This manual represents the techniques used by Allan Block® in our engineering practice to design the AB Fence®,

a fencing and sound barrier system. It is not intended as an engineering textbook. The methods we use have
evolved over the course of twenty five years and continue to do so as our knowledge and experience grows.

The intended users of this manual are practicing engineers. We assume that the reader is already familiar with
the basic principles of structural design of concrete systems. We encourage others to contract a qualified
engineer for assistance with the design of similar structures. The example problems in this manual pertain only
to the design and construction of the AB Fence® System.

AB® Post Block AB® Panel Block AB® Fence Cap

The AB Fence Post block is the The AB Fence Panel block is stacked The AB Fence Cap is used to
primary structural component between the rigid post structures. finish the top of the post and
of the system. Integrated into The interlocking design of the panel panels. The crowned configura-
reinforced concrete piles, the block creates a strong, solid barrier tion provides aesthetic appeal,
AB Fence post forms the back- that easily transfers wind and seismic and channels water away from
bone of the AB Fence system. loads to the post structures while the posts and panel.
remaining flexible enough in the dry-
stacked units to absorb wind loads.

AB® Corner Unit AB® Half Panel and AB Lite

Panel
AB® Lite Panel Blocks
The AB Fence AB Half
Corners are Panel
The AB Fence Half Panel blocks are manufactured
manufactured for to eliminate the need for in-the field producing of
90° transitions. half size panel block by cutting standard panel
blocks. (not available in all locations) AB Half
Lite
Panel
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter One - Concepts & Definitions

• Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
• Measuring the Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
• Wind Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
• Exposure Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
• System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
• Panel Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
• System Selfweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
• Flexibility and Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
• Post Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
• Footing Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Chapter Two - AB Fence Engineering Methodology

• Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
• Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Allan Block Fence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Compressive Strength Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Tensile Strength Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Concrete Shear Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Footing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
• Soil Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
• Soil Retention with Geogrid Reinforced Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
• Appendix 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Intermediate Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Unreinforced Leveling Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
• References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
 LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES
Chapter One - Concepts & Definitions
FIGURES
Figure 1 Typical Weather Vane and Anemometer ...................................................................1
Figure 2 Tributary Area Per Post....................................................................................................4
Figure 3 Typical Panel Elevation...................................................................................................4
Figure 4 Typical Bond Beam .........................................................................................................4
Figure 5 Fence Post Structure .......................................................................................................4
Figure 6 Typical Panel Elevation...................................................................................................5
Figure 7 Dry Stacked Interlock......................................................................................................5
Figure 8 Selfweight Resisting Movement .....................................................................................6
Figure 9 Work Energy Free Body Diagram ..................................................................................6
Figure 10 Possible Shear Failure Diagram......................................................................................7
Figure 11 Post Core After Testing and Demolition .......................................................................8

TABLES
Table 1.1 Unit Conversions ..............................................................................................................2
Table 1.2 Wind Speed Verses Wind Pressure ................................................................................2
Table 1.3 Pressure Coefficient ........................................................................................................3
Table 1.4 Design Wind Speeds and Stagnation Pressures ..........................................................7

Appendix 1 - Intermediate Column & Other Constructability Enhancements

Figure 12 Intermediate Columns ....................................................................................................23
Figure 13 Unreinforced Concrete Leveling Pad...........................................................................23
 CHAPTER ONE
Concepts and Definitions
Wind Loads
The AB Fence System is designed to provide screening, security and noise abatement. It is based on a sim-
ple concept of post, panel and footing construction. The panels absorb the wind loads and transfer
applied loads to the rigid post structures. The post structures then transfer the loads into a below grade
footing. These three structural elements of the AB Fence System must be adequately designed to withstand
the applied forces. An added benefit to the system is that while the panels are rigid enough to transfer
loads they are free-floating in the notches of the post. This allows the panels to flex up and down due to
frost heaves or minor site settlements. As with other fencing structures the primary overturning force comes
from the wind. The following will discuss the ways wind is measured and how pressure is applied.

Measuring the Wind

The wind can vary both in terms of its speed and its direction. As a result differ-
ent pieces of equipment are needed to measure these different characteristics.
Wind direction is commonly determined by weather vanes or wind socks which
will swing around and show which direction the wind is blowing from.

The main instrument used to measure the speed of the wind is an anemometer.
The little cups on a typical anemometer (Figure 1) catch the wind and spin
around at different speeds according to the strength of the wind. A recording
device is used to count how many times they spin around in a given amount of
time. Positioning the anemometer properly to accurately record the wind Figure 1:
speeds is important and there are detailed standards that must be followed. Typical Weather Vane
and Anemometer
Wind conditions have been measured for years and the information provided in local design codes is
based on decades of recorded data. By analyzing this data the average wind speed with a given return
period can be obtained for a region. The "return period" refers to the most probable average wind speed
that will be equaled or exceeded once during a period of time compared to the life of the fence. Thus, a
shorter return period would provide lower wind speed. Longer return periods would increase the probability
for higher wind speeds. For example, a 10-year average velocity will be much less than a 50-year average
velocity. Allan Block has set the return period for the AB Fence Design methodology to 50 years.

1
 Concepts & Definitions

Wind Pressures
The wind speed can be used to calculate a wind pressure using the Bernoulli Equation relating velocities to
pressures. Since wind is air in motion the resulting wind pressures are related to its kinetic energy and can be
determined by the following expression:

P is wind pressure in lb/ft2 or N/m2 (pascal)

Ö is specific weight of air in lb/ft3 or kg/m3
((2)(V g) ) where,
2
P = (Ö)
g is gravitation force in ft/sec2 or m/sec2 and
V is the average wind speed in ft/sec or m/sec

P is more commonly seen in the following form:

P is wind pressure in lb/ft2 or N/m2 (pascal)
P = ½ ê=V 2 where, ê is an average air density - 0.0809 lb/ft3 or 1.29 kg/m3 and
V is the average wind speed in ft/sec or m/sec
Further simplifying gives:
x is the unit conversion, based on which velocity units
P = (x)(V 2) where,
the designer is using, see Table 1.1

TABLE 1.1

This is called the "stagnation pressure" or total pressure Unit Conversions

because it refers to the maximum positive increase over V x Yields
ambient pressure that can be exerted on the fence by any
ft/sec 0.00119 PSF
given wind speed. Stagnation pressure is the basic, non-
factored pressure to which all other pressures are referred m/sec 0.00064645 kPa
to and are usually referenced in regional building codes. mph 0.00256 PSF
km/hr 0.00004807 kPa

Table 1.2 provides a few stagnation pressures computed from the given wind speeds. If the 50-year return
period velocity is equal to the wind speed in Table 1.2, the tabulated values for wind pressure can be used
in your design.

