Gemini User Manual
Gemini User Manual
Gemini
User’s Manual
2
Warranty
JKEM Scientific, Inc. warrants this unit to be free of defects in materials and workmanship and to give
satisfactory service for a period of 12 months from date of purchase. If the unit should malfunction, it
must be returned to the factory for evaluation. If the unit is found to be defective upon examination by J
KEM, it will be repaired or replaced at no charge. However, this WARRANTY is VOID if the unit
shows evidence of having been tampered with or shows evidence of being damaged as a result of
excessive current, heat, moisture, vibration, corrosive materials, or misuse. This WARRANTY is VOID
if devices other than those specified in Section 3.2 are powered by the controller. Components which
wear or are damaged by misuse are not warranted. This includes contact points, fuses and solid state
relays.
THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES EXCEPT AS STATED HEREIN. THERE ARE NO OTHER
WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN
NO EVENT SHALL JKEM SCIENTIFIC, INC. BE LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL
OR SPECIAL DAMAGES. THE BUYER'S SOLE REMEDY FOR ANY BREACH OF THIS
AGREEMENT BY JKEM SCIENTIFIC, INC. OR ANY BREACH OF ANY WARRANTY BY JKEM
SCIENTIFIC, INC. SHALL NOT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID BY THE PURCHASER
TO JKEM SCIENTIFIC, INC. FOR THE UNIT OR UNITS OF EQUIPMENT DIRECTLY AFFECTED
BY SUCH BREACH.
Service
JKEM Scientific maintains its own service facility and technical staff to service all parts of the controller,
usually in 24 hours. For service, contact:
JKEM Scientific, Inc.
6970 Olive Boulevard
St. Louis, MO 63130
USA
(314) 8635536
fax (314) 8636070
EMail: jkem911@jkem.com
Internet online catalog: www:jkem.com
This manual contains parameters specific to temperature controller Serial #_________________.
When calling with a technical question, please have the controller’s serial number available.
3
You’ve purchased the most versatile controller available to the research community. We’re
confident it can regulate ANY heating/cooling situation you’ll ever encounter. If the information in this
manual isn’t adequate for your application, contact our Engineering Department for assistance.
– With JKEM’s patented Microtune circuitry –
4
INDEX
SECTION PAGE
1. QUICK OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
KEM-NET DATA LOGGING AND CONTROL SOFTWARE . . . . . 5
2. ADJUSTING THE CONTROLLER FOR STABLE
CONTROL WITH DIFFERENT HEATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 What is Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Autotuning Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Tuning for Heating Mantles: A Special Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Sensor Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. OPERATIONS GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Front Panel Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Heater Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 RamptoSetpoint & Soak Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 Over Temperature Protection Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Timer Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6 Output Power Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7 Temperature Sensor Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.8 Affect of Power Setting on Heating Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.9 Do's and Don'ts When Using Your Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.10 Resetting the Controller for use With Heating Mantles . . . . . . . . . 22
3.11 Changing the Temperature Display Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.12 Changing Between PID and ON/OFF Operating Modes . . . . . . . . 23
3.13 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. APPLICATION NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1 Theory of How the Controller Works – Simply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 Controlling a Heating Mantle Temperature Directly . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Automatic Storage of Min/Max Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 How to Set Up a Reaction With Your Temperature Controller. . . . . 29
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
I. Using the Controller With an Oil Bath (Application Note 1) . . . . . 33
II. Safety Considerations and Accurate Temperature Control . . . . . . . 34
III. Resetting the Controller to Original Factory Settings . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5
WARNING: Adhere to the restrictions of SECTION 3.2. Failure to do so may create a
significant safety hazard and will void the warranty.
6
Section 1: Quick Operating Instructions
The five steps below are the basics of using your temperature controller. It’s recommended that new users unfamiliar with
process controllers read the entire manual carefully. The controller is preprogrammed for use with heating mantles fitted
to round bottomed flasks running “typical” organic reactions (i.e., nonpolymeric reactions in solvents such as THF,
toluene, DMF, etc.).
For a primer on how to set up a reaction with your temperature controller: See Section 4.4
To use heaters other than heating mantles: See Section 2.
Do not use the controller to heat oil baths: See Section 3.2 & Appendix I.
For polymer synthesis, atypical, expensive, or safety critical reactions: See Appendix II.
1 Place the thermocouple in the solution being heated. Place at least the first 1/4” of the
thermocouple directly in the solution being heated. Thermocouples can be bent without harming them. If you’re
heating a corrosive liquid, use a Teflon coated thermocouple. If you are heating a sealed reaction, see Section 4.2.
2 Select the Channel to Operate. The Gemini has two completely independent controllers in a single
cabinet. Both channels provide the same type of temperature control, the only difference is that Channel 1 has a 100
hour timer to turn heating On/Off at a user set time, and Channel 2 does not. If Channel 2 is being used, only steps 3
& 4 need to be followed, if Channel 1 is being used, then steps 3 & 4 must be followed, but also step 5, where the
timer controls are set. For more information on using the timer controls, see Section 3.5.
4 Enter the setpoint (i.e., the desired temperature). Hold in
the button and simultaneously press the key to increase or the
key to decrease the setpoint. The setpoint can be seen at
anytime by holding in the button, the setpoint appears as a
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blinking number in the display.
5 Set the timer.
The timer controls only affect the operation of Channel 1.
The red LED display window always shows the effect that
For Channel 1 Only, the timer controls have on the state of Channel 1‘s
The timer turns the heating output power. When the controller is first turned on, the
timer window displays ‘Off’ to indicate the timer controls
outlet OFF or ON depending have disabled output power. To set the timer controls so
on the position of the timer that they will allow power to be applied to the outlet,
switch and whether any time quickly push in the timer function knob once. This will
is present in the display change the timer status to ‘On’. For additional informa-
tion on the operation of the timer, see Section 3.5.
8
KEM-Net Data Logging and Control Software
The USB port on the back panel of the controller is an interface to J-KEM’s KEM-Net
Software. KEM-Net is free and can be downloaded from J-KEM’s web site at
www.jkem.com.
KEM-Net provides remote control of up to 8 controllers,
graphical presentations of each digital meter and time &
temperature plots. Highlights of KEM-Net include:
* GLP and GMP compliant data logging
* Runs a 12 step temperature ramp
* Logging of Time and Temperature
* Logging of % Power for Exo and Endotherm detection
* Program KEM-IO Actions (Section 3.10)
* Over- & Under-temperature alarm functions.
KEM-Net also includes a virtual comm port driver that provides a simple ASCII interface to
operate and data log the controller from LabView or other software packages.
New Features:
GMP compliant data logging
Exo and Enotherm monitoring
or as sophisticated as:
Turn on my stirrer, then ramp my reaction from 25o C to 100o C if 45 minutes, hold
for 2 hours, then turn off heating. When the reaction cools to 50o C, turn off the
stirrer. If at any point the reaction exotherms and heats above 110 oC, turn on my
chiller and keep it on until I manually reset the system.
9
Section 2: Adjusting The Controller For
Stable Control With Different Heaters
The Gemini controller has 2 completely independent temperature controllers in one cabinet. It's important
to remember that changes made to Channel 1 have no effect on Channel 2 and visaversa. Each channel
must be tuned and adjusted separately.
2.1 What is Tuning. The controller's most powerful feature is its ability to regulate virtually any heater
with stable temperature control. To achieve stable control, the controller must 1) be set to the correct
power level (see Section 3.6) and, 2) be tuned to the heater being used. Tuning is the process that matches
the control characteristics of the controller to the heating characteristics of the heater. The controller is
said to be tuned to the heater when its memory is programmed with values describing how fast the heater
warms up, cools off, and how efficiently it transfers heat. For example, consider the difference between a
heat lamp and a hot plate. When electricity is applied to a heat lamp it begins to heat instantaneously, and
when it's turned off it stops heating instantaneously. In contrast, a hot plate takes several minutes to begin
heating when electricity is applied and even longer to stop heating when electricity is turned off. Your
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controller can regulate both a heat lamp and a hot plate to 0.1 C. But, to do this it must be programmed
with the time constants describing how fast the heater heats and cools when electricity turns ON or OFF.
These time constants are called the tuning parameters.
