the
equation of a straight line in
Example 5.21 Find the equation of a line passing slope-intercept form, when it
-5
through the point (3, - 4 ) and having slope is parallel to Y axis?
7
−5
Solution Given, (x 1, y1 ) = (3, −4) and m =
7
The equation of the point-slope form of the straight line is y − y1 = m(x − x 1 )
5
we write it as y + 4 = − (x − 3 )
7
gives us 5x + 7y + 13 = 0

Example 5.22 Find the equation of a line passing through the point A(1, 4 ) and
perpendicular to the line joining points (2, 5 ) and (4, 7 ) .
Y
Solution 8
7 C
Let the given points be A(1, 4 ) , B(2, 5 ) and C (4, 7 ) . (4, 7)
6
7−5 2 B
Slope of line BC = = =1 5
90o (2, 5)
4−2 2 4 A(1, 4)
Let m be the slope of the required line. 3
2
Since the required line is perpendicular to BC,
1
m ´1 = −1
X′ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
m = −1
Y′
The required line also pass through the point A(1,4). Fig. 5.33
The equation of the required straight line is y − y1 = m(x − x 1 )
y - 4 = −1(x − 1)
y - 4 = −x + 1
we get, x +y −5 = 0

5.5.6 Two Points form

Let A(x 1, y1 ) and B(x 2 , y2 ) be two given distinct points. Slope of the straight line
y 2 − y1
passing through these points is given by m = , (x 2 ¹ x 1 ) .
x 2 − x1
From the equation of the straight line in point slope form, we get
y 2 − y1
y - y1 = (x − x 1 )
x 2 − x1
y - y1 x − x1
Hence, = (is the equation of the line in two-point form)
y 2 - y1 x 2 − x1

Example 5.23 Find the equation of a straight line passing through (5, - 3 ) and (7, - 4 ) .
Solution The equation of a straight line passing through the two points (x 1, y1 ) and (x 2 , y2 ) is
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 y - y1 x − x1
=
y 2 - y1 x 2 − x1
The graet mathematical
Substituting the points we get, physicists like Galileo and Newton
y +3 x −5 used coordinate geometry to
=
−4 + 3 7−5 characterize the motions of
gives 2y + 6 = −x + 5 objects in plane and space.
Therefore, x + 2y + 1 = 0

Example 5.24 Two buildings of Y (14,12)

12
different heights are located at 11
(6,10)
opposite sides of each other. If a heavy 10
rod is attached joining the terrace of 9
the buildings from (6, 1 0 ) to (14 , 12 ) , 8

find the equation of the rod joining 7

the buildings ? 6
5
Solution Let A(6, 1 0 ) , B(14 , 12 ) be the 4
points denoting the terrace of the 3
buildings. 2

The equation of the rod is the 1

equation of the straight line passing X′ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 X

through A(6,10) and B(14,12) Y¢ Fig. 5.34

y - y1 x − x1 y - 10 x −6
= gives =
y 2 - y1 x 2 − x1 12 - 10 14 − 6

y - 10 x −6
=
2 8
Therefore, x − 4y + 34 = 0

Hence, equation of the rod is x − 4y + 34 = 0

5.5.7 Intercept Form P
Y
14 (0, b)
We will find the equation of a line whose 12 B
10
intercepts are a and b on the coordinate axes
8
respectively.
b 6

Let PQ be a line meeting X axis at A and Y axis 4

2 (a, 0)
at B. Let OA=a, OB=b. Then the coordinates of A a A
and B are (a, 0 ) and (0 , b) respectively. Therefore, the X′-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 X
-1
Q
equation of the line joining A and B is Y¢
Fig. 5.35
y − 0 x −a y x −a y −x
= we get, = gives = +1
b−0 0 −a b −a b a
x y
Hence, + = 1 (Intercept form of a line)
a b
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 Progress Check
Form When to use? Name
y = mx + c Slope=m, Intercept=c are given ---
y − y1 x − x1
= --- ---
y 2 − y1 x 2 − x1
--- The intercepts are given Intercept form

Example 5.25 Find the equation of a line which passes through (5,7) and makes intercepts
on the axes equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
Solution Let the x intercept be ‘a’ and y intercept be ‘–a’.
x y
The equation of the line in intercept form is + =1
a b
x y
gives + = 1 (Here b = –a)
a −a
Therefore, x −y = a ...(1)
Since (1) passes through (5,7)
Therefore, 5 - 7 = a gives a = −2
Thus the required equation of the straight line is x − y = −2 ; or x − y + 2 = 0