TABLE 1.2

Wind Speed Verses Wind Pressure

mph 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Wind Speed (V)
km/hr 96 113 129 145 161 177 193

psf 9.3 12.6 16.4 20.8 25.6 31.0 36.9

Wind Pressure (q)
kPa 0.443 0.603 0.785 0.995 1.23 1.48 1.77

2
 Concepts & Definitions

Exposure Effects
Wind pressures exerted on the AB Fence depend not only on the speed of the wind, but on the interaction
of exposure effects as well. Any structure, including but not limited to, buildings, landscape features, gener-
al topography, and open areas such as fields, parks, parking lots, street corridors, and bodies of water all
significantly affect the wind patterns and need to be considered. An exposure category that adequately
reflects the characteristics of ground surface irregularities is determined for the site. Open terrain allows for
the maximum exposure, while fences found in developed or urban areas have minimum exposure.
Described below are the three exposure categories used in the designs of the AB Fence:

• Exposure B: Surface roughness consisting of urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other
terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of a single family dwelling or larger.

• Exposure C: Surface roughness consisting of open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights
generally less than 30 ft (9.1 m) extending ½-mile (0.8 km) or more from the site. This category includes
flat open country, grasslands, and bodies of water under 1-mile (1.6 km) in width.

• Exposure D: Describes the most severe exposure with surface roughness consisting of flat,
unobstructed areas and bodies of water over 1-mile (1.6 km) in width. Exposure D extends inland
from the shoreline ¼-mile (0.4 km).

Additionally, calculations should also include site topography and structural importance when factoring
wind pressures on a structure. These AB Pressure Coefficients are listed in Table 1.3 by the exposure catego-
ry, but also account for general site topography, structure height and structural importance as well.

Again, for AB Fence designs the wind pressure is based on the 50-year average wind speed. The pressure
should be multiplied by the appropriate Pressure Coefficient to determine a factored pressure. This fac-
tored pressure is then used in the design calculations.

Codes have changed over the years and you need to Table 1.3
understand what the differences are to ensure the cor- Pressure Coefficient
rect wind speed associated with the codes are being
used in the design. For example, without providing to H<12ft (3.7m) H>12ft (3.7m)
much detail, the design wind speeds are different Exposure Pressure Pressure
because the basis for wind design was service-level, Coefficient Coefficient
fastest mile wind speeds in ASCE 7-93, service-level, 3-sec- B 0.68 0.85
ond gust wind speeds in ASCE 7-05 and strength-level, 3-
C 0.9 1.2
second gust wind speeds in ASCE 7-10.
D 1.25 1.5
Design Wind Pressure (DWP) is defined as the wind pres-
sure the designing engineer has determined based on their local code or municipality requirements. DWP
will be used in the design example that follows.

3
 Concepts & Definitions

System Configuration AB Post

AB Panel
Allan Block Fence is designed to resist laterally applied
pressures, specifically the pressure applied by wind. The
system resists pressures by distributing the applied forces
to the systems structural elements. The elements of the
system are made up of the posts, bond beams, dry-
stacked panel block and concrete pile footings (Figure 2).
The height and width of a single panel makes up the
tributary area of which each element must be designed. Tributary Area
Pile Footing
The panel (Figure 3) is made up of dry-stacked panel Figure 2:
block and bond beams. Bond Beams are dry-stacked Tributary Area Per Post
panel block combined with horizontal and vertical steel
which are cast solid with a fine sand-mix concrete grout
meeting design strength requirements (Figure 4). Typically
there is a bond beam at the top and the bottom of each AB Fence
Cap Block
panel. Intermediate bond beams are added as needed, AB Fence
depending upon the design height and length of the panel. Post Block
AB Fence
Bond Beam
The fully constructed panel acts to transfer the applied
Fence
pressure to the main structural element, the post (Figure 5). Height AB Fence
Panel Block
The post is made up of individually stacked post block
combined with vertical steel and cast solid with a
standard concrete mix meeting design strength require-
ments. The vertical steel reinforcement is lap spliced with
footing dowels to transfer the applied overturning forces Pile Depth
Vertical Steel
into the footing structure. The footing structure can be a
Panel
variety of different types ranging from a simple shallow pile Length
footing, to a very complex designed deep caisson.
Figure 3:
Typical Panel Elevation
A site specific evaluation along with the magnitude of the
structure will allow the engineer to choose the appropriate
footing type. This document includes a simple pile footing,
which will cover the majority of AB Fence projects.

AB Fence Post AB Fence

Structure Grout solid cores
Panel Block above and below
horizontal steel with
fine mix concrete

Lateral load is Horizontal steel

applied to the panel.
Vertical stirrups

Socket Seating
Element

Figure 5: Figure 4:
Fence Post Structure Typical Bond Beam
4
 Concepts & Definitions

Panel Configuration AB Fence Cap Block

The panel's dry-stacked units and bond beams work in unison to both
resist the applied wind pressure and distribute these forces to the structur-
al posts. Figure 6 shows a typical AB Fence Panel cross section. Each AB Fence Panel Block
panel block has a unique ball and socket configuration which when
stacked in a running bond pattern, interlock together to form a semi-rigid
AB Fence Bond Beam
panel. The interlocking strength is due to the selfweight of the block Fence
Height
above pushing down on each course. The lowest courses within a panel
have the most interlocking strength due to the greater selfweight from Horizontal Bond Beam Steel
above. Figure 7 illustrates the flexing of a panel under extreme loading Finish Grade
and how selfweight helps to resist bulging. In order for bulging to occur
in the panel, the locking forces within the ball and socket joint of the dry- Well Graded
stacked units must literally lift the courses of block above the bulge. The Compactible
Aggregate
selfweight of these courses enhances the strength and rigidity of the Figure 6:
panel and continues to increase as you move lower in the panel. Typical Panel Section

The bond beams are made using two courses of individual panel block with a single #4 (10M) reinforcing
bar cast between the courses. The cores are cast solid with a fine sand-mix concrete grout and vertical stir-
rups are placed in every other block core to add shear strength to the bond beam (see Figure 4). The
composite nature of the bond beam and the dry-stacked unit's ball and socket is what allows the panel to
perform at such a high level.

As the panel is stressed by the applied wind loads the bond beam and dry-stacked block are subject to
minor deflections. These minor deflections engage the bond beam’s steel and the interlock of the ball and
socket. Which causes an increase in ultimate panel capacity. Individual bond beam test results have con-
sistently shown that it acts exactly like a monolithic reinforced beam and has much higher actual moment
capacities than are used in a simple design calculation.