Every type of heater has its own unique set of tuning parameters. For the controller to heat with
stability, it must have programmed with the tuning parameters for the heater currently being used. Prior to
shipment, tuning parameters were programmed into the controller that maximize heating performance for
laboratory heating mantles since these are the most common heaters used in research. Tuning is regulated
by 5 of the temperature meter’s user programmable functions. The correct value for these 5 functions can
be calculated and loaded manually, or the controller can do it automatically with its autotune feature.
When Should the Controller be Tuned? If the controller is tuned to one type of heater, heating
mantles for example, any size heating mantle can be used without the need to retune. When changing
from heating mantles to a different type of heater, an oven for example, the controller should be tuned
with values describing the oven’s heating characteristics. The effect of tuning is seen below. When
the controller is tuned for heating mantles, using it with any size heating mantle yields stable
temperature control (Plot 1), but poor control results when the same tuning parameters are used with an
oven (Plot 2, Curve 1). However, after tuning the controller to the oven, stable temperature control
results (Plot 2, Curve 2).
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Plot 2
Plot 1 80
80
70
70
30 30
20 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min) Time (min)
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It’s important to understand that this controller isn’t a simple ON/OFF type controller (i.e. ON when below
the set point, OFF when above [though it can be made to work this way, see Section 3.12]). Rather it’s a
predictive controller. Based on the shape (slope) of the heating curve, the controller predicts (calculates)
the percent of power to apply to the heater now to control the shape of the heating curve minutes in
advance. The importance of the tuning parameters is that they are constants in the equation the
temperature meter uses to perform its predictive calculations. If the temperature meter is programmed
with tuning parameters that incorrectly describe the heater being used, poor temperature control will result.
o
But, when the correct values are loaded, temperature regulation of ± 0.1 is typically achieved.
Manual Tuning. Manual tuning is when the values of the 5 tuning parameters are determined
manually then entered into the temperature meter via the push buttons on the front of the controller.
Experienced users might prefer to manually tune the controller since this allows customization of the
heating process.
Autotune. Autotune is a feature built into the temperature meter that automatically calculates the
tuning parameters (i.e. delay times, heating efficiency, etc.) for any type of heater. After the autotune
procedure is complete and the tuning parameters are determined, the controller loads them into its
memory for current and future use. Heating mantles are a special case and are covered in a separate
paragraph (Section 2.3).
2.2 Autotuning Procedure.
This procedure is not recommended for heating mantles (see Section 2.3). Perform this procedure
only on the controller channel in use.
1. Set the equipment up in the exact configuration it will be used. For example, to tune to a vacuum
oven, place the thermocouple in the room temperature oven and plug the oven into the controller. If
the oven (or heater) has its own thermostat or power control, turn both as high as they’ll go.
2. Set the controller to the appropriate power level (see Section 3.6). If tuning Channel 1, make sure
the timer switch is set so that heating is on (see Section 3.5). Turn the controller and heater on, then
o
enter the desired set point temperature. If the set point isn’t at least 30 C above ambient, skip this
procedure and go to the next procedure, “Autotuning the Controller for Very Fine Control”
3. Press and hold in both the and buttons (for 3 seconds) on the front of the temperature meter
until the word “tunE” appears in the display then release both buttons.
4. Press the button (5 times) until “CyC.t” appears in the display (if you go past this setting, press
the ▼ button until you get back to it).
5. First, hold in the ‘*’ button, while holding in the ‘*’ button press the button. Continue to hold
both buttons in until the display reads “A --”, or “A ##” where “##” is some number.
6. Release the ‘*’ button and press the button until “tunE” once again appears in the display.
7. Press and hold the ‘*’ button and “tunE” will change to “of” to indicate that autotune is currently
off.
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8. While holding in the ‘*’ button, press the button to change the display to “on”, then release both
buttons.
9. Press and hold both the and buttons (for 3 seconds) until the temperature appears in the
display. The controller is now in its autotune mode. While in autotune the display alternates
between “tunE” (for autotune) and the process temperature. When the autotune sequence is done
(this may take in excess of an hour) the controller stops displaying “tunE” and only displays the
process temperature. [To abort autotune manually, repeat steps 3, 8 and 9 except in step 8 press the
button until “of” is displayed].
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Temp New tuning
values loaded
into memory
Set
Point
Heat to set point
after entering
new parameters
OS1 OS2
The autotune sequence.
75% of During autotune the
set point
US controller heats to 75% of the
set point temperature where
it oscillates for several cycles
before loading the new
Start T1 T2 T3 T4
AT During T1 - 4 the controller tuning parameters. After the
measures heating delays and Quarter cycle times
rates of heating and cooling tuning parameters are loaded
Time it heats to the set point
temperature. Tuning below
the set point prevents any
damage that might occur
from overheating.
Autotuning the Controller for Very Fine Control.
This procedure is not recommended for heating mantles (see Section 2.3).
In the majority of cases, the procedure above results in stable temperature control with any heater. A
second version of the autotune routine is available and can be used when the heater is already at or
close to the set point, is being tuned at a temperature close to room temperature, or for very fine control
in demanding situations. If stable temperature control doesn’t result after performing the first
autotune routine, the procedure below should be performed. Before performing the ‘fine tune’
autotune procedure, the ‘regular’ autotune procedure that precedes this should normally be performed.
1. Set the equipment up in the exact configuration it will be used. If the heater has its own
thermostat or power controls, turn both as high as they’ll go. With this procedure it’s not
necessary for the equipment to start at room temperature. This procedure can be performed at
any time and any temperature.
2. Set the controller to the appropriate power level (see Section 3.6). If tuning Channel 1, make
sure the timer switch is set so that heating is on (see Section 3.5). Turn the controller and heater
on, then enter the desired set point temperature.
3. Press and hold in both the and buttons (for 3 seconds) on the front of the temperature
meter until the word “tunE” appears in the display then release both buttons.
4. Press the button (5 times) until “CyC.t” appears in the display (if you go past this setting,
press the ▼ button until you get back to it).
5. First, hold in the ‘*’ button, while holding in the ‘*’ button press the button. Continue to
hold both buttons in until the display reads “A --”, or “A ##” where “##” is some number.
6. Release the ‘*’ button and press the button until “tunE” once again appears in the display.
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7. Press and hold the ‘*’ button and “tunE” will change to “of” to indicate that autotune is
currently off.
8. While holding in the ‘*’ button, press the button to change the display to “At.SP”, then
release both buttons.
9. Press and hold both the and buttons (≈ 3 seconds) until the temperature appears in the
display. The controller is now in its autotune mode. While in autotune the display alternates
between “tunE” (for autotune) and the process temperature. When the autotune sequence is
done (this may take in excess of an hour) the controller stops displaying “tunE” and only
displays the process temperature. [To abort autotune manually, repeat steps 3, 8 and 9 except in
step 8 press the button until “of” is displayed].
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Autotune Errors. The autotune routine can fail for several reasons. If it fails, the controller displays
the error message “tunE” “FAiL”. To remove this message turn the controller off for 10 seconds.
Try the procedure titled “Autotuning the Controller for Very Fine Control” above. If autotune fails
again, call and discuss your application with one of our engineers. A common problem when tuning
at high temperatures or with large volumes is for the heater to be underpowered. A more powerful
heater may be needed (contact JKEM for assistance).
2.3 Tuning for Heating Mantles: A Special Case. This section gives special consideration to heating
mantles, since they’re the most commonly used heaters in research. Every heating mantle size has its own
optimum set of tuning parameters and if you wanted, the controller could be tuned (or autotuned) every
time a different size was used. However, this is cumbersome and is also unnecessary. Factory tests show
that there’s one set of tuning parameters that delivers good performance for all heating mantle sizes. These
tuning parameters were loaded into the controller at the factory prior to your receiving it. If you’re using a
heating mantle and none of the parameters have been changed or the controller hasn’t been autotuned since
you’ve received it, you’re ready to go. If the tuning parameters have been changed or the controller has
been autotuned and you want to go back to using heating mantles, JKEM recommends that the tuning
parameters for heating mantles be loaded manually (i.e., don’t autotune to the heating mantle) by following
the stepbystep instructions given in Procedure 4 of Section 3.10.
2.4 Sensor Placement. Placement of the sensor is basically common sense. The sensor should be
positioned to sense the average temperature of the medium being heated. That means the thermocouple
should be shielded from direct exposure to the heater but not so distant that a rise in temperature isn’t
sensed by the controller within a reasonable period of time. Several examples follow that show the type of
consideration that should be given to sensor placement.