Example 5.26 Find the intercepts made by the line 4x − 9y + 36 = 0 on the coordinate axes.
Solution Equation of the given line is 4x − 9y + 36 = 0
we write it as 4x - 9y = −36 (bringing it to the normal form)
x y
Dividing by -36 we get, + =1 ...(1)
−9 4
Comparing (1) with intercept form, we get x intercept a = −9 ; y intercept b = 4
Example 5.27 A mobile phone is put to use when the battery power is 100%. The percent
of battery power ‘y’ remaining after using the mobile phone for x hours is assumed as
y = −0.2 5x + 1
(i) Draw a graph of the equation.
60%
(ii) Find the number of hours elapsed if the battery power is 40%.
(iii) How much time does it take so that the battery has no power?
Solution Y 40%
(i) 1.25
Battery power

1.00 y
= Fig. 5.36
0.75 −
0.
2 5x
0.50
+
0.25 1

X′ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
Y¢ Hours

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 (ii) To find the time when the battery power is 40%, we have to take y = 0.4 0
0.4 0 = −0.2 5x + 1 gives 0.2 5 x = 0.6 0
0.6 0
we get, x = = 2.4 hours.
0.25
(iii) If the battery power is 0 then y = 0
Therefore, 0 = −0.2 5x + 1 -0.2 5 x = 1 x = 4 hours.
Thus, after 4 hours, the battery of the mobile phone will have no power.
Example 5.28 A line makes positive intercepts on coordinate axes whose sum is 7 and it
passes through (-3, 8 ) . Find its equation.
Solution If a and b are the intercepts then a + b = 7 or b = 7 − a
x y
By intercept form + =1 ...(1)
a b
x y
We have + =1
a 7 −a
As this line pass through the point (-3, 8 ) , we have
−3 8
+ = 1 gives –3(7–a) + 8a = a(7–a)
a 7 −a
−21 + 3a + 8a = 7a − a 2
So, a 2 + 4a − 21 = 0
Solving this equation (a − 3)(a + 7 ) = 0
a = 3 or a = −7
Since a is positive, we have a = 3 and b = 7–a = 7–3 =4.
x y
Hence + =1
3 4
Therefore, 4x + 3y − 12 = 0 is the required equation.
Y
Example 5.29 A circular garden is bounded 12
North Street

11
by East Avenue and Cross Road. Cross Road 10
A(3,10)

intersects North Street at D and East Avenue

d

9
oa
sR

at E. AD is tangential to the circular garden at 8

os

Y
Cr

7
A(3, 10) using the figure. 6 M(7,7)
D
5
(a) Find the equation of 4

(i) East Avenue. 3

C(0,2)
E 2 B(7,2)
East Avenue
(ii) North Street 1

(iii) Cross Road 0 X

X′ Y′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fig. 5.37
(b) Where does the Cross Road intersect the
(i) East Avenue ? (ii) North Street ?
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 Solution (a) (i) East Avenue is the straight line joining C(0, 2 ) and B(7, 2 ) . Thus the
equation of East Avenue is obtained by using two-point form which is
y −2 x −0
=
2−2 7−0
y −2 x
= gives y = 2
0 7
(ii) Since the point D lie vertically above C(0, 2 ) . The x coordinate of D is 0.
Since any point on North Street has x coordinate value 0.
Therefore, the equation of North Street is x = 0

(iii) To find equation of Cross Road.

Center of circular garden M is (7, 7), A is (3, 10)
We first find slope of MA, which we call m1
10 − 7 −3
Thus m1 = = .
3−7 4
Since the Cross Road is perpendicular to MA, if m2 is the slope of the Cross
−3 4
Road then, m1m2 = −1 ⇒ m2 = −1 gives m2 = .
4 3
4
Now, the cross road has slope and it passes through the point A (3, 1 0 ) .
3
4
The equation of the Cross Road is y − 10 = (x − 3 )
3
3y − 30 = 4x − 12
Hence, 4x − 3y + 18 = 0

(b) (i) If D is (0 , k ) then D is a point on the Cross Road.