By combining the natural strength of the composite bond beam with the strength the ball and socket
configuration brings to the system, a designer can show an increase in the capacity of the individual bond
beams during calculations. Allan Block suggests the addition of a conservative 1.5 multiplier to the calcu-
lated bond beam capacity to account for the rigidity of the ball and socket. See Chapter Two for this con-
cept shown in calculation.

Dry-stack units
interlock utilizing
the ball and socket
configuration.
Applied Wind Load

Figure 7 Dry Stacked Interlock

5
 Concepts & Definitions

System Selfweight
The AB Fence System has many advantages since it is a con- Selfweight
crete masonry system. It provides superior durability and low AB Fence
maintenance, but also provides weight similar to a gravity retain- Post Block
ing wall. The weight of the system when combined with its e M
eccentricity (e) creates a moment (M) that needs to be over-
come before any applied force can actually engage the flexural
steel (Figure 8). Concrete masonry products have a significant
selfweight of roughly 135 pcf (2162.5 kg/m3). The design engi-
neer can utilize the inherent resistance of the selfweight to Concrete Pile
reduce the applied moments at the base of the post. The design
Figure 8:
engineer can choose to ignore the value of the systems self- Selfweight Resisting Movement
weight but by doing so they are treating this concrete system the
same as a light weight wooden fence. This manual will utilize 90%
of the calculated selfweight resistance in all design examples.

Flexibility and Strength Selfweight

The benefit of the dry-stacked units does not end with

simply added flexural strength. The more intriguing
capability of the dry-stacked units within the assembled Xn Def
AB Fence
panel is their ability to dissipate and distribute applied Panel Block
forces. This ability was first observed in the full-scale Wind
Load Friction
panel testing Allan Block and the University of Calgary θ
completed in 2003, where the applied force did not α Z AB Fence
equal the forces received at the post structures. In Panel Block
fact, they were considerably less. Further investigation Xt
Nw
and testing showed that the simple static engineering
law of "force in equals force out" did not hold true to Figure 9:
Work Energy Free-Body Diagram
the AB Fence Panel using dry-stacked units, which have
a large selfweight and a ball and socket configuration. The AB Fence Panel configuration brings a dynam-
ic variable to the static equation. This dynamic variable can best be described as Work Energy.

Work Energy is defined as a force (wind) acting upon an object (the panel block's ball and socket joint)
causing a displacement (Figure 9). In the Allan Block Fence panel there are two forms of work energy
being developed, external work and internal work. First is the external work, which is simply the deflection
of the entire panel due to the wind force. However, because the Panel is free to move within the Post
notch, there is no friction to overcome.

The second form of Work Energy occurs internally in the ball and socket joint. As the wind load is applied, the
running bond of the dry stacked block try to deflect away from the force laterally, but the socket resists any
deflection due to its natural conical locking configuration. The selfweight of all the courses above a particu-
lar socket joint provides the downward force. This selfweight force serves to stiffen the joint. Thus, the lower the
joint is within the panel the greater the internal resisting forces within that joint or socket. Therefore, most of the
deflection within the panel occurs toward the top of the panel where the selfweight is less.

6
 Concepts & Definitions

The internal work occurs when the applied force becomes

great enough to overcome the frictional interaction within Selfweight
the socket which results in a deflection. There are two
forms of deflection that could occur. The first is a purely
AB Fence
horizontal translation, but this could only occur if the bot- Panel Block
Shear
tom tension edge of the panel block were to shear off hor-
izontally allowing the socket to release (Figure 10).
Wind
Load
This form of deflection never occurred in any of the full- AB Fence
Panel Block
scale tests performed due to the internal strength of each Compressive Strength
block, 3000 psi (20.7 MPa) min. The shear strength of a of Block Prohibits This
Type of Shear Failure
block is directly related to its compression strength, there-
fore the stronger the block the more resistant to shear fail- Figure 10:
ures and the stronger the ball and socket can become. Possible Shear Failure Diagram

The second form of deflection, which did occur during testing, was a movement along the natural sloped
plane of the socket which provided displacement in an upward and lateral direction (variable Xt in Figure 9).
Each movement when it occurred was very small because the pressure within the socket would release
and the frictional interaction would once again be greater than the applied load. Once the force was
built up enough to overcome the internal resisting forces another deflection would occur. Each time an
internal deflection occurred a certain amount of force was absorbed into the joint causing a reduction of
applied forces to the posts.

The results showed that at low pressures the loads received at each post are quite small. The lowest record-
ed test value was 28% of the applied load. This is due to the large number of dry-stacked joints within the
panel that had the ability to shift or deflect early on. At higher pressures the number of joints having the
ability to adjust decreases because movement has already occurred making the joint more rigid, which
causes the percentage of force received by each post to increase. The result of the Work Energy effect is
an absorption of the applied loads. When this occurs the applied moments to the post structures are also
reduced. This allows the designer to increase the tributary area by increasing the post spacing. The net
result is a smaller number of posts and footings required, and a reduced cost for a project. In calculation,
this Work Energy effect is represented as an increase to the posts calculated capacity.

Table 1.4 represents the recommended post capacity increase to reflect the Work Energy findings based
on the test results. These post capacity increases will be used in the design example in Chapter Two.

Table 1.4
Design Wind Speeds and Stagnation Pressures
Miles Per Hour mph 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
(kph) km/hr 96 113 129 145 161 177 193
Unfactored Pressure psf 9.3 12.6 16.4 20.8 25.6 31.0 36.9
2
lb/ft (kPa) kpa 0.443 0.603 0.785 0.995 1.23 1.48 1.77
Design Capacity For Post Design Multiplier
%* 1.50 1.50 1.45 1.35 1.30 1.20 1.10
* The multipliers are a conservative increase based on test results

7
 Concepts & Definitions

Post Configuration
The AB Fence Post is a fully tested structural column assembly that has
repeatedly shown ultimate capacities similar to those of a monolithic
reinforced concrete post. The post block has a unique conical shaped
core that when stacked with additional courses forms a serrated shaped
interior core of concrete. Figure 11 shows the core of the AB Fence Post
after flexural testing and demolition to remove the AB Fence Post masonry
material. To remove the masonry material, an electric jack hammer was
required. This unique shaped interior adds to the incredible bonding effect
the dry-cast block have with the wet-cast concrete core which enhances
the monolithic nature of the post system. The testing results have proven
that the full masonry composite section should be used in design applica- Figure 11: Post Core After
tions. Therefore, first principle beam capacity equations utilizing the full Testing and Demolition
composite section of the post will be used throughout this manual along
with the suggested capacity increase multipliers from Table 1.4

Footing Configuration
The stabilizing foundation to the entire AB Fence System is a reinforced concrete footing. Footings can be
designed in many different styles but they all are designed to resist the lateral and vertical applied forces.
The typical AB Fence footing is a 2 ft (600mm) diameter concrete pile footing directly under the post drilled
to a design depth with simple vertical steel reinforcement. The site specific parameters such as soil strength
and wind loading will determine the design size and depth of each shaft. The vertical pile footing rein-
forcement should be designed to match the vertical steel within the post structure and be extended out of
the top of the footing to splice with the post reinforcement. By increasing the pile footings diameter and or
depth, the capacity of the footing can be increased.