Use With:
Place the sensor in the solution. Stir vigorously so that heat is homogeneously mixed
Solutions throughout the solution.
Tape a thin wire thermocouple directly to the HPLC column. Place several layers of
HPLC column heated paper over the thermocouple to insulate it from the heating tape (the thermocouple
with a heating tape should sense the column temperature, not the heater temperature). Wrap the HPLC
column completely with heating tape.
The thermocouple needs to be shielded from transient hot and cold air currents. Don’t
Oven place the thermocouple near the heating coil or an air vent. A small thermocouple
(1/16” or 1/8” thermocouple) that responds rapidly to changes in air temperature is
better than a larger one.
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Section 3: Operations Guide
3.1 Front Panel Description.
The Gemini controller has two independent temperature controllers in a single cabinet. The two
controllers are labeled Channel 1 and Channel 2. The controls for Channel 1 have no affect on the
operation of Channel 2 and visa versa.
JKEM highly recommends that all users read Section 4.4 How to Set Up a Reaction with JKEM
Scientific’s Digital Temperature Controller prior to using the controller for the first time.
Controls for Channel One Controls for Channel Two
1 4 5
8
2
10
11
3
9 12
13 14 15 16
17
7. Timer Mode Selector. Sets the operating mode of the controller (see Section 3.7). The correct sensor type
timer. See Section 3.5 for timer operation instructions. will have the same color plug as the input (15) on the
8. Channel 1 Power Outlet. Plug only 120 VAC devices into front of the controller.
this outlet (see Section 3.2). 16. Channel 2 Power Outlet. Plug only 120 VAC devices
9. Channel 1 Temperature Sensor Input. Use the same type of into this outlet (see Section 3.2).
sensor probe as the sensor plug installed on the controller
(see Section 3.7). The correct sensor type will have the
same color plug as the input (9) on the front of the
controller.
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3.2 Heater Restrictions. Each channel of the controller can individually deliver up to 10 amps of current at
120 VAC, but the combined total current from Channels 1 & 2 can not exceed 15 amps. These current
ratings are limited to resistive loads (heating mantles, hot plates, ovens, etc.). Use only resistive loads
that are safely operated at 120 VAC and require less than 10 amps or damage to the controller and a
safety hazard may result.
• Do not plug oil baths into your controller. Oil baths are not 120 VAC devices and become a
fire hazard unless properly connected to the controller. (See Appendix for an application note
describing the use of oil baths with this controller). Ask about JKEM’s new 400 series controllers
for use with oil baths.
3.3 RamptoSetpoint & Soak Feature. A new feature of JKEM’s controllers called ‘RampToSetpoint’
o o
allows you to enter a specific heating rate (e.g., heat to 120 C at a rate of 5 C/Hour), a second feature
called ‘Soak’ then lets you specify how long to stay at that temperature before turning off.
Examples of Program Ramps
Soak
Temperature
Ramp
Setpoint
Temperature
Power Off
Ramp Soak
Setpoint
Power Off
Time Time
The controller is shipped with the RamptoSetpoint feature OFF, the user must specifically turn Rampto
Setpoint ON. When RamptoSetpoint is OFF, the controller heats to the entered setpoint at the fastest rate
possible. When RamptoSetpoint is ON, the controller heats at the user entered ramp rate.
The RamptoSetpoint feature and its associated parameters are turned on and set in the controller’s
programming mode. The parameters of importance are:
SPrr SetPoint Ramp Rate. Allowable Values: 0 to 9990 deg/Hr.
This specifies the desired rate of heating (cooling). Note, this parameter specifies the desired rate of
heating (cooling), but in cases of extremely high ramp rates the reaction will not actually heat faster than
the power of the heater will allow.
19
SPrn SetPoint Ramp Run. Allowable Values: ON, OFF, Hold
This parameter turns the RamptoSetpoint feature ON or OFF. During an active run, if this parameter is
set to ‘Hold’, the setpoint ramp stops and holds at its’ current value. This continues until the parameter is
set to ON or OFF. When set to OFF, the values in SetPoint Ramp Rate and Soak Time are ignored.
SoAK Soak Time. Allowable Values: “ ”, 0 to 1440 min.
This specifies the amount of time to soak at the setpoint after the setpoint temperature ramp is complete. A
setting of “ ” causes the controller to remain at the final setpoint indefinitely. A numeric value causes the
controller to stay at the setpoint for the entered time and then turn power to the heater off after the time
expires.
Important Points to Know
1. While the RamptoSetpoint feature is activated, the display alternates between the current reaction
temperature and the word “SPr” to indicate that a “SetPoint Ramp” is active.
2. If this controller is equipped with a digital 100hour timer, the digital timer and the RamptoSetpoint
feature are completely independent of each other. For example, if the digital timer is set to turn
heating OFF after 5 hours, heating is turned off even if a ramp step is in progress. Likewise, if a Soak
time turns heating off after 3 hours and the digital timer is set to turn heating off after 10 hours, the
digital timer has no effect since the expired Soak time already has turned heating off.
3. Once the RamptoSetpoint feature is activated in programming mode, it remains on until it’s
deactivated in programming mode. The RamptoSetpoint feature remains activated even when
power is turned off, and then turned back on.
4. Setting a ramp rate in the digital controller does not guarantee that the reaction itself will ramp at the
entered value, since the rate of heating is dependent on the power of the heater. Setting a ramp rate in
the controller only guarantees that the controller’s setpoint will be changed at the entered rate. For the
reaction temperature to increase temperature at the specified rate, the heater must have sufficient
power to heat at the entered rate. This is a critically important point, the user must understand that
the electronic setpoint in the controller will ramp at the entered rate, but the controller cannot force a
heater to heat a reaction faster than it’s capable of doing. For example, see the plots below.
Plot 1 – This plot uses a heating mantle to ramp temperature in reaction from 20 to 80C in 60 minutes.
The reaction temperature closely matches the setpoint of the controller because heating mantles have
enough power to heat a typical reaction at the modest heating rate of 1 degree per minute.
Plot 2 – In this example, the ramp rate is set to 600 C/ hour, or 10 C per minute. The controller ramps the
setpoint at the requested rate, but the reaction temperature does not match the ramp, because the heater
does not have enough power to heat the reaction as such a high rate. Every time the reaction temperature
does not match the entered ramp rate, it’s because the heater has insufficient power to heat at the requested
20
rate. The only solution to this situation is 1) use a more powerful heater, or 2) lower the ramp rate to a
value that does not exceed the heaters maximum heating rate. The controller has no influence over a
heater that has insufficient power to heat at the entered ramp rate.
Plot 1 Plot 2
Controller Setpoint
300
80
Reaction Temperature
200
Reaction Temperature
40
Controller Setpoint
100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Hours Hours
This plot shows actual data.
The green line is the temperature profile
when ramping is not used and the reaction
heats to the setpoint as normally. The red
Ramp runs typically overshoot and blue lines are the result of a ramp run.
the setpoint by a greater amount The red line is the setpoint being ramped at a
than standard runs do.
rate of 2C/min.
The blue line is the reaction temperature that
results from this ramp.
Reaction temperature exceeds the
Two features of this plot are characteristics of
value of the ramped setpoint.
ramp runs. 1) At the start of a run, the
reaction temperature almost always exceeds
the temperature of the ramped setpoint, and
2) ramp runs overshoot the final setpoint
value by 45 C.
Activating & Programming the RamptoSetpoint Feature
tunE bAnd int.t der.t dAC CyC.t oFSt sp.lk SPrr SPrn Soak SEt.2 bnd.2 CyC.2
This is the order of controller parameters on Level 1 of the controller, when the controller is placed into programming mode (Step 1)
below.
1. Before starting a new ramp, the controller must have the ramping feature turned off. Verify that the ramping feature is
turned off by entering programming mode and checking verifying this before continuing.
To enter programming mode, press and hold in both the ▲ and ▼ keys on the front of the temperature meter until the word
“tunE” appears in the display, then release both keys.
Now press the ▲ key (9 times) until the word “SPrn” appears in the display, then release all keys. The display on the
controller will alternate between “SPrn” and the word ON or OFF. If the word OFF is displayed, then exit programming
mode and proceed to Step 2. If the work ON is displayed, then hold in the ‘*’ key and press the ▼ key once to change the
display from ON to OFF, then release all keys. To exit programming mode, press and hold in both the ▲ and ▼ keys until
the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys.
