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Tolman & Bandura2

Edward Tolman and Albert Bandura developed theories of learning called purposive behaviorism and social learning theory respectively. [1] Tolman believed that learning is a cognitive process involving forming beliefs about the environment and pursuing goals. [2] Bandura focused on learning through observation of others, stating that observing models is more efficient than direct experience alone. [3] Both theorists saw learning as more complex than the stimulus-response focus of behaviorism, incorporating cognitive and social elements.

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347 views2 pages

Tolman & Bandura2

Edward Tolman and Albert Bandura developed theories of learning called purposive behaviorism and social learning theory respectively. [1] Tolman believed that learning is a cognitive process involving forming beliefs about the environment and pursuing goals. [2] Bandura focused on learning through observation of others, stating that observing models is more efficient than direct experience alone. [3] Both theorists saw learning as more complex than the stimulus-response focus of behaviorism, incorporating cognitive and social elements.

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Rother Joy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FACILITATING LEARNING

MODULE 11 NEO BEHAVIORISM : TOLMAN AND BANDURA

Behaviorism the prediction and control of human behavior in which introspection


and /or independent thinking play no essential part of its teaching method.
Neo Behaviorism is a behavior cannot be fully understood simply in terms of observable stimulus and
reactions.

EDWARD TOLMAN’S PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM

*It has been referred to as SIGN LEARNING THEORY (Sign-Gestalt, Sign – Significance,
Expectancy Theory) and is often seen as a link between behaviorism and cognitive theory.
*Tolman believed that leaning is a cognitive process. Learning involves forming beliefs and obtaining
knowledge from the environment and then revealing that knowledge through purposeful and goal –
directed behavior.
* An organism learns by pursuing signs to a goal i.e., learning is acquired through meaningful
behavior.

TOLMAN’S KEY CONCEPTS

1. Learning is always purposive and goal- directed


2. Cognitive maps in rats
3. Latent Learning
4. The concept of Intervening variable
5. Reinforcement not essential for learning
- Reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism’s future
behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific stimulus

BEHAVIOR AS GOAL DIRECTED ACTIONS

a. Behavior is goal – directed


b. Behavior frequently makes use of environmental props or supports as means-end readiness
c. Behavior is molar; therefore it is docile.
d. Principle of least effort

ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

*Social Learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs with in a social context.
* Humans are flexible and capable of learning a multitude of attitudes, skills, and behaviors and that a
good bit of those learnings are a result of vicarious experiences.
* People can do learn from direct experience, much of what they learn is acquired through observing
others.
*Bandura(1986) stated that “if knowledge could be acquired only through the effects of one’s own
actions, the process of cognitive and social development would be greatly retarded, not to mention
exceedingly tedious”.

General Principles of Social Learning Theory


1) People can learn by observing
2) Learning can occur without a change
3) Cognition plays a role in learning
4) Bridge or a transition between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories
Main concepts in Social Learning Theory
1) Modeling – is the heart of observational learning
a. Live Model – actual person demonstrating the behavior
b. Symbolic Model – can be a person or action portrayed in other medium, such as
television, videotape, computer programs.
c. Verbal Instructional Model involves descriptions and explanations of behavior
Conditions necessary for effective modeling to occur
I. ATTENTION
II. RETENTION
III. MOTOR REPRODUCTION
IV. MOTIVATION
Effects of modeling on behavior
I. modeling teaches NEW behaviors
II. modeling increases the FREQUENCY of the previous learned behaviors
III. modeling may ENCOURAGE previous FORBIDDEN behavior
IV. modeling increases the FREQUENCY of SIMILAR behavior.
Principles that affects modeling
1. people most likely to model high status people
2. people who lack skill, power, or status are most likely to model
3. people tend to model behavior that they see as being rewarding to the model.

2) Observation – allows people to learn without performing any behavior.


Bandura(1986) believes that observational learning is much more efficient than
learning through direct experience.

3) Imitation – an act of reciprocating observed behavior.


Effects of Imitation
I. Modeling Effect – when an observer acquires a new response as a result of
seeing a model emit that response.
II. Inhibitory or disinhibitory Effect – the inhibitory effect is the suppression of a
deviant behavior in an observer as a result of seeing a model being punished for
engaging in the same behavior
III. Eliciting Effect – the emission of responses that do not precisely match those of
the model, but are related to the model’s response and belongs to the same
class of behavior.

Fiest, Jess et al., (2013) Theories of Personality International Eight Edition482-485


Ryckman, Richard M. (1993) Theories of Personality Fifth Edition 527 – 535
Lucas, Maria Rita & Corpus Brenda (2014) Facilitating Learning: a metacognitive process 99 - 106

Prepared by:

ROTHER JOY S. BALASOTE

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