This manual will follow standard calculations for non-constrained concrete pile footings. However, design
engineers can choose to design their own type or style of footing by determining the overturning moments
at the base of the AB Fence Post. The Allan Block Fence system will work with any type of foundation sys-
tem which will adequately handle the overturning moments such as a complex Drilled Shaft, spread footing
or cantilever footing.

8
 CHAPTER TWO
AB Fence Engineering Methodology
This chapter will provide an explanation of engineering principals, terminology and methodologies
used in the design of the AB Fence system.
Terminology
Ab = Area of steel for one reinforcing bar in the Post
Abb = Area of steel reinforcing bar in the Bond Beam
As = Total Area of steel in the Post
Aw = The thickness of the Post Block wing
Awpanel = Area of Panel section only
b = Diameter of Footing
bbb = Bond Beam section length used for Bond Beam capacity calculations = (2)(h)
bs = Post section length used for Post capacity calculations = Pl - (2)(Pnd)
clr = Spacing between nub and bottom of Post Block notch
d = Calculated depth of footing
d2 = Estimated depth of footing
dbb = Distance to tension steel in the Bond Beam
ds = Distance to tension steel in the Post
DWP = Design Wind Pressure
Em = Modulus of Elasticity of masonry
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of nonprestressing steel
Fa = Active Earth Pressure
Fah = Horizontal Force Vector of Active Earth Pressure
Fq = Surcharge Force
Fqh = Horizontal Force Vector of Surcharge Force
fb = Allowable Compressive Strength of masonry
fm = Compressive Strength of concrete
fs = Allowable Tensile Stress of reinforcing steel = (0.4)(fy)
fy = Yield Stress of reinforcing steel
h = Course Height
h1 = Distance in feet from ground surface to point of applied load
H = Total Panel height from footing to top of cap
Hs = Retained height of soil
j = j and k are coefficients used for internal moment and definitions of the neutral axis of the Post
jbb = jbb and kbb are coefficients used for internal moment and definitions of the
neutral axis of the Bond Beam
k = j and k are coefficients used for internal moment and definitions of the neutral
axis of the Post
kbb = jbb and kbb are coefficients used for internal moment and definitions of the
neutral axis of the Bond Beam
Ka = Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient

9
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Terminology

Mpostd = Applied Moment to Post = (P)(Ta)(H / 2)

Mpaneld = Applied Moment to Bond Beam = (P)(Ta){PS / [(8)(Nbb)]}
Mcbb = Allowable Moment Capacity of Bond Beam based on the masonry compressive strength
Mcp = Allowable Moment Capacity of Post based on the masonry compressive strength
Mfooting design = Total Moment used to design Footing = M1 - selfweight moment for the Post. Panel and Footing
Mtbb = Allowable Moment Capacity of Bond Beam based on the Tensile Stress of the reinforcement
Mtp = Allowable Moment Capacity of Post based on the Tensile Stress of the reinforcement
Mswfooting = Total resistance Moment due to the selfweight of the Footing
Mswpanel = Total resistance Moment due to the selfweight of the Panel
Mswpost = Total resistance Moment due to the selfweight of the Post
Mpost design = Total Moment used to design Post = Mpostd - Mswpanel - Mswpost
Mah = Overturning Moment due to Soil Retention
Mqh = Overturning Moment due to Surcharge force
n = Modular Ratio and is calculated using the Modulus of Elasticity of the composite materials
Nbb = Number of Bond Beams in a Panel
nl = Nub Length
P = Bernoulli’s Wind Pressure
P1 = The footing’s design moment translated into its Force Vector
Pd = Post Block Depth
Per = Work Energy Factor
PH = Total Post Height from footing to top of cap
Pl = Post Block Length
Pnd = Post Block Notch Depth
Ps = Post Spacing from Center to Center of Posts
q = Surcharge Force in Soil retention calculations
êpost = Steel to Concrete ratio in the Post
êbb = Steel to Concrete ratio in the Bond Beam
r = radius of the reinforcing bars in a structural member
s = Number of Panel Block long panel used for post spacing
Sfactored = Allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure based on a depth of 1/3 the depth of embedment
Sssa = Allowable Shear Stress for reinforced structures
Sreq = Calculated Shear Stress at the base of the Post
Swing = Allowable Shear Stress on the Post wing
Swreq = Total Shear Stress on the Post wing
t = Panel Block Depth
Ta = (Ps)(H) = Tributary Area of panel from center to center of Posts
w = Panel Block Length
wc = Unit Weight of Concrete = 135 pcf (2162.5 kg/m3)
wtcap = Weight of Cap unit
wtpanel = Weight of Panel Block
wtpanelq = Weight of grout per Panel Block
wtpost = Weight of Post Block
wtpostc = Weight of grout per Post Block
Zpanel = Number of block course in a Panel
Zpost = Number of block course in a Post
Ñi = Internal Friction Angle of soil
Ñwi = Weighted Internal Friction Angle of soil
Ä = Wall Batter
Öi = Unit Weight of Soil

10
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example
To start a design there is typically a total length and desired height of fence shown on the site plan docu-
ments. The length can be divided into equal segments to get a rough starting post spacing. The post
spacing of an AB Fence should be based on the modular lengths of the individual panel block to minimize
cutting and speed construction. The designer should maximize post spacing to minimize project costs. For
detailed instructions on installation see the AB Fence Installation Guide.