21
2. Note the current reaction temperature displayed by the temperature controller. Enter this temperature into the controller as
a new setpoint. For example, if the current reaction temperature is 22.5 C, then set the controller’s setpoint to 22.5 C.
3. Press and hold in both the ▲ and ▼ keys on the front of the temperature meter until the word “ tunE” appears in the
display, then release both keys.
4. Press the ▲ key (8 times) until the word “SPrr” appears in the display.
This is where the ramp rate in units of degrees/hour is entered. First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’
key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the desired ramp rate appears in the display, then let go of all the keys. Units are in
degrees/hour, so if you want a ramp rate of 2C/min, then enter a value of 120.
5. Press the▲ key once and the word “SPrn” will appear in the display.
This function turns the ramping feature ON or OFF. First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press
the ▼ or ▲ key until the display shows ON (to start a ramp) or OFF (to terminate a ramp), then let go of all the keys.
6. Press the ▲ key once and the word “SoaK” will appear in the display.
This is where the soak time is entered in units of minutes. A soak time of ‘ ‘ means to ‘soak forever’ (this setting is
one below ‘0’). First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the desired time
appears in the display, then let go of all the keys. If a soak time is set, the controller display will alternate between
showing the current reaction temperature and the word “StoP” when the soak time has expired to indicate that power
has been turned off.
7. To exit programming mode, press and hold in both the ▼ and ▲ keys until the temperature appears in the display, then
release both keys.
Deactivating the RamptoSetpoint Feature
1. Press and hold in both the ▲ and ▼ keys on the front of the temperature meter until the word “ tunE” appears in the
display, then release both keys.
2. Press the ▲ key (9 times) until the word “SPrn” appears in the display.
This function turns the ramping feature ON and OFF. First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press
the ▼ or ▲ key until OFF appears in the display, then let go of all the keys.
3. To exit programming mode, press and hold in both the ▲ and ▼ keys until the temperature appears in the display, then
release both keys.
22
NOTE: The controller is shipped with the
Over Temperature Protection Circuit
DISABLED. To activate this circuit for
3.4 Over Temperature Protection Circuit. either or both channels, follow Procedure
3 below.
Both channels of the Gemini are equipped with over temperature protection circuits. This circuit turns off
heating and sounds an audible alarm if the process temperature for Channel 1 and/or Channel 2 exceeds the
set point by 5 degrees. The high temperature limit (i.e. the limit that must be exceeded to trigger this
circuit) is factory set to 5 degrees for both channels, but can be changed or enabled or disabled as outlined
in the procedures below. The over temperature protection circuit for Channels 1 & 2 are independent of
each other. A temperature limit entered into the temperature meter controlling Channel 1 has no affect on
Channel 2 and visa versa.
To Change the Number of Degrees that the Reaction Temperature Must
Procedure 1. Exceed the Set Point to Trigger the Over Temperature Alarm, Perform this Procedure.
Press and hold in both the and keys on the front of the temperature meter for the Channel you want to change until the word
“tunE” appears in the display, then release both keys.
Press the key until “SEt.2” is showing in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the or keys until the desired temperature limit is showing in the
display, then let go of all the keys.
Press and hold in both the and keys until the temperature is showing again.
Procedure 2. To Permanently Disable the Over Temperature Circuit, Perform this Procedure.
Press and hold in both the and keys on the front of the temperature meter for the Channel you want to change until the word
“tunE” appears in the display, then release both keys.
Press the key until “LEVL” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “2” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “SP2.A” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “nonE” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “LEVL” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “3” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “rEU.d” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “1r.2d” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press and hold in both the and keys until the temperature is showing again. When you do this, the alarm will sound.
Increase the set point by any amount by first holding in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key.
Procedure 3. To Enable the Over Temperature Protection Circuit, Perform this Procedure.
Press and hold in both the and keys on the front of the temperature meter for the Channel you want to change until the word
“tunE” appears in the display, then release both keys.
Press the key until “LEVL” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “2” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “SP2.A” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “dU.hi” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “LEVL” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “3” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “rEU.d” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “1r.2r” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “LEVL” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “1” is showing in the display, then let go of all the keys.
Press the key until “SEt.2” is showing in the display.
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until “5.0” is showing in the display, then let go of all the
keys.
23
Press and hold in both the and keys until the temperature is showing again.
24
3.5 Timer Controls The 100 hour timer works with Channel 1 only, it has no effect on Channel 2.
The timer circuit works in conjunction with the digital meter to determine when power is applied to the heater.
The digital meter is the actual temperature controller, the timer circuit only acts as a gatekeeper to determine if the
digital meter (temperature controller) is allowed to apply power to the heater or not. By inserting the timer
between the digital meter and the heater, the timer can turn heater power On or Off based on a user entered time.
When power to the controller is turned on, the timer defaults to the Power Off state as is indicated by the
word Off in the display. In this state no power is applied to the heater. This is a safety feature that insures
that power is not applied to a heater following recovery from a power failure.
The timer has 4 states
and cycles between Push Push Push
the states by pushing
the silver timer knob
momentarily.
For example, push
Push
the timer knob once
NOTE: Pushing in on the timer knob quickly for about 1/4 second causes it to advance to the next
and the timer changes state. Holding in the knob for 1 second changes to the mode where time is entered into the timer.
from the Off state to
the On state, push it
again and it changes to the toFF state. Repeatedly pushing the knob cause the time to cycle between its three
normal states of On, toFF, and ton. If the Power Reduction Circuit (Section 3.6) is set to the Heat Off
position, the timer window always displays oFF.
The four states of the timer circuit are explained below.
In the off state, no power is applied to the heater, even if the temperature meter calls for
power to be applied.
The controller always enters the off state when power is turned on or following recovery
from a power failure. The controller also enters the off state when the power reduction
circuit is set to the Heat Off position (see Section 3.6).
In the on state, the timer circuit applies power to the heater when the temperature meter
calls for power to be applied. Whenever power is applied to the heater, the small LED dot
on the left of the timer window is lit. Depending on the power needs of the heater, this dot
may blink rapidly.
The “toFF” state (standing for Time Off) allows the user to enter the amount of time the
controller should heat until heating is automatically turned off. While time is present in
the timer, power is applied to the heater, when the time counts down to 0, heating is turned
off. See the section below titled Heating for a Set Period of Time.
The “ton” state (standing for Time On) allows the user to enter an amount of time to delay
before applying power to the heater. While time is present in the timer, no power is
25
applied to the heater even if the temperature meter calls for power to be applied, but when
time counts down to 0, heat is turned on indefinitely. See the section below titled Delay
Heating for a Set Period of Time.
26
Over View of the Timer Functions
The timer knob is a multifunction knob. When it’s pushed in for 1/4 second it causes the timer to advance
to the next function. When it’s pushed in for 1 second it enters programming mode. In programming
mode, the user enters time into the timer or locks the entered time into the timer which starts the program
running (a running program can be aborted by holding in the timer knob for 1 second).
When in programming mode, rotating the knob in a clockwise direction increases the amount of time
entered into the timer. Rotating the knob in a counter clockwise direction decrease the amount of time
(when rotating in a counter clockwise direction, the timer rolls over from “00” to “59” minutes, when
entering minutes, or from “00” to “99” hours, when entering hours).
To immediately exit a timed run, hold in the timer knob for 1 second
Function Change
then
Function
Enter Minutes Enter Hours
Push knob for
Change 1/4 second
then
Enter Minutes Enter Hours
To immediately exit a timed run, hold in the timer knob for 1 second
27
Heating for a Set Period of Time
In this mode, the user enters the amount of time to heat before turning
heating off permanently. This is useful to heat a reaction or other lab
instrument for a set period of time and then have the reaction stop heating
automatically.
While at this setting and while entering a time into the timer, no power is
applied to the heater.
Step 1. When the timer displays “toFF”, holding
in the timer knob causes the display to change to a Hold in the timer
clock showing 00 : 00. The left 2 digits are hours knob for 1 second
and the right 2 digits are minutes. The minutes
digits are blinking which indicates that their value
can be changed.