Therefore, substituting x = 0 , y = k in the equation of Cross Road,
we get, 0 − 3k + 18 = 0
Value of k =6

Therefore, D is (0, 6)

(ii) To find E, let E be (q, 2 )

Put y = 2 in the equation of the Cross Road,

we get, 4q − 6 + 18 = 0

4q = −12 gives q = –3

Therefore, The point E is (-3, 2 )

Thus the Cross Road meets the North Street at D(0, 6) and
East Avenue at E (-3, 2 ) .

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 Progress Check

S.No. Equation Slope x intercept y intercept

1 3x – 4y + 2 = 0 --- --- ---
2 y = 14x --- --- 0
3 --- --- 2 –3

Activity 4
Y
6
5
If line l1 is perpendicular to line l2 and line l3 has
4
slope 3 then 3 A(0, 3)
2 l1
(i) find the equation of line l1 1 , 0) H
B(1
(ii) find the equation of line l2 X′ -1-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
E
-2 l2
(iii) find the equation of line l3 C(1,–2)
l3
-3 G(2, –3)
Y′
Fig. 5.38

Activity 5
A ladder is placed against a vertical wall with its foot touching the horizontal floor. Find
the equation of the ladder under the following conditions.

No. Condition Picture Equation of the

ladder
(i) The ladder is 8
Y
(0, 8)
inclined at 60 to 7
the floor and it 6
touches the wall at 5

(0,8) Ladder 4 Wall

3
2 C
1
60
X′ -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 X
Y¢
Fig. 5.39
(ii) The foot and top
of the ladder are at
the points (2,4) and
(5,1)

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 Exercise 5.3

1. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the mid-point of a line segment
joining the points (1, - 5 ) , (4,2) and parallel to : (i) X axis (ii) Y axis
2. The equation of a straight line is 2(x − y ) + 5 = 0 . Find its slope, inclination and
intercept on the Y axis.
3. Find the equation of a line whose inclination is 30˚ and making an intercept -3 on
the Y axis.
4. Find the slope and y intercept of 3x + (1 − 3 )y = 3 .
5. Find the value of ‘a’, if the line through (–2,3) and (8,5) is perpendicular to y = ax + 2
6. The hill is in the form of a triangle has its foot at (19 , 3 ) . The inclination of the hill to
the ground is 45˚. Find the equation of the hill joining the foot and top.
7. Find the equation of a line through the given pair of points
⎛ ⎞
2 ⎛ −1 ⎞
(i) ⎜⎜⎜2 , ⎟⎟⎟ and ⎜⎜⎜ , − 2 ⎟⎟⎟ (ii) (2, 3 ) and (-7, - 1 )
⎝ 3 ⎠⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

8. A cat is located at the point (-6, - 4 ) in xy plane. A bottle of milk is kept at (5, 1 1 ) .
The cat wishes to consume the milk travelling through shortest possible distance.
Find the equation of the path it needs to take its milk.
9. Find the equation of the median and altitude of DABC through A where the vertices
are A(6, 2 ) , B(-5, - 1 ) and C(1, 9 )
-5
10. Find the equation of a straight line which has Slope and passing through the
4
point (–1,2).
11. You are downloading a song. The percent y (in decimal form) of mega bytes
remaining to get downloaded in x seconds is given by y = −0.1 x + 1 . Find
(i) graph the equation.
(ii) the total MB of the song.
(iii) after how many seconds will 75% of the song gets downloaded.
(iv) after how many seconds the song will be downloaded completely.
12. Find the equation of a line whose intercepts on the x and y axes are given below.
3
(i) 4, –6 (ii) -5 ,
4
13. Find the intercepts made by the following lines on the coordinate axes.
(i) 3x − 2y − 6 = 0 (ii) 4x + 3y + 12 = 0

14. Find the equation of a straight line

(i) passing through (1, - 4 ) and has intercepts which are in the ratio 2:5
(ii) passing through (-8, 4 ) and making equal intercepts on the coordinate axes
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 5.6 General Form of a Straight Line
The linear equation (first degree polynomial in two variables x and y) ax + by + c = 0
(where a, b and c are real numbers such that at least one of a, b is non-zero) always
represents a straight line. This is the general form of a straight line.
Now, let us find out the equations of a straight line in the following cases
(i) parallel to ax + by + c = 0
(ii) perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0
(iii) The point of intersection of two intersecting straight lines