Allan Block Fence Parameters:

Course height (h) = 7.625 in (194 mm)
Panel Block depth (t) = 5.628 in (143 mm)
Panel Block length (w) = 17.625 in (448 mm)
Post Block depth (Pd) = 11.625 in (295 mm)
Post Block length (Pl) = 17.625 in (448 mm)
Post Block Notch depth (Pnd) = 1.5 in (38 mm)
Nub length (nl) = 0.1875 in (5 mm)
Clear space between nub and
bottom of post notch (clr) = 0.25 in (6 mm)

Example:
Fence Parameters: Allan Block recommends that all AB Fence projects be built with castellated fence
posts. These are posts that are at least one block taller than the panel to allow for panel movement.
Fence length = 175 ft (53.34 m)
Average height = 7.5 ft (2.29 m)
Design Wind Pressure (DWP) = 11.15 psf (0.534 kPa)
# of Bond Beams (Nbb) = 2 (1 - #4 (10M) each)
Size and # of bars in Post = 4 - #5 (15M)
Work Energy Factor (Per) = 1.5 - (Table 1.4)

NOTE: No soil retention required in this example, for soil retention calculations see pages 21-22.

For this example we will equally divide the total length of Fence into equal sized panels. The designer may
want to simply calculate the maximum panel spacing.

Rough post spacing = 174 ft / 12 panels = 14.5 ft ∪ 9 panel block

Therefore: Each post spacing is made up of (s) number of Panel Blocks = 9

Ps = (s)(w) + (2)(nl +clr) - (2)(Pnd) + (2)(Pl / 2)

Ps = 14.51 ft (4.42 m)

Height of Panel (H):

Zpanel = 12 course
H = (Zpanel - 1)(h) + 7.16 in + 4.75 in
= 7.98 ft (2.43 m)

11
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example
Height of Post (H):
Zpost = 13 course (Castellated = 1 more than panel)
4.75 in. (212 mm)
PH = (Zpost)(h) + 4.75 in = 8.66 ft (2.64 m)
Tributary Area (Ta): 7.16 in. (182 mm)
Ta = (Ps)(H)
= (14.51 ft)(8.66 ft) = 115.825 ft2 (10.76 m2)
Designed Wind Pressure(DWP): H
(zpanel-1)(h)
DWP = 11.15 psf (0.534 kPa)

Applied Design Moments: The following moment equations

are from standard engineering principles.

Post: Cantilever Beam - Uniformly Distributed Load

Mpostd = (DWP)(Ta)(H / 2)
= (11.15 psf)(115.825 ft2)(7.98 ft / 2)
= 5154.1 lb-ft (6988 N-m)
AB Fence
Cap Block
NOTE: This Post Moment will be reduced by using the
influence of selfweight in the next section.
Total Design Load (P)

Mpaneld = (DWP)(Ta)(Ps) Fence

(8)(Nbb) Height
(H)
Post Height
Panel: Simple Beam - Uniformly Distributed Lateral Load =
Fence Height Plus
(11.15 psf)(115.825 ft2)(14.51 ft) One Block
= AB Fence
(8)(2) Post Block
Design
= 1171.25 lb-ft (1588 N-m) Moment
For Post
(Mpostd)
NOTE: The AB Fence Bond Beam and Post capacities must
Concrete Pile
be greater than this applied value.

Total Design Load (P) Pile Depth

= (d2)
3 in. (75 mm)
Clear Cover
Pile
Diameter (b)

Design Moment For Panel (Mpaneld)

Note: The bottom bond beam is not designed as simply supported vertically between concrete piles. The
entire panel is supported uniformly on the compacted granular base. Therefore the design moment for all
bond beams is in the lateral bending direction. To be conservative, any frictional resistance between the bot-
tom bond beam and the gravel base is ignored, thus all lateral forces are distributed evenly between all bond
beams. If the engineer wants to design the bottom bond beam as simply supported between pile caps, both
the bottom bond beam and the concrete pile caps must be evaluated and designed accordingly.
12
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Determine the resisting moments due to Selfweight of Post, Panel and Footing:

Weight of Panel Block (wtpanel) = 47 lb (209.07 N)

Weight of Post Block (wtpost) = 70 lb (311.38 N)
Weight of Cap unit (wtcap) = 60 lb (266.89 N)
Weight of grout per Panel Block (wtpanelg) = 14.4 lb (64.05 N)
Weight of concrete per Post Block (wtpostc) = 48 lb (213.51 N)

Total weight of Post = (Zpost)(wtpost + wtpostc) + wtcap

= (13) (70 lb + 48 lb) + 60 lb
= 1594 lb (7090.4 N)

Total weight of Panel = (Zpanel)(s)(wtpanel) + (wtcap)(s)

= (12)(9)(47 lb) + (60 lb)(9)
= 5616 lb (24981.2 N)

Weight of Bond Beam (bb) grout:

# of grouted course = (Nbb)(2 course per Bond Beam)

= (2)(2) = 4
wt of bb grout = (4)(s)(wtpanelg)
= (4)(9)(14.4 lb)
= 518.4 lb (2306.0 N)

Total weight of Panel = 5616 lb + 518.4 lb = 6134.4 lb (27293.6 N)

Estimate Footing weight:

Diameter (b) = 2 ft (0.610 m)

Estimated depth (d2) = 4.5 ft (1.37 m)
Weight of concrete (wc) = 135 pcf (2162.5 kg/m3)

Est. Wt of Footing = (é)(b / 2)2 (d2)(wc)

= (é)(2 ft / 2)2(4.5 ft)(135 pcf)
= 1908 lb (8487.2 N)

13
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Determine the total resistance moments due to the weight of the post, panel and footing:

Post: Mswpost = (wt of post)(Pd / 2)

(
= (1594 lb) 11.625 in/12 (in/ft)
2 )
= 772.1 lb-ft (1046.83 N-m)

NOTE: The moment arm for the post Is the width of the post (Pd) divided by 2.

Panel: Mswpanel = (wt of panel)(t / 2)

= (6134.4 lb) (5.628 in/12(in/ft)

2 )
= 1438.5 lb-ft (1950.34 N-m)

NOTE: The moment arm for the panel is the width of the panel (t) divided by 2.

Footing: Mswfooting = (wt of footing)(Pd / 2)

(
= (1908 lb ) [11.625 in/12 (in/ft)]
2 )
= 924.2 lb-ft (1253.05 N-m)

NOTE: The equivalent moment arm for the footing can be estimated similar to that of the post, therefore
(Pd) divide by 2.

Design Moment for Post design

Mpostdesign = Mpostd - (0.9)(Mswpost - Mswpanel)

= 5154.1 lb-ft - (0.9)(772.1 lb-ft + 1438.85 lb-ft)
= 3164.2 lb-ft (4290.1 N-m)

NOTE: The AB Fence post capacity must be greater than this value.

Design Moment for Footing design

Mfootingdesign = Mpostd - (0.9)(Mswpost - Mswpanel - Mswfooting)

= 5154.1 lb-ft - (0.9)(772.1 lb-ft + 1438.85 lb-ft + 924.2 lb-ft)
= 2332.5 lb-ft (3162.5 N-m)

NOTE: This value will be used for determining design depth of the post footing.