Step 2. To increase the number of minutes,
rotate the timer knob to the right. To decrease the
number of minutes, rotate the timer knob to the
left. Rotate the knob
to enter minutes
Step 3. To change the number of hours in the
display, momentarily press the timer knob (1/4 Momentarily push knob
to lock in minutes
Rotate knob to
enter hours
second) and the hours digits begin to blink. To
increase the number of hours, rotate the timer
knob to the right. To decrease the number of
hours, rotate the timer knob to the left.
Step 4. When the desired time is displayed, hold
in the timer knob for 1 second to enter the time Hold in timer knob for
heating, push the timer knob twice until the
display reads On.
28
Delay Heating for a Set Period of Time
In this mode, the user enters an amount of time to delay before
turning on power to the heater. This is useful to start heating a
reaction or piece of equipment automatically at a specific time.
While at this setting and while entering a time into the timer, no
power is applied to the heater.
Step 1. When the timer displays “ton”, holding
the timer knob in for 1 second causes the display Hold in the timer
to change to a clock that shows 00 : 00. The left
knob for 1 second
2 digits are hours and the right 2 digits are
minutes. The minutes digits are blinking which
indicates that their value can be changed.
Step 2. To increase the number of minutes,
rotate the timer knob to the right. To decrease
the number of minutes, rotate the timer knob to
the left. Rotate the knob
to enter minutes
Step 3. To change the number of hours in the
display, momentarily press the timer knob (1/4 Momentarily push knob
to lock in minutes
Rotate knob to
enter hours
second) and the hours digits begin to blink. To
increase the number of hours, rotate the timer
knob to the right. To decrease the number of
hours, rotate the timer knob to the left.
Step 4. When the desired time is displayed, hold
in the timer knob for 1 second to enter the time Hold in timer knob for
is done, the display changes to ton. To turn on
heating, push the timer knob until the display
reads On.
30
Heating Liquids. Each power level is associated with a Front Panel Approx. % of
volume range which acts as a guide when heating solutions Volume Range Full Power
with heating mantles. When solutions are heated with 1 10 mL 3
heating mantles set the power switch to the range that 10 100 mL 10
includes the volume of solution being heated [Note: this 50 500 mL 25
switch is set to the volume of solution, not the size of the 300 ml 2 L 50
flask]. For example to heat 250 ml of toluene to 80 o C in a ≥ 2 L 100
1 L round bottomed
flask choose the third power setting (50 500 ml) since the solution volume falls within this range. There
are situations when a power level other than that indicated on the front panel should be used:
Avoid switching between power levels while the controller is heating. Specifically, do not initially set the
controller on a high power level to rapidly heat the solution, then decrease the power level to the correct
setting as the solution approaches the set point. Changing power levels doesn’t damage the controller, but
it will reduce its heating performance.
31
Heating Equipment. Two factors need to be considered when heating equipment (ovens, hot plates,
furnaces, HPLC columns, etc.); (1) placement of the temperature sensor (Section 2.4) and, (2) the
appropriate power setting. The best guide to the correct power setting for various pieces of equipment is
the researcher's experience. If your best guess is that the equipment needs 1/3 full power to heat to the set
point, set the power switch on the 300 ml 2 L setting (i.e., 50% power, it’s usually better to have too
much power rather than too little). If the heater heats too slow, increase the power (to the >2 L setting), if
it heats too fast or has excessive overshoot, decrease the power (to the 50 500 ml setting). If the amount
of power seems to be adequate, but the heater doesn’t heat with stability, the controller probably needs to
be tuned (see Section 2). Section 3.8 shows the type of performance you should expect from the controller
with different pieces of equipment.
32
3.7 Temperature Sensor Input. Both channels of the controller are fitted with a specific type of
thermocouple input and can only be used with a thermocouple of the same type. For the correct
temperature to be displayed, the thermocouple type must match the receptacle type on the front of the
controller (Figure 1; #’s 8 & 12). All thermocouples are color coded to show their type (Blue = type T;
Yellow = type K; Black = type J). The color of the thermocouple plug must match the color of the
receptacle on the front of the controller. If the thermocouple is broken or becomes unplugged, the error
message "inPt" "FAiL" blinks in the temperature meter display and the controller stops heating.
80
Graph 1
70 o
This graph shows typical
Conditions: Set point = 75 C
Laboratory oven heating profiles for a
60 laboratory oven and an HPLC
Power Setting = 50 - 500 ml
Temp Power Setting = > 2L column. In the example of
oC
50 the oven the heating curves
for 2 different power levels
40
o
are shown. The 50 500 ml
Conditions: Set point = 45 C
HPLC Column wrapped with heating tape setting is the appropriate
30 Power Setting = 50 - 500 ml
amount of power to heat to
20
75o C and thus results in a
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 smooth heating curve. The
Time (min) > 2L power setting is too
much power and results in
oscillation around the set
point.
Graph 2
This graph shows the affect
of different power settings
when heating liquids with
heating mantles. The 10
100 ml setting (10% power)
is underpowered and results
in slow heating. The 300 ml
2 L setting (50% power) is
too much power and results
in sporadic control. The
33
80 controller adapts to a wide
range of power settings. In
70 this example the power is
varied by a factor of 5X,
60 nevertheless, reasonable
Temp. control is maintained in each
o
C Conditions: Set point = 70 o C
50 ml Toluene case.
50
100 ml Round bottomed flask
40
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min)
34
Set point = 155o C Graph 3
170 Power = > 2 L
(100% power)
145 Another factor affecting the
choice of power setting is the set
o
120
Set point = 100 C point temperature. For set points
Power = 300 ml - 2 L
Temp (50% power) near room temperature a low
oC
95 power level is adequate. For
average temperatures
70 Conditions: 300 ml collidine o
Set point = 45 C (50 100o) the volumes printed
500 ml flask
500 ml heating mantle Power = 50 - 500 ml on the front of the controller are
(25% power)
45 a good guide. For high
temperatures, the next higher
20 power setting might be needed to
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 supply the heater with additional
Time (min) power.
The output power level limits the total amount of power delivered to the heater. In this sense it works like
a variac and can be used like one. If the heater isn’t getting enough power, turn the power level up one
notch, if it’s getting too much power, turn it down.
Don't remove either the thermocouple or heater from the solution without setting the power level to the
"Heat Off". With the thermocouple or heater separated from the solution, as the thermocouple
cools the controller turns the heater on. Since this heat is never fed back to the controller it heats
continuously.
Don't use the controller to regulate an exothermic process.
The controller has no capacity for cooling. If an exotherm is expected, it must be controlled in
another way.
Do use an appropriate size flask and heater for the volume being heated.
Use the smallest flask and heating mantle that accommodates the reaction. This ensures that the
heating power of the heating mantle closely matches the volume being heated. This also allows
the solution to radiate excess heat to minimize temperature overshoots.
Do place the thermocouple directly in the solution.
Place at least the first 1/4” of the thermocouple directly into the solution. If a corrosive mixture is
heated, use a coatedcoated thermocouple (or use the external thermocouple method; Section 4.2).
35
Do avoid exposure of the controller to corrosive gases and liquids.
The atmosphere of a research hood is corrosive to all electronics. Place the controller outside the
hood away from corrosive gases.
36
3.10 Resetting the Controller for Use With Heating Mantles.
If you want to use your controller with heating mantles after it’s been tuned for a different style heater,
rather than autotuning the controller with the heating mantle, JKEM recommends that the controller be
manually tuned by following the procedure below.
Procedure 4. Perform when using heating mantles with round bottomed flasks.
[This procedure takes about 2 minutes to perform]
1. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the temperature meter for the channel you want to change until the word “tunE”
appears in the display, then release both keys.
2. Press the key once and the word “bAnd” will appear in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press the or key until the value
“10” appears in the display, then let go of all the keys.
3. Press the key once and the word “int.t” will appear in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press the or key until the value “10” appears in the display,
then let go of all the keys.
4. Press the key once and the word “dEr.t” will appear in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press the or key until the value “50” appears in the display,
then let go of all the keys.
5. Press the key once and the word “dAC” will appear in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press the or key until the value “3.0” appears in the display,
then let go of all the keys.
6. Press the key once and the word “CyC.t” will appear in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the *’ key press the or key until the value “30” appears in the display,
then let go of all the keys.