5.6.1 Equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0

The equation of all lines parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 can be put in the form
ax + by + k = 0 for different values of k.
5.6.2 Equation of a line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0
The equation of all lines perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 can be written as
bx − ay + k = 0 for different values of k.
5.6.3 The point of intersection of two intersecting straight lines.
If two straight lines are not parallel, then they will intersect at a point. This point lies
on both the straight lines. Hence the point of intersection is obtained by solving the two
given equations

Two straight lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 where the coefficients
are non-zero, are
a b a b
(i) parallel if and only if 1 = 1 ; That is, a1b2 − a2b1 = 0 gives 1 1 = 0
a2 b2 a2 b2
(ii) perpendicular if and only if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0

Progress Check

No. Equations Parallel or S.No. Equations Parallel or

perpendicular perpendicular
1 5x + 2y + 5 = 0 3 8x − 10y + 11 = 0
5x + 2y − 3 = 0 4x–5y+16 = 0
2 3x − 7y − 6 = 0 4 2y − 9x − 7 = 0
7x + 3y + 8 = 0 27y + 6x − 21 = 0

5.6.4 Slope of a straight line

The general form of the equation of a straight line is ax + by + c = 0 . (at least one of
a, b is non-zero)

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 coefficient of x = a , coefficient of y = b , constant term = c .
The above equation can be rewritten as by = −ax − c
a c
gives y = − x − , if b ¹ 0 …(1)
b b
comparing (1) with the form y = mx + l
We get, slope m = −
a Thinking Corner
b How many straight
−coefficient of x
m = lines do you have with
coefficient of y
slope 1?
c
y intercept l = −
b
−constant term
y intercept =
coefficient of y

Example 5.30 Find the slope of the straight line 6x + 8y + 7 = 0 .

Solution Given 6x + 8y + 7 = 0
−coefficient of x 6 3
slope m = =− =−
coefficient of y 8 4
3
Therefore, the slope of the straight line is - .
4
Example 5.31 Find the slope of the line which is
(i) parallel to 3x − 7y = 11 (ii) perpendicular to 2x − 3y + 8 = 0

Solution (i) Given straight line is 3x − 7y = 11

gives 3x - 7y –11 = 0
−3 3
Slope m = =
−7 7
Since parallel line have same slopes, slope of any line parallel to
3
3x − 7y = 11 is .
7
(ii) Given straight line is 2x − 3y + 8 = 0
−2 2
Slope m = =
−3 3
Since product of slope is −1 for perpendicular lines, slope of any line
−1 −3
perpendicular to 2x − 3y + 8 = 0 is =
2 2
3
Example 5.32 Show that the straight lines 2x + 3y − 8 = 0 and 4x + 6y + 18 = 0 are
parallel.

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 Solution Slope of the straight line 2x + 3y − 8 = 0 is Aliter
−coefficient of x a1 = 2 , b1 = 3
m1 =
coefficient of y a2 = 4 , b2 = 6
−2 a1 2 1
m1 = =
=
3 a2 4 2
Slope of the straight line 4x + 6y + 18 = 0 is b1 3 1
= =
− 4 −2 b2 6 2
m2 = =
6 3 a1 b1
Therefore, =
Here, m1 = m2 a2 b2
Hence the lines are
That is, slopes are equal. Hence, the two straight lines are
parallel.
parallel.

Example 5.33 Show that the straight lines x − 2y + 3 = 0 and 6x + 3y + 8 = 0 are

perpendicular.
Solution Slope of the straight line x − 2y + 3 = 0 is
−1 1 Aliter
m1 = =
−2 2 a1 = 1 , b1 = −2 ;
Slope of the straight line 6x + 3y + 8 = 0 is
a2 = 6 , b2 = 3
−6
m2 =
= −2
3 a1a2 + b1b2 = 6 − 6 = 0
1
Now, m1 × m2 = × (−2) = −1 The lines are perpendicular.
2
Hence, the two straight lines are perpendicular.
Example 5.34 Find the equation of a straight line which is parallel to the line 3x − 7y = 12
and passing through the point (6,4).
Solution Equation of the straight line, parallel to 3x − 7y − 12 = 0 is 3x − 7y + k = 0
Since it passes through the point (6,4)
3(6 ) − 7(4 ) + k = 0
k = 28 − 18 = 10
Therefore, equation of the required straight line is 3x − 7y + 10 = 0 .
4
Example 5.35 Find the equation of a straight line perpendicular to the line y = x − 7
3
and passing through the point (7, –1).
4x
Solution The equation y = − 7 can be written as 4x − 3y − 21 = 0 .
3
Equation of a straight line perpendicular to 4x − 3y − 21 = 0 is 3x + 4y + k = 0