14
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Compressive Strength Calculations

Allowable moment capacity based on compressive strength of masonry for the post (Mcp):

(fb)(bs)(ds2)(j)(k)
Mcp =
2
Compressive strength:
fm = 3000 psi (20.68 MPa)

NOTE: This is the minimum allowable compressive stress of the block units based on ASTM 1372. If the tested
values show a greater strength the designer may choose to use the higher tested value.

The allowable compressive strength for masonry design:

fb = (0.333)(fm)
= 1000 psi (6.89 MPa)

Post section dimensions are based on the rectangular section of the block depth and block length which
does not include the wings.

Post section length (bs):

bs = Pl - (2)(Pnd)
= 17.625 in - (2)(1.5 in)
= 14.625 in (371.5 mm)

Distance to tension steel (ds):

ds = Pd - 2.25 in - 1 in clr - bar dia.

= 8.06 in (204.7 mm)

j and k are coefficients used for internal moments and definitions of the neutral axis.

k = {[(n)(êpost)]2 + (2)(n)(êpost)}0.5 - (n)(êpost)

k
j = 1-
3
Ratio of reinforcing steel in post section:
êpost (As / 2) ==
=
(bs)(ds)

NOTE: As / 2 because only the tension steel is used.

15
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Compressive Strength Calculations

Area of steel in post section (As):
Area of bar (Ab) = (é)(r2)
= 0.307 in2 (198.1 mm2)
As = (Ab)(# of bars in post)
= (0.307)(4) = 1.227 in2 (791.61 mm2)
Therefore: êpost = As / 2
(bs)(ds)
1.227 in2 / 2
=
(14.625 in)(8.06 in)
= 0.0052
n is the modular ratio and is calculated using the modulus of elasticity of the composite materials:
n = Es / Em

Es is the modulus of elasticity of for nonprestressed steel:

Es = 29000 ksi (200,000 MPa)

Em is the modulus of elasticity of masonry, commonly taken as:

Em = (900)(fm)
= (900)(3000 psi)
= 2700 ksi (18,615.8 MPa)
Therefore: n = 29000 ksi/ 27000 ksi
= 10.741
Therefore: k = {[(n)(êpost)]2 + (2)(n)(êpost)}0.5 - (n)(êpost)
= {[(10.741)(0.0052)]2 + (2)(10.741)(0.0052)}0.5 - (10.741)(0.0052)
= 0.2830
k
and: j =1-
3
0.2830
=1-
3

= 0.9057
2
Mcp = (fb)(bs)(ds )(j)(k)
2
2 2
= (1000 psi)(14.625 in/12 in/ft)(8.06 in )(0.9057)(0.283)
2
= 10157 lb-ft (13,771 N-m)

At this point the Work Energy factor is put into the equations, from Table 1.4.
Mcp = (Per)(10157 lb-ft)
= (1.45)(10157 lb-ft)
= 14728 lb-ft (19,968.5 N-m)

This is the allowable moment capacity for this post section and can than be compared to the design
applied moment (Mpost design) of 3164.2 lb-ft (4290.1 N-m). The moment capacity is much greater than the
applied moment therefore this section is safe to use.
16
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Compressive Strength Calculations

Allowable Moment capacity based on compressive strength of masonry for the bond beam (Mcbb):
2
Mcbb = (fb)(bbb)(dbb )(jbb)(kbb)
2
Bond beam section length (bbb):
bbb = (2)(h) = (2)(7.625 in) = 15.25 in (387.35 mm)
Distance to tension steel (dbb):
dbb = t / 2 = 5.628 in / 2 = 2.814 in (71.48 mm)
j and k are coefficients used for internal moments and definitions of the neutral axis.
kbb = {[(n)(êbb)]2 + (2)(n)(êbb)}0.5 - (n)(êbb)
jbb = 1 - kbb
3
Ratio of reinforcing steel in bond beam section:
êbb === Abb
(bbb)(dbb)
Area of steel in bond beam section (Abb):
Area of bar (Ab) = (é)(r2) = 0.196 in2 (126.45 mm2 )
Abb = (Ab)(# of bars in bond beam) = (0.196)(1) = 0.196 in2 (126.45 mm2)
Therefore: êbb = Abb
(bbb)(dbb)
= 0.196 in2 / [(15.25 in)(2.814 in)] = 0.0046
2 0.5
Therefore: kbb = {[(n)(êbb)] + (2)(n)(êbb)} - (n)(êbb)
= {[(10.741)(0.0046)]2 + (2)(10.741)(0.0046)}0.5 - (10.741)(0.0046) = 0.2682
and: jbb = 1- kbb
3
= 1 - 0.2682
3
= 0.9106
(fb)(bbb)(dbb2)(jbb)(kbb)
Mcbb =
2
= (1000 psi)(15.25 in/12 in/ft)(2.8142 in2)(0.9106)(0.2682)
2
= 1228.8 lb-ft (1666.0 N-m)

Note: Bond Beam test results have consistently shown much higher moment capacities. This is due to the ball
and socket configuration of the panel block and the flange effect of the glued in place cap block. Thus the
1.5 multiplier on Mcbb.
Mcbb = (1.5)(1228.8 lb-ft)
= 1843.1 lb-ft (2498.9 N-m)

This is the allowable moment capacity for this bond beam section and can than be compared to the
design applied moment (Mpaneld) of 1171.25 lb-ft (1588.0 N-m). The moment capacity is much greater than
the applied moment therefore this section is safe to use.

17
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Tensile Stress Calculations

Allowable moment capacity based on tensile stress of reinforcement in the Post (Mtp):

Mtp = (fs)(As / 2)(j)(ds)

Yield stress (fy) in reinforcing steel is commonly known as 60 ksi (413.68 MPa) but the allowable tensile stress
is 40% of the yield. Therefore:

fy = 60 ksi (413.68 MPa)

fs = (0.4)(fy) = (0.4)(60) = 24 ksi (165.47 MPa)
Therefore:
Mtp = (fs)(As / 2)(j)(ds)
= (24000 psi)(1.227 in2/ 2)(0.9057)(8.06)
= 8961.3 lb-ft (12,149.89 N-m)

At this point the Work Energy Factor (per) is put into the equations, from Table 1.4, on Page 7.

Mtp = (Per)(8961.3 lb-ft)

= (1.5)(8961.3 lb-ft)
= 13442 lb-ft (18,224.84 N-m)

This is the allowable moment capacity for this post section and can than be compared to the design
applied moment (Mpost design) of 3164.2 lb-ft (4290.1 N-m). The moment capacity is much greater than the
applied moment therefore this section is safe to use.