7. Press and hold in both the or keys until the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys.
3.11 Changing the Temperature Display Resolution The controller is programmed to display temperature
o o
with 0.1 C resolution. The controller can be changed to 1 C resolution if by following the procedure
o
below (the display can also be changed to read in F, call for information). There are two reasons to
change the display resolution:
o o
1) To enter a setpoint faster (the display scrolls 10X faster in 1 mode than in 0.1 mode).
o
2) To display temperatures above 999.9 .
1. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the temperature meter until the word “tunE” appears in the display, then release both
keys.
2. Press the key once and “LEVL” appears in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “2” appears in the display then let go of all the keys.
3. Press the key repeatedly until the word “diSP” appears in the display.
First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until the value “1” [not “0.1”] appears in the
display, then let go of all the keys.
4. Press and hold in both the or keys until the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys.
37
3.12 Changing Between PID and ON/OFF Operating Modes. The controller can heat in either of 2
operating modes, PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) or ON/OFF mode. The difference between them
is the way they supply power to the heater.
In ON/OFF mode (the simplest heating mode),
the controller is ON when it’s below the set point
and OFF when above. The disadvantage of this
mode is a large over shoot of the set point (5
o
30 ) on initial warm up and oscillation of
temperature around the set point thereafter. The
reason for the overshoot is because the heater
turns off only after crossing the set point and
until the heater cools down the temperature
continues to rise. This method works well for
heaters that transfer heat rapidly (such as heat
lamps), it’s acceptable for heaters such as heating mantles ( ≈ 5 o overshoot), but it’s terrible for heaters that
transfer heat slowly (vacuum ovens, heating blocks, etc.).
In PID mode the controller monitors the shape
of the heating curve during initial warm up and
decreases power to the heater before the set
point is reached so that the solution reaches the
set point with minimal over shoot. [Notice that
the heater turns off for varying periods of time
before the set point temperature is reached].
The second feature of PID mode is that it adjusts
the percent of time the heater is on so that the set
point is maintained precisely. The advantage of
PID mode is that it delivers stable temperature
control with any heater
from heat lamps to vacuum ovens. The disadvantage is that the controller must be properly tuned to the
heater being used, whereas ON/OFF mode requires no tuning. Since both heating modes have their
advantages (simplicity vs. accuracy), instructions to change the controller to ON/OFF mode are given
below (though PID mode will probably give better results 95% of the time). The controller can be set
back to PID mode by following Procedure 4 in Section 3.10.
1. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the temperature meter for the Procedure to change
channel you want to change until the word “tunE” appears in the display, then let controller to ON/OFF mode
go of the buttons.
2. Press until the word “CyC.t” appears in the display.
3. While holding in the * key, press the key until the word “on.of” appears in the
display. NOTE: if the display shows the letter “A” when the * key is held in, press The controller can be set
the key until “on.of” is in the display, then let go of all the keys. back to PID control by
4. Press the key until the word “bAnd” appears in the display. While holding in
following Procedure 4 in
the * key, press the key until the value “0.1” appears in the display, then let go of
Section 3.10. To completely
all the keys.
5. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the controller until the reset the controller to
38
temperature is displayed, then release both keys. original factory settings,
follow the procedure in the
Appendix, Section II.
39
3.13 Troubleshooting.
Corrective
Problem Cause Action
Large over shoot of the Output power level is set too Set the output power level to a lower setting (see
set point high. Section 3.6).
(> 3o) during initial (Make sure you’ve set the
warm-up or unstable power level for the channel
temperature control. actually being used).
40
Displayed temperature is The controller has not The display temperature reads low when the controller
incorrect. warmed-up. is first turned on, but will self-correct as it warms up.
The controller can be used immediately since it will
[Note: Types ‘K’ & ‘J’ warm up during the initial stages of heating.
Thermocouples display
Wrong type of thermocouple Thermocouples are color coded. Thermocouple plug
negative temperatures,
is plugged into controller. and thermocouple receptacle must be the same color
but are not calibrated for
(see Section 3.7).
them]
Corroded thermocouple Clean plug on thermocouple and receptacle on
connections. controller with sandpaper or steel wool.
Corroded thermocouple. If the temperature-measuring end of the
thermocouple is corroded, discard thermocouple.
Temperature display ofset To enter a controller display ofset:
needed. 1. Turn on controller. Allow to warm up for 30
minutes.
2. Record displayed temperature.
3. Press both the ▲ and ▼ keys on the front of the
temperature meter for the channel you want to
change until “tunE” appears, then let go of the
keys.
4. Press the ▼ key until “LEVL” appears.
5. First hold in the “*” key, then while holding in the
“*” key press the ▲ key until “3” is showing in the
display, then let go of all keys.
6. Press the ▲ key until “ZEro” is showing in the
display.
7. Note the current display ofset (this is the number
blinking in the display).
8. Calculate the new ofset temperature using the
equation:
New Current
Display = display ofset - Displayed +
Correct
Ofset blinking in display temperature
temperature
41
Section 4: Application Notes
Supplemental application notes on the following topics are available by contacting JKEM.
Application
Note Subject
AN1 How to heat oil baths with your controller. (Included in Appendix)
AN2 Changing the controllers thermocouple type.
AN3 Changing the heating outlet into a cooling outlet.
AN4 Using the controller for unattended fractional distillations.
AN5 Using the controller with inductive (motors, valves) loads.
Thermocouple
Output
oC Power Power Level
8 0. 0
*
120 vac
Power to heater
Model 210 120 Vac, 840 watts
Figure 2
The controller, the heating mantle and the thermocouple form a closed loop feedback system. If
the process temperature is below the set point, the controller turns the heating mantle on and then monitors
the temperature rise of the solution. If a small rise results (indicating a large volume is being heated) the
controller sets internal parameters appropriate for heating large volumes. If a large rise in temperature
results, the controller responds by loading a set of parameters appropriate for heating small volumes. For
the controller to work ideally, information needs to travel instantaneously around the feedback loop. That
42
means that any power the controller applies to the heating mantle must reflect itself in an instantaneous
temperature rise of the solution and the thermocouple. Unfortunately, this type of instantaneous heat
transfer from the heating mantle to the solution to the thermocouple just doesn't occur. The delay time
between when power is applied to the heating mantle and when the solution rises in temperature; and also
the converse, when power is removed from the heating mantle and the solution temperature stops rising is
the source of most controller errors. The reason for this can be seen in a simple example.
43
o
Imagine heating a gallon of water to 80 C in a 5 quart pan on an electric range. Placing the pan on
the range and turning the heat to ‘high’ you’d observe a delay in heating while the range coil warmedup.
This delay might be a little annoying, but it's really no problem. The real problem comes as the water
o o
temperature approaches 80 C. If you turned the range off just as the water reached 80 C the temperature
would continue to rise – even though all power had been disconnected – until the range coil cooled down.
This problem of overshooting the set point during initial warmup is the major difficulty with process
controllers. Overshooting the set point is minimized in two ways by your JKEM controller – but first let's
o
finish the range analogy. If you had turned the range off just as the water temperature reached 80 C, the
o
final temperature probably would not exceed 82 C by the time the range coil cooled down, because the
o
volume of water is so large. In most situations a 2 C overshoot is acceptable. But what if you were
o
heating 3 tablespoons (45 mL) of water and turned the stove off just as the temperature reached 80 C. In
o o
this case, the final temperature would probably approach 100 C before the range cooled down. A 20 C
overshoot is no longer acceptable. Unfortunately, this is the situation in most research heating
applications. That is, small volumes (< 2 L) heated by very high efficiency heating mantles that contain
large amounts of heat even after the power is turned off.
Your controller handles the problem of ‘latent heat’ in the heating mantle in two ways:
1) The controller measures the rate of temperature rise during the initial stages of heating. It then
uses this information to determine the temperature at which heating should be stopped to avoid
exceeding the set point. Using the range analogy, this might mean turning the power off when the
o
water temperature reached 60 C and allowing the latent heat of the burner to raise the water
o o
temperature from 60 to 80 C. This calculation is done by the controller and is independent of the
operator. The next feature of the controller is directly under operator control and has a major
impact on the amount of overshoot on initial warmup.