Since it is passes through the point (7, –1),

21 − 4 + k = 0 we get, k = −17
Therefore, equation of the required straight line is 3x + 4y − 17 = 0 .
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 Example 5.36 Find the equation of a straight line parallel to Y axis and passing through
the point of intersection of the lines 4x + 5y = 13 and x − 8y + 9 = 0 .
Solution Given lines 4x + 5y − 13 = 0 ...(1)
x − 8y + 9 = 0 ...(2)
To find the point of intersection, solve equation (1) and (2)
x y 1
5 -13 4 5
-8 9 1 -8
x y 1
= =
45 - 104 −13 − 36 −32 − 5
x y 1
= =
-59 −49 −37
59 49
x= , y=
37 37
⎛ 59 49 ⎞⎟
Therefore, the point of intersection (x , y ) = ⎜⎜⎜ , ⎟
⎜⎝ 37 37 ⎟⎟⎠
The equation of line parallel to Y axis is x = c.
⎛ 59 49 ⎞⎟ 59
It passes through (x , y ) = ⎜⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ . Therefore, c = .
⎜⎝ 37 37 ⎟⎠ 37
59
The equation of the line is x = gives 37x − 59 = 0
37
Example 5.37 The line joining the points A(0, 5 ) and B(4, 1 ) is a tangent to a circle whose
centre C is at the point (4, 4)
(i) Find the equation of the line AB.
(ii) Find the equation of the line through C which is perpendicular to the line AB.
(iii) Find the coordinates of the point of contact of line AB with the circle.
Solution (i) Equation of line AB, A(0, 5 ) and B(4, 1 ) 6
Y
5)
y - y1 x − x1 5 A(0,
=
y 2 - y1 x 2 − x1 4 C (4,4)
3
y -5 x −0 P
= 2
1-5 4−0 1 (4, 1)
B
4(y - 5 ) = −4x gives y –5 = – x
X′ -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
-1
x + y – 5 =0
-2
Y¢
(ii) The equation of a line which is perpendicular Fig. 5.40
to the line AB : x + y − 5 = 0 is x − y + k = 0
Since it is passing through the point (4,4), we have
4 – 4 + k = 0 gives k = 0
The equation of a line which is perpendicular to AB and through C is x − y = 0 ...(2)
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 (iii) The coordinate of the point of contact P of the line AB with the circle is

point of intersection of line. Thinking Corner

x + y − 5 = 0 and x − y = 0 1. Find the number of point
of intersection of two
5 5
solving, we get x = and y = straight lines.
2 2
2. Find the number of
Therefore, the coordinate of the straight lines
⎛5 5 ⎞
point of contact is P ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟⎟ . perpendicular to the line
⎜2 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 2x − 3y + 6 = 0 .

Activity 6
Find the equation of a straight line for the given diagrams
Y Y
6 3
5 2
4 Slope = 2 1
3 3
X′ -5 04 03 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
2 -1
1 -2
-3 (4, –4)
X′ -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
-1 -4
-2 -5
Y¢ Y¢

Y Y
6 3
5 2
4 Slope = 2 1
3
3
(4, –3) X′ -5 04 03 -2 -1-10 1 2 3 4 5 X
2
1 -2
-3
X′ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
-1 -4
-2 -5
Y¢ Y¢
Fig. 5.41