Allowable Moment Capacity based on Tensile Stress of reinforcement in the Bond Beam:

Mtbb = (fs)(Abb)(jbb)(dbb)
= (24000 psi)(0.196 in2)(0.9106)(2.814)
= 1006.3 lb-ft (1364.36 N-m)

Note: Bond Beam test results have consistently shown much higher moment capacities. This is due to the ball
and socket configuration of the panel block and the flange effect of the glued in place cap block. Thus the
1.5 multiplier on Mtbb.

Mtbb = (1.5)(1006.3 lb-ft)

= 1509.4 lb-ft (2046.47 N-m)

This is the allowable moment capacity for this bond beam section and can than be compared to the
design applied moment (Mpaneld) of 1171.25 lb-ft (1588.0 N-m). The moment capacity is much greater than
the applied moment therefore this section is safe to use.

18
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Concrete Shear Calculations

All structural calculations contain a required section on shear but with the AB Fence system shear is not the
limiting factor in design and you will see that the capacities far exceed the design requirements. Shear is
simply the action of breaking the structural member lateral to its flexural steel. In the AB Fence calculations
a designer should check the shear capacity of the post where it intersects with the footing and the shear
capacity of the panel where it intersects with the post.

Post Section Calculations

Allowable shear stress in masonry is equal to the square root of the uniaxi-
al compressive strength of the masonry Sssa = 7,920 psf (379 kPa).

Calculate the shear stress at the base of the post.

(DWP)(Ta)
Sreq =
(bs)(ds)
(11.15 psf)(115.825 ft2) (144 in2)
=
(14.625 in)(8.06 in)
= 1577 psf (75.57 kPa) << 7920 psf (379.2 kPa) "OK"

Panel Section Calculations

For the panel section we consider the force applied over the entire panel then divide by 2 to localize the
force to one post block wing. The allowable wind shear is based on the available area of the wing, labora-
tory shear test results of pile blocks, 270 psi, (1.86 MPa) and a factor of safety of 3. Where Aw is the thick-
ness of the post wing multiplied by the block height.

Aw = 2.75 in. (70 mm) x h

Allowable wing shear:

270 psi (Aw)
Swing =
(3)(h)
Swing = 2970 lb/ft (21.27 kN/m)

The calculated shear at each wing is a follows:

Area of the Panel only:
Awpanel = (H)(Ps - Pl)
= (7.98 ft)(14.51 ft - 1.4688 ft)
= 104.1 ft2 (9.67 m2)

The applied shear:

(0.5)(DWP)(Awpanel)
Swreq =
H
(0.5)(11.15 psf)(104.1 ft2)
=
7.98 ft
= 73 lb/ft (1061 N/m) << Swing = 2970 lb/ft (21.27 kN/m) "OK"

19
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Design Example

Footing Design AB Fence

CAP Block

The foundation for the AB Fence system in this

manual is a basic 2 ft (0.61m) diameter concrete pile. Using
Fence
the following equation and an iterative process a footing Total Design Load (P1) Height (H)
depth can be obtained.
Post Height =
Fence Height
Plus One Block
On page 13, we estimated the size of the footing and AB Fence
Post Block
determined a weight of footing to calculate a resistance h1 = H/2
Design
due to its selfweight. Using the footing's selfweight we cal- Moment
For Post
culated a design moment for footing design (Mfooting design). (Mpostd)

Concrete Pile
P1 = Mfooting design
(0.5)(H) Pile Depth
= 2295.5 lb-ft
(d2)
(0.5)(7.98 ft) 3 in. (75 mm)
= 584.36 lb (2.6 kN)
Pile Diameter (b)
Where P1 is the footings design moment translated into its
force vector at the mid height of the panel.

The required depth is determined by the following equation:

d = ( A2 ) ( 1+ 1+
4.36h1
A )
where: A = (2.34)(P1) = 2.279 ft (0.69 m)
(Sfactored)(d2)(b)

And: h1 = the distance in feet from the ground surface to the point of application of P1

= H / 2 = 3.99 ft (1.22 m)

Therefore: d =( 2.279
2
ft
)( 1+
(4.36h1)(3.99ft)
2.279 ft
)
= 4.488 ft (1.37 m) < 4.5 ft (1.37 m) "OK"

If the estimated footing size was not adequate the designer should increase the footing depth or reduce
the tributary area and rework the above calculations. It is an iterative process to fine tune a footing design.
The designer should decide during the iteration process whether they will increase the selfweight resistance
due to the larger footing or use the initial calculated value which would be lower and conservative.

20
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Soil Retention
The Allan Block Fence system is capable of retaining soil as long as the designer accounts for the additional
lateral forces the retained soil exerts on the system. Small levels of retention can be worked into the exam-
ple above by simply calculating the lateral earth pressure and applying it to the Post overturning moments.
Please note that all courses associated with soil retention must be constructed as bond beams, with hori-
zontal steel, sand-mix grout and vertical stirrups. The rigid nature of the bond beams will transfer all soil
forces to the posts and footing. During the soil retention design the designer may need to reduce the post
spacing to meet the capacity of the pilasters.

For this example we will assume the following for soil retention and soil parameters:
Soil height Hs = 3 ft (0.91 m)
Internal Friction Angle Ñi = 30 degrees
Unit Weight of soil Öi = 120 pcf (19 kN/m3)

For a more in depth review of soil retention and associated methodologies review the Engineering Manual
for Allan Block Wall Systems.

Calculations for static lateral earth pressure coefficient (Ka):

Wall Batter Ä = 90 degrees

Weighted Friction Angle Ñwi = (2/3)(Ñi ) = 20 degrees

[ ]
csc (Ä) sin (Ä - Ñi) 2

Ka = sin (Ä + Ñwi) + sin (Ñi + Ñwi) sin (Ñi - i)

sin (Ä - i)

Where i = back slope angle

NOTE: Typically in AB Fence projects the back slope would equal zero or fall away for drainage.

Active Earth Force: Fa = (0.5)(Ka)(Öi)(Hs2)

= 160.55 lb/ft (2343.0 N/m)

Because the soil is applying the lateral force, it is split into horizontal and
vertical force vectors but we ignore the vertical component because it
does not apply force directly to the wall.