2) Again referring to the range analogy, you'd obtain better control when heating small volumes if the
range had more than two power settings; Off and High. JKEM’s patented output power level (5 &
13) serves just this function. It allows the researcher to reduce the power of the controller
depending on the amount of heat needed. This circuit can be thought of as determining whether
the heating power is Very low (110 mL), Low (10100 mL), Intermediate (50500 mL), Medium
(300 mL2 L), or High (> 2 L). The proper power setting becomes instinctive after you've used
your controller for awhile. For additional information see Section 3.6.
4.2 Controlling a Heating Mantle Temperature Directly. In a normal heating setup, the thermocouple is
placed in the solution being heated. The controller then regulates the temperature of the solution directly.
The thermocouple could alternately be placed between the heating mantle and the flask so that the
controller regulates the temperature of the heating mantle directly, which indirectly regulates the
temperature of the solution.
Advantages to this method include:
1. The temperature of any volume (microliters to liters) can be controlled.
44
2. Temperature control is independent of the properties of the material being heated (e.g.,
viscosity, solid, liquid, etc.).
3. Air and water sensitive reactions can be more effectively sealed from the atmosphere.
The temperature meter must be programmed for use with an external thermocouple before this procedure is
used (see following procedure). The following stepbystep procedure programs the controller to regulate
heating mantle temperature. If you switch back and use the controller with the thermocouple in solution,
Procedure 4 in Section 3.10 will program the controller for heating mantles. For all other heaters, see
tuning instructions in Section 2.
45
Heating Power
After the controller is reprogrammed, place a fine gage wire thermocouple Mantle Size Level
(≈ 1/3 the size of kite string; available from JKEM) in the bottom third of 5 & 10 ml 1-10 ml
25 ml 10-100 ml
the heating mantle and fit the flask snugly on top so that the thermocouple 50 ml - 22 L 50 - 500 ml
is in intimate contact with the heating mantle. Set the output power level
For temperatures over ≈
to the power level shown in the table at the right. Turn the controller on 120 oC, the next higher
and enter the set point. power level may be
necessary
Procedure to Load Tuning Parameters for External Thermocouples.
1. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the temperature meter for the channel you want to change until the word “tunE”
appears in the display, then release both keys.
2. Press the key once and the word “bAnd” will appear in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until the value
“5” appears in the display, then release all keys.
3. Press the key once and the word “int.t” will appear in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until the value
“2” appears in the display, then release all keys.
4. Press the key once and the word “dEr.t” will appear in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until the value
“5” appears in the display, then release all keys.
5. Press the key once and the word “dAC” will appear in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until the value
“5.0” appears in the display, then release all keys.
6. Press the key once and the word “CyC.t” will appear in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the or key until the value
“5.0” appears in the display, then release all keys.
7. Press and hold in both the or keys until the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys.
To return to using thermocouples in solution, perform Procedure 4 in Section 3.10.
Procedure to Start Temperature Logging
1. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the temperature meter for the channel you want to change until the word “tunE”
appears in the display, then release both keys.
2. Press the key once and the word “LEUL” appears in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until the value “3”
appears in the display, then release all keys.
3. Press the key until the word “ChEy” appears in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until “on” appears in the
display, then release all keys.
4. Hold in both the or keys until the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys. Automatic temperature logging is now on
and will remain on until the controller is turned off or logging is turned off manually by repeating this procedure except in Step 3 pressing
the key until the word “of” appears.
Procedure to Read Minimum and Maximum Temperatures
1. Press and hold in both the or keys on the front of the temperature meter for the channel you want to change until the word “tunE”
appears in the display, then release both keys.
2. Press the key once and the word “LEUL” appears in the display. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the key until the value “3”
appears in the display, then release all keys.
46
3. Press the key until the word “rEAd” appears in the display. The “rEAd” screen displays 3 parameters.
1. Variance (the difference between the highest and lowest logged temperatures) Hold in the ‘*’ key and the display will alternate
between “UAro” and number of degrees of variance.
2. High Temperature (the highest temperature since the logging option was turned on). While holding in the ‘*’ key press the key
once and the display will alternate between “hi o” and the highest recorded temperature.
3. Low Temperature. While holding in the ‘*’ key press the key once and the display will alternate between “Lo o” and the lowest
recorded temperature.
The High and Lo temperatures can be examined as often as you like since updating and monitoring continues until the monitor is stopped by
turning the controller off.
4. Press and hold in both the or keys until the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys.
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4.4. How to Set Up a Reaction with JKEM Scientific’s
Digital Temperature Controller
This application note shows how to set up a typical heated reaction using J-KEM Scientific’s digital
temperature controller. For this example, the Model Gemini controller is used, but the application note
applies equally well to all J-KEM temperature controller models. If you have questions about specific
models of temperature controllers, or any safety related question, please feel free to contact J-KEM
Scientific. This application note does not supercede any information in the Controllers actual User
manual. The User manual for each model is always the reference for that model.
The Model Gemini is a dual channel controller that allows two independent reactions to be run on the same
controller, one reaction on Channel 1 and the second on Channel 2. In this example, we will only use
channel 1.
Channel 2 does
not have a timer
Thermocouple
Thermocouple extension
cord
48
Thermocouples – Thermocouples are color coded. When the plastic connector on the end of the
thermocouple is blue, it is a type T thermocouple, when it is yellow it is a type K, and when it is black it is
a type J. The color of the thermocouple, the thermocouple extension cord, and the thermocouple
receptacle on the face of the controller must all be the same color (i.e., thermocouple type) or the
controller will not read the correct temperature. Thermocouples are available in many different styles. As
long as the thermocouple has the same color connector as the connector on the controller, they are 100%
compatible.
Stainless steel,
no Teflon coating 12 inch length, Teflon coated
Bend
When a thermocouple is placed in solution, often it is desirable to bend the thermocouple slightly so that
more of the tip extends into the solution. It does not hurt a thermocouple to be bent slightly.
The temperature sensitive portion of a thermocouple is the first ¼” of the tip. It’s good for the first ½” to
be is solution, but the first ¼” must be in solution to read the temperature correctly.
Heaters – Your J-KEM controller works with virtually any 120 volt (or 230 volt heaters outside of the
USA) heater, including any size heating mantle, 120 vac oil baths, hot plates, ovens, and many other style
heaters. If you have questions about the compatibility of specific heaters, please contact j-KEM.
49
Classes of J-KEM Scientific Temperature Controllers
J-KEM’s 200-Series, Apollo, and Gemini controllers are compatible with any size heating mantle from 5 ml
to 50 liter, and any 120 Vac oil bath (do not use with oil baths rated less than 120 Vac).
J-KEM’s 150-Series economy controllers are compatible with 500 ml heating mantles and larger, and 120
Vac oil baths (do not use with oil baths rated less than 120 Vac).
J-KEM’s 230 Vac controllers are compatible with any 230 Vac heating mantle 100ml and larger. They are
not compatible with any size oil bath.
1. Place the reaction flask in the appropriate size heating mantle., then plug the power cord from the
mantle directly into the power outlet of the temperature controller.
2. Place a stirring bar inside of the flask, in the solution. Place the flask on a magnetic stirrer and stir
the reaction for good heat transfer.
3. Place a thermocouple in solution and make sure that at least the first ¼” (1/2” is better) is covered by
the fluid in the reaction flask.
50
4. Enter the temperature that you want to heat the reaction to (i.e., the Setpoint) into the digital meter.
5. Set the correct Power Control Level. Your J-KEM controller has a built in Power Control Computer
PCC) that precisely regulates power to the heater. For the computer to work correctly, it must know
the volume of solution that is being heated. It’s important to understand that the PCC is set to the
Volume of solution being heated, not the size of the heater or the size of the flask.
For a detailed explanation of the Power Control Computer, see Section Two in the controller’s
User manual.
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Appendix
Using your 200-Series controller with oil baths rated for less than 120 volt operation is not recommended.
J-KEM manufactures a 400-Series controller designed for use with oil baths rated for any voltage and is
recommended for this application. The 200-Series controller can be used with an oil bath rated for 120
volt operation without any special setup. Simply place the flask and the thermocouple directly in the oil,
set the appropriate power setting and enter the reaction setpoint temperature..
If you need to use an oil bath with you J-KEM controller, J-KEM recommends the Instatherm oil baths.
The two largest baths, Catalog #’s INS-150 and INS-160 are both rated for use with 120vac controllers
and provide good temperature regulation.
If you frequently heat reactions using oil baths, we recommend J-KEM’s 400-Series oil bath controller.