Exercise 5.4
3
1. Find the slope of the following straight lines (i) 5y − 3 = 0 (ii) 7x − =0
17
2. Find the slope of the line which is
(i) parallel to y = 0.7 x − 11 (ii) perpendicular to the line x = −11
3. Check whether the given lines are parellel or perpendicular
x y 1 2x y 1
(i) + + = 0 and + + =0
3 4 7 3 2 10
(ii) 5x + 23y + 14 = 0 and 23x − 5y + 9 = 0
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 4. If the straight lines 12 y = −(p + 3)x + 12 , 12x − 7y = 16 are perpendicular then find ‘p’.
5. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point P(-5, 2 ) and parallel to
the line joining the points Q(3, - 2 ) and R(-5, 4 ) .
6. Find the equation of a line passing through (6,–2) and perpendicular to the line
joining the points (6,7) and (2,–3).
7. A(-3, 0 ) B(10 , - 2 ) and C(12 , 3 ) are the vertices of DABC . Find the equation of the
altitude through A and B.
8. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points
A(-4, 2 ) and B(6, - 4 ) .
9. Find the equation of a straight line through the intersection of lines 7x + 3y = 10 ,
5x − 4y = 1 and parallel to the line 13x + 5y + 12 = 0
10. Find the equation of a straight line through the intersection of lines 5x − 6y = 2 ,
3x + 2y = 10 and perpendicular to the line 4x − 7y + 13 = 0
11. Find the equation of a straight line joining the point of intersection of 3x + y + 2 = 0
and x − 2y − 4 = 0 to the point of intersection of 7x − 3y = −12 and 2y = x + 3
12. Find the equation of a straight line through the point of intersection of the lines 8x + 3y = 18
, 4x + 5y = 9 and bisecting the line segment joining the points (5,–4) and (–7,6).

Exercise 5.5

Multiple choice questions

1. The area of triangle formed by the points and (5,0) is

(1) 0 sq.units (2) 25 sq.units (3) 5 sq.units (4) none of these
2. A man walks near a wall, such that the distance between him and the wall is 10 units.
Consider the wall to be the Y axis. The path travelled by the man is
(1) x = 10 (2) y = 10 (3) x = 0 (4) y = 0
3. The straight line given by the equation x = 11 is
(1) parallel to X axis (2) parallel to Y axis
(3) passing through the origin (4) passing through the point (0,11)
4. If (5,7), (3,p) and (6,6) are collinear, then the value of p is
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 9 (4) 12
5. The point of intersection of 3x − y = 4 and x + y = 8 is
(1) (5,3) (2) (2,4) (3) (3,5) (4) (4,4)
1
6. The slope of the line joining (12 , 3 ) , (4 , a ) is . The value of ‘a’ is
8
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) -5 (4) 2
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 7. The slope of the line which is perpendicular to line joining the points (0,0) and
(–8,8) is
1
(1) –1 (2) 1 (3) (4) -8
3
1
8. If slope of the line PQ is then the slope of the perpendicular bisector of PQ is
3
1
(1) 3 (2) - 3 (3) (4) 0
3
9. If A is a point on the Y axis whose ordinate is 8 and B is a point on the X axis whose
abscissa is 5 then the equation of the line AB is
(1) 8x + 5y = 40 (2) 8x − 5y = 40 (3) x = 8 (4) y = 5
10. The equation of a line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the line
7x − 3y + 4 = 0 is
(1) 7x − 3y + 4 = 0 (2) 3x − 7y + 4 = 0 (3) 3x + 7y = 0 (4) 7x − 3y = 0
11. Consider four straight lines
(i) l1 : 3y = 4x + 5 (ii) l2 : 4y = 3x − 1 (iii) l 3 : 4y + 3x = 7 (iv) l 4 : 4x + 3y = 2
Which of the following statement is not true ?
(1) l1 and l 3 are perpendicular (2) l1 and l 4 are not parallel
(3) l2 and l 4 are not perpendicular (4) l2 and l 3 are not parallel
12. A straight line has equation 8y = 4x + 21 . Which of the following is true
(1) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 2.6
(2) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 1.6
(3) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 1.6
(4) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 2.6
13. When proving that a quadrilateral is a trapezoid, it is necessary to show
(1) Two lines are parallel.
(2) Two parallel and two non-parallel sides.
(3) Opposite sides are parallel.
(4) All sides are of equal length.
14. When proving that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram by using slopes you must find
(1) The slopes of all four sides
(2) The slopes of any one pair of opposite sides
(3) The lengths of all four sides
(4) Both the lengths and slopes of all four sides
15. (2, 1) is the point of intersection of two lines.
(1) x − y − 3 = 0; 3x − y − 7 = 0 (2) x + y = 3; 3x + y = 7
(3) 3x + y = 3; x + y = 7 (4) x + 3y − 3 = 0; x − y − 7 = 0