Horizontal force: Fah = (Fa)[cos(fwi)]

= 150.87 lb/ft (2201.7 N/m)
Hs Fa
Determine the overturning moment due to soil retention (Mah):
Fah
Mah = (Fah)(Ps) (Hs / 3)
= 2189.22 lb-ft (2968.2 N-m)

This value would then be added to the wind overturning forces and
applied to the post structure.
21
 AB Fence Engineering Methodology
Soil Retention
q
For AB Fence structures with surcharges above the retained portion
such as sidewalks the design process is similar to the lateral earth pres-
sure calculations. You must first determine the horizontal force vector
for the surcharge.
Fq
Surcharge Force: Fq = (q)(Ka)(Hs)
Hs Fqh
Where: q = the Live Load Surcharge.

For this example: q = 100 psf (4.8 kPa)

Therefore: Fq = 89.19 lb/ft (1301.7 N/m)
Horizontal force: Fqh = (Fq)[cos(Ñwi)]
= 83.8 lb/ft (1223.2 N/m)

Determine the overturning moment due to surcharge above soils retention (Mqh):

Mqh = (Fqh)(Ps)(Hs / 2)
= 1824.4 lb-ft (2473.5 N-m) 12 in. of Washed Gravel
(0.25 in. to 1.5 in Rock With
less than 10% Fines)
This value would then be added to the wind overturning force and
applied to the post structure. Geogrid Reinforced Mass

Soil Retention with a Geogrid Reinforced Mass

4 in. Drain Pipe
A designer can greatly increase the amount of soil retention using a 6 in. min.
geogrid reinforced or no fines concrete mass behind the AB Fence.
Reinforced soil or no fines concrete masses can be constructed to do Geogrid Reinforced Mass
all the work in retaining soil. As with an Allan Block retaining wall these
masses develop enough weight to resist the applied forces from the 12 in. of Washed Gravel
(0.25 in to 1.5 in. With Less
Than 10% Fines)
retained soils and surcharges. The designer can design a mass suffi-
cient to resist all applied loads and transfer a very small amount of
force to the AB Fence structure. Geogrid Reinforced
Wrapped Mass
There are two ways to construct a geogrid reinforced soil mass. The first
is to build the entire fence in place and then backfill the retained side 4 in. Drain Pipe
in no more than 8 in. (200 mm) lifts, placing the design lengths of 6 in. min.

geogrid in at the design location, not to exceed 16 in. (400 mm) spac-
Geogrid Reinforced Wrapped Mass
ing. The first 12 in. (300 mm) of infill soil up against the fence must be
washed gravel to promote drainage behind the fence and must be compacted after each lift of soil is
placed. In this type, the geogrid would butt up to the back side of the fence and make no physical connec-
tion to the fence. The only forces transferred to the fence are minor compaction forces during construction.

The second way is the reinforced mass is constructed prior to the fence as a Geogrid Reinforced Wrapped
Mass. After the fence is constructed the only forces applied to the fence is the bin pressure of the washed
gravel placed between the fence and the wrapped mass face.

A no fines concrete mass can simply be placed after the AB Fence is constructed to full height. The designer
will simply design the NFC mass appropriately for the desired site conditions and surcharges.

22
 APPENDIX 1:
Intermediate Column & Other
Constructability Enhancements
Intermediate Column

During Full-Scale Panel Flexural Testing of longer panels, an

aesthetic issue of large deflections at the center of the panel was
AB Fence Cap Block
noticed under extreme loads. As the loads increased on the panel,
the center of the panel started to bulge out. This bulge would not
completely rebound even though the bond beams would rebound to AB Fence Bond Beam

their initial conditions once the loads were removed. The center col- AB Fence Panel Block
umn is simple to construct since it consists of adding a single vertical
rebar running through the cores of the dry stacked panel block. These Intermediate Column -
One (#4(10m) Bar Cast
vertical cores are then filled with a fine sand-mixed concrete grout Solid in One Vertical
matching that used in the bond beam. It is not required to have the Block Core With Fine
Sand-Mix Concrete
intermediate column extend into the bond beams located above or Grout. Intermediate
Column to Span
below. During testing, when the center column was added the bulge Between Bond Beams
was eliminated after the loads were removed and the panel
rebounded. It was also recorded that the load transfer to the posts
AB Fence Bond Beam
was not affected by adding the center column. Since the large
deflections were only noticed on the longer panel spacing, it is Allan
Block’s recommendation that the intermediate column (Figure 12) be
Figure 12 :
used only in panels with a post spacing greater than 15 ft long (4.6 m). Intermediate Columns
Unreinforced Leveling Pad

The AB Fence system requires a leveling pad be placed prior to con-

struction of the panel. The typical leveling pad is a compacted aggre-
gate pad. Some contractors may choose to construct an unreinforced
concrete leveling pad (Figure 13) instead of the compacted aggre- Unreinforced Concrete
Leveling Pad (Contractor
gate pad. An unreinforced concrete leveling pad can aid the con- MUST Compact Base
Trench Prior to Casting
tractor in leveling the base course, especially in longer panels. Allan Leveling Pad)

Block would recommend the use of an unreinforced concrete leveling

pad in fences with post spacings exceeding 15 ft (4.57 m) long but one
could be used in all AB Fence application if the contractor chooses. Figure 13 :
Unreinforced Concrete Leveling Pad
23
 REFERENCES

International Building Code (IBC) 2000

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures Revision of ASCE 7-98

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

AASHTO, Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers (1989)

FHWA Highway Noise Barrier Design Handbook

The Civil Engineering Handbook, W. F. Chen, (1995)

Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, James G. MacGregor (1988)

NRC-CNRC, National Building Code of Canada, (1995)

CAN/CSA-S6-00, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code

S6.1-00, Commentary on CAN/CSA-S6-00, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code

Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resistance Factor Design (1986)

First Edition for Beam Diagrams and Formulas in Static Load Conditions

AB Fence Testing Manual - F0205

Installation Manual for the AB Fence System - F0209

ABC/Stork TCT 4.0’ - 8.0’ x 11.5’ Solid Spreader Frame Test

ABC/Stork TCT 8.0’ x 11.5’ Articulating Frame Test

ABC/Stork TCT 8.0’ x 17.6’ Articulating Frame Test

ABC/Stork TCT 8.6’AB Fence Post Flexural Test

24
Additional Resources

Visit our web site at allanblock.com for the

latest information on the AB Fence system.
Check out our:

Installation Guide and Tech Sheets

Estimating Tool
Product Testing Results
Design Details
Project Photography
and much more...
 For more information on AB Fence visit our web site or call the
Allan Block Engineering Department at 800-899-5309.

© 2018-2007 Allan Block Corporation Blmg, MN 55439 952-835-5309 - Phone 952-835-0013 - Fax F0206 - 0518