If the reason for using an oil bath is that a small volume is being heated, and you want to use your
200-Series controller for the job, you have a second option. J-KEM sells heating mantles for small
volumes (5, 10, 25, 50 ml) which can be plugged directly into the temperature controller. Your controller
regulates volumes as small as 1 ml in a 5 ml flask using a 5 ml heating mantle. If you need to heat even
smaller volumes, your User’s Manual describes a technique for heating microliters (“Controlling the
Heating Mantle Temperature Directly”; in Section 4). The advantage of this option is that it eliminates the
mess and safety hazards associated with oil baths. Accessories for regulating the temperature of small
volumes are available from J-KEM including small volume heating mantles and micro thermocouples.
Call if you have any concerns or would like to discuss your application with a technical representative.
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II. Safety Considerations and Accurate Temperature Control
For safety critical and nontypical organic reactions (especially polymeric reactions) or for use
with heaters other than heating mantles the user must either 1) monitor the reaction closely to
verify the tuning parameters are appropriate for the current application, or 2) autotune the
controller for the application. For any safety critical or high value reaction, call JKEM to discuss
your application with an engineer prior to beginning.
o
Your JKEM controller is capable of regulating virtually any application to ± 0.1 C if the controller is
tuned to the application being heated. Since it’s possible that the tuning parameters are not set correctly for your
application, the user must monitor a new reaction to verify the controllers operation. A short primmer on tuning is
presented below, a more detailed explanation is presented in Sections 2.1 and 4.1.
Tuning is the process that matches the control characteristics of the controller to the heating characteristics
of the process being controlled. The controller uses a PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) algorithm to
regulate heating. Each of the terms in the PID equation have a constant that scales the equation to the process
being heating. These constants (plus two other related terms) are collectively known as the ‘tuning constants’ and
for the most part they are expressed in units of time, since they represent delay times, rate of heat transfer times,
and rate of error accumulation. The relative value of each constant depends on the physical characteristics of the
process being heated. For example, for the same amount of input power, the rate of heat transfer is twice as high
o
for hexane as compared to water, since the coefficient of heat for hexane is 0.54 calories/g/ C and water is
o
1.0 calorie/gram/ C. That means that 1000 wattseconds of input power will raise the temperature of 10 g of
o o
hexane 44 C while the same amount of power causes a 24 C rise in water. In theory, the tuning constants needed
to heat hexane are different from those to heat water. Fortunately, your JKEM controller is selfadaptive and is
able to adapt it’s heating characteristics for different solvents such as hexane and water. Even with the controller’s
selfadaptive algorithms, the tuning constants have to be reasonably close to a proper set or the controller will not
produce stable temperature control
(see Section 2.1).
When a controller is shipped, the default set of tuning constants loaded into the controller are those
o
appropriate for heating typical organic reactions (i.e., small molecule chemistry in low boiling (< 160 C ) organic
solvents) using heating mantles, since this is the most common application for JKEM controllers. Since it’s
impossible for JKEM to predict the application the controller will be used for, the researcher must be
aware of the possibility that the tuning constants loaded into the controller may not be a set that results in
stable temperature control. It’s the researcher’s responsibility to monitor the temperature regulation of a
reaction. If you encounter a process that your JKEM controller does not heat with stability, you have two
resources.
53
Autotune Feature. Your controller has and autotune feature that when turned on (see Sections
2.1 & 2.2) automatically determines the proper tuning constants for your application and then loads them into
memory for future use.
JKEM Technical Assistance. If you have an application you wish to discuss, call us, we’re always anxious
to help our users.
For an additional description of the PID algorithm and the concept of tuning, see Sections 2 and 4.1.
54
III. Resetting the Controller to Original Factory Settings
J-KEM manufactures the most technically advanced temperature controller available and should give you
consistently flawless control. If you have difficulty with your controller, a good place to start to correct
the problem is by loading the original factory settings as detailed in the procedure below. If you still have
difficulty with your controller, our Engineering Department will help you resolve the problem. Before
beginning this procedure, plug a thermocouple into the channel being reset.
Procedure to Reset the Controller to Original Factory Settings
1. Press and hold in both the ▼ and ▲ keys on the front of the temperature meter for the channel you want to
change until the word “tunE” appears in the display, then release both keys.
2. Press the ▼ key until “LEVL” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the
‘*’ key press the ▲ key until “3” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
3. Press the ▲ key until “rSEt” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’
key press the ▲ key until the word “All” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
4. Press and hold in both the ▼ and ▲ keys until the word “inPt” appears in the display, then release both keys.
During this step the over temperature alarm will begin to sound. It is turned off in Step 7. The value that
needs to be entered depends of the type of thermocouple receptacle your controller was shipped with.
Determine the thermocouple type below.
Color of thermocouple receptacle (#’s 8 & 12) Value to enter:
Blue (type T) “tc ”
Yellow (type K) “tc ”
Black (type J) “tc ”
Hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value from above appears in the
display. Let go of all the keys.
NOTE: Many of the patterns for this parameter look similar, be careful to select the exact pattern shown
above.
5. Press the ▲ key once and “unit” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in
the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “o C” appears in the display,. Let go of all the keys.
6. Press the ▲ key once and the word “SP1.d” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while
holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “SSd” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
7. Press in both the ▼ and ▲ keys until the temperature appears in the display (the word “PArk” also appears),
then release both keys.
To turn off the alarm, change the set point by holding in the ‘*’ key then hold in the ▲ key until a value >
100 is entered. Let go of all the keys. Press the Output Power Level button for the channel being reset. The
alarm should turn off.
8. Press and hold in both the ▼ and ▲ keys on the front of the temperature meter for the channel you want to
change until the word “tunE” appears in the display, then release both keys.
9. Press the ▲ key once and the word “bAnd” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while
holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “10” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
10. Press the ▲ key once and the word “int.t” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while
holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “10” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
11. Press the ▲ key once and the word “dEr.t” will appear in the display.
Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, while holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “50” appears in the
display. Let go of all the keys.
12. Press the ▲ key once and the word “dAC” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while
holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “3.0” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
13. Press the ▲ key once and the word “CyC.t” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while
holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the value “30” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
14. Press the ▲ key until the word “SPrn” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding
in the ‘*’ key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the word “OFF” is displayed. Let go of all the keys.
55
15. Press the ▼ key until the word “LEVL” appears in the display.
16. First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until “2” appears in the display.
Let go of all the keys.
17. Press the ▲ key until “SP2.A” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the
‘*’ key press the ▲ key until the word “dV.hi” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
18. Press the ▲ key until “diSP” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’
key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the value “0.1 o” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
19. Press the ▲ key until “Lo.SC” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the
‘*’ key hold in the ▼ key until the number in the display stops changing (this will be “0” or “-50” or “-199.9”
depending on thermocouple type). Let go of all the keys.
20. Press the ▼ key until the word “LEVL” appears in the display.
21. First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ key until “3” appears in the display.
Let go of all the keys.
22. Press the ▲ key until “ZEro” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’
key press the ▼ or ▲ key
until the correct value (see below) appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
If the TOP meter is being reset, enter the value: ___________. If the BOTTOM meter is being reset,
enter the value: ___________.
23. Press the ▼ key until the word “LEVL” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
24. Hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▼ key until “1” appears in the display. Let go
of all the keys.
25. Press the ▲ key until “SEt.2” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’
key press the ▲ or ▼ keys until the value 5.0 is entered. Let of go of all keys.
26 Press the ▲ key once to display “bnd.2” appears in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while
holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▲ or ▼ keys until the value 0.1 is entered. Let of go of all keys.
27. Press the ▼ key until the word “LEVL” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
28. First hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the ‘*’ key press the ▼ key until “C” appears in the display.
Let go of all the keys.
29. Press the ▲ key and “Addr” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the
‘*’ key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the value “1” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
30. Press the ▲ key and “bAud” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the
‘*’ key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the value “9600” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
31. Press the ▲ key and “dAtA” will appear in the display. Next, hold in the ‘*’ key, then while holding in the
‘*’ key press the ▼ or ▲ key until the value “18n1” appears in the display. Let go of all the keys.
32. Press and hold in both the ▼ and ▲ keys until the temperature appears in the display, then release both keys.
33. If the alarm is sounding, reset it by pressing the Output Power Level button for the channel being reset.
56