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 Unit Exercise - 5
1. PQRS is a rectangle formed by joining the points P(-1, -1) , Q(-1, 4 ) , R(5, 4 ) and
S(5, -1 ) . A, B, C and D are the mid-points of PQ, QR, RS and SP respectively. Is
the quadrilateral ABCD a square, a rectangle or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
2. The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2,1) and (3, –2). The third vertex
is (x, y) where y = x + 3 . Find the coordinates of the third vertex.
3. Find the area of a triangle formed by the lines 3x + y − 2 = 0 , 5x + 2y − 3 = 0 ,
2x − y − 3 = 0
4. If vertices of quadrilateral are at A(-5, 7 ) , B(-4 , k ) , C(-1, -6 ) and D(4, 5 ) and its area
is 72 sq.units. Find the value of k.
5. Without using distance formula, show that points (-2, -1 ) , (4, 0 ) , (3, 3) and (-3, 2 )
are the vertices of a parallelogram.
6. Find the equations of the lines, whose sum and product of intercepts are 1 and –6
respectively.
7. The owner of a milk store finds that, he can sell 980 litres of milk each week at
₹14/litre and 1220 litres of milk each week at ₹16/litre. Assuming a linear relationship
between selling price and demand, how many litres could he sell weekly at ₹17/litre?
8. Find the image of the point (3,8) with respect to the line x + 3y = 7 assuming the
line to be a plane mirror.
9. Find the equation of a line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
4x + 7y − 3 = 0 and 2x − 3y + 1 = 0 that has equal intercepts on the axes.
10. A person standing at a junction (crossing) of two straight paths represented by the
equations 2x − 3y + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4y − 5 = 0 seek to reach the path whose equation
is 6x − 7y + 8 = 0 in the least time. Find the equation of the path that he should follow.

Points to Remember
� The area of the triangle formed by the points (x 1, y1 ) , (x 2 , y2 ) and (x 3 , y 3 ) is
1
{(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x1y3 )} sq.units
2 1 2
� Three points A(x 1, y1 ) , B(x 2 , y2 ) and C (x 3 , y 3 ) are collinear if and only if
(i) area of ∆ABC = 0 or x 1y2 + x 2y 3 + x 3y1 = x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x 1y 3
(ii) slope of AB=slope of BC or slope of AC
� The area of a quadrilateral formed by the four points (x 1, y1 ) , (x 2 , y2 ) , (x 3 , y 3 ) and
1
(x 4 , y 4 ) is {(x y + x 2y3 + x 3y4 + x 4y1 ) − (x 2y1 + x 3y2 + x 4y3 + x1y4 )} sq.units.
2 1 2
� If a line makes an angle with the positive direction of X axis, then its slope
m = tan .
y - y1
� If A(x 1, y1 ), B(x 2 , y2 ) are two distinct points then the slope of AB is 2 .
x 2 - x1
−a
� Slope of line ax + by + c = 0 is m = .
b
Coordinate Geometry 235

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 Equation of straight line in various forms
Form Name Form Name
x y
ax + by + c = 0 General form + =1 Intercept form
a b

y − y1 = m(x − x 1 ) Point-slope form x =c Parallel to Y axis

y = mx + c Slope-intercept y =b Parallel to X axis

y − y1 x − x1
= Two point form
y 2 − y1 x 2 − x1

� Two straight lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.

� Two straight lines with well defined slopes m1 , m2 are perpendicular if and only if
m1 × m2 = −1.

ICT CORNER
ICT 5.1
Step 1: Open the Browser type the URL Link given below (or) Scan the QR Code. GeoGebra work book named
“Co-Ordinate Geometry” will open. In the left side of the work book there are many activity related to mensuration
chapter. Select the work sheet “Area of a Quadrilateral”
Step 2: In the given worksheet you can change the Question by clicking on “New Problem”. Move the slider to see the steps.
Work out each problem and verify your answer.

Step 1 Step 2 Expected results

ICT 5.2
Step 1: Open the Browser type the URL Link given below (or) Scan the QR Code. GeoGebra work book named
“Co-Ordinate Geometry” will open. In the left side of the work book there are many activity related to mensuration
chapter. Select the work sheet “Slope_Equation of a Straight Line”
Step 2: In the given worksheet you can change the Line by Dragging the points A and B on graph. Click on the Check boxes
on Left Hand Side to see various forms of same straight line.
Step 1 Step 2 Expected results

You can repeat the same steps for another activities

https://www.geogebra.org/m/jfr2zzgy#chapter/356195
or Scan the QR Code.

236 10th Standard Mathematics

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