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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SYNOPSIS

An equation involving one dependent variable, one or more independent variables and the
differential coefficients of dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called a
Differential Equation.

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative appearing in
the equation.

The degree of the differential equation is the power of the highest derivative involved in the
differential equation, when the equation has been expressed in the form of a polynomial by
eliminating radicals or fractional powers of the derivatives.

dy dy
The degree of the differential equation y = cos and x = y + log cannot be determined
dx dx
and hence undefined because these equations cannot be expressed as a polynomial equation
dy
in .
dx

A relation between the variables without derivatives of a differential equation is said to be a

solution.

The solution which containing as many as arbitrary constants as the order of the differential
equation is called general solution.

Solution obtained by giving particular values of the arbitrary constants in the general solution
of the differential equation is called a particular solution.

dy f (x ) dy
3.i) If =
dx g (y )
⇒ ∫ g( y)dy = ∫ f( x )dx + c . ii)
dx
= f(ax + by ) then put ax + by = z.

dy f (x , y )
4. i) = is a homogeneous differential equation of first order where f(x, y) and g(x, y)
dx g (x , y )

are homogeneous functions of the same order.

dy dv
ii) It can be reduced to variables separable form by substituting y = vx and = v+x .
dx dx

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∫
dv
iii) On putting y = vx, the solution is obtained from = log(cx ) .
f (1, v) − v

dy ax + by + c
5. = 1 , where a, b, c, a1, b1, c1 are constants, is called the non-homogeneous
dx a x + b y + c
1 1

differential equation of first order.

a b
i) If 1
= 1 then put ax + by = z.
a b

a b
ii) If 1
≠ 1 then put x = X + h, y = Y + k⇒ where (h, k) is obtained by solving
a b
ax+by+c= 0, a1x + b1y + c1 = 0.

iii) If a2 + b1 = 0 then the solution is obtained by proper grouping of the terms.

dy
6. i) The general form of a linear differential equation of first order is + Py = Q , where P and
dx
Q are functions of x (or) constants.

∫ Pdx
ii) e is called the integrating factor (I.F.)

iii) The solution of the above equation is given by y(I.F.) = ∫ Q.(I.F.)dx + C .

+ Px = Q is x (I.F.)= ∫ Q.(I.F.)dy + c , where

dx
iv) Similarly, the solution of the equation
dy

∫ pdy
I.F.= e .

dy
v) An equation of the form + P(x). y = Q(x). yn where P(x) and Q(x) are functions of x only
dx
is called a Bernoulli’s equation. Divide both sides with yn we get
dy
y-n + P. y-n + 1 = Q put y-n + 1 = v.
dx

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7. Equation of family of curves Differential Equations

(a) y = A 1 e α1x + A 2 e α 2 x y 2 − (α 1 + α 2 ) ⋅ y 1 + α 1 α 2 y = 0

(b) y = e αx (A 1 x + A 2 ) y 2 − 2 αy 1 + α 2 y = 0

(c) y = e αx (A 1 cos βx + A 2 sin βx ) y 2 − 2 αy 1 + ( α 2 + β 2 )y = 0

d) y = A, xm + A2 xn x2 y2 - (m+n-1) xy1 + mny = 0

α1x α 2x α 3x
e) y = A1 e + A 2e + A 3e y3 - (α1+α2+α3) y2+(α1 α2+α2 α3+α3 α1)

y1 - α1 α2 α3 y = 0

f) y = eαx ( Ax2 + Bx + C) y3 - 3αy2 + 3α2 y1 - α3y = 0

g) y = A1 e αx + e βx (A2 cos γ x + A3 sinγx) y3-(α+2β)y2+(2αβ+β2+γ2)y1-α(β2+γ2)y=0

1
8. xdx + ydy = d( x 2 + y 2 )
2

9. xdy + ydx = d(xy)

ydx − xdy − ( xdy − ydx ) x

10. 2
= 2
= d 
y y y

xdy − ydx − ( ydx − xdy) y

11. 2
= 2
= d 
x x x

xdy − ydx  ydx − xdy   y

12. = −   = d log 
xy  xy   x

xdy − ydx − ( ydx − xdy)  y

13. = = d Tan −1 
x +y
2 2
x +y
2 2
 x

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