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Vol. 4, Special Issue 19, April 2017

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MANUALLY

OPERATED ECO-FRIENDLY ROAD
CLEANER
Prof. Dr. A. Muniaraj1 Aravind, K2. Kadamban, T3. Thirumalai Balaji4,
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kings
Kings Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract: Cleaning has become a basic need for all eco-friendly. In summer time there is power crisis and
human beings and it is unavoidable daily routine most of the roads cleaning machines are not used
process. The conventional road cleaning machine is effectively due to this problem particularly. In our
most widely used in railway stations, airports, hospitals, project we are using easily available materials with low
Bus stands, etc. also this machine needs electrical cost. It is the better alternative for conventional
energy for its operation. It is not user friendly as well as machine.
Keywords: Road Cleaner, Manually Operated, Eco-Friendly, Human Powered, Analysis.

Introduction: that the trials with a larger number of subjects would

certainly strengthen the conclusions. Abhishek Chakra
Effective cleaning and sanitizing helps and borty et al [6] reported that the most significant cause of
protect the health of the human beings directly and road dust to the total suspended particulate burden is
indirectly. Also, cleaning and sanitizing prevents the pest vehicle traveling on paved and unpaved' surfaces.
infestations by reducing residues that can attract and Consequently data directly relating dust to road accidents
support bees, pests etc. It also improves the shelf life of the are rare, but in a study if dust is the cause of 10% of these
floor, walls etc. due to regular cleaning and maintenance. In accidents casualties then the cost could amount to as much
recent years, most of the people prefer to use trains or buses as 0.02% of GDP in some developing countries and total
for commuting and hence these places are littered with about $800 million annually. The present state of the road
biscuits covers, cold drink bottles etc. Hence, it is necessary cleaning process is described below. There are two ways
to clean the bus stands and railways stations at regular for road cleaning 1) Manual process 2) Machinated
interval. There is no one single cleaning method that is process. In manual process, the road cleaning is done with
suitable for all locations and occasions and effective the help of and shovel to clean off the debris, waste etc.
cleaning depends upon type of cleaning device, cleaning hand to clean the road by spreading the dust all over in the
technique and also the equipment should be user friendly. air. While in the Machinated process, a vehicle containing
[2] Cleaning work can be physically demanding and a need broom at bottom continuously rotating, clean the road as
has been identified to developed methods for systematic well as sucks the dust spread by rotating broom. If one
ergonomic evaluation of new products. In recent years, carefully observes the first process, then he could find the
floor cleaning robots are getting more popular for busy and following limitations which are given below:
aging populations due to lack of workers. However in
India, unemployment is more and hence there is a need to 1. This process renders fatigue to the hand and even it
develop less labor oriented cleaning machine. Hence, the cause damage to the shoulder.
present work is aimed to design, development and 2. As it is a continuous process, it produces
evaluation of a manually operated road cleaning machine. 3. It is time consuming, and laborious process so, no one
[3] Liu et al [4] carried out a technical analysis of wants to do it.
residential floor cleaning robots based on US granted On the other side, in the second process
patents. They observed that the macroscopic analysis of following limitations have been found out, which are
patents and patent bibliometrics or patent maps, is useful discussed below:
tools to make an overview for designated technical topics 1. The requirement of petrol is prerequisite for this process
and they observed that the Samsung is the top one patentee and continuously.
in cleaning robot after macroscopic of view. Imaekhai 2. The cost of machine is quite high cost and the rural
Lawrence et al [5] evaluation has shown how the use of people could not afford it to buy.
multiple assessment techniques can provide a Background of Present Road Cleaning: 560
comprehensive appraisal of the design, usability and The manual operated machines are time
musculoskeletal loading upon the operator. They suggested consuming and laborious, on other side of the flip, the
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Vol. 4, Special Issue 19, April 2017
diesel operated machines are very costlier. These observed that the Samsung is the top one patentee in
problems actually instigate to think an alternative cleaning robot after macroscopic of view.
arrangement which would nullify the limitations of former Imaekhai Lawrence et al 2012 [5] – “Evaluating
said processes. Further its initial cost is also less. The new Single Disc Floor Cleaners” - The evaluation has shown
evolved concept is a road cleaning machine is operated by how the use of multiple assessment techniques can provide
human power. To accomplish this new idea, the present a comprehensive appraisal of the design, usability and
work is well carried out which is as under. musculoskeletal loading upon the operator. They suggested
1. Firstly, the complete market review and literature survey that the trials with a larger number of subjects would
based on the Road Cleaning processes been done. certainly strengthen the conclusions.
2. On the basis of the demand power the machine Abhishek Chakra borty et al 2013 [6] – “Design
component are designed. of Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of Four-Wheeler” – They
3. On the basis of obtained designed dimensions the reported that the most significant cause of road dust to the
fabrication work of the proposed manually operated road total suspended particulate burden is vehicle traveling on
cleaning machine is carried out. paved and unpaved' surfaces. Consequently data directly
4. At last, the testing and trails have been taken to ascertain relating dust to road accidents are rare, but in a study if dust
the load capacity of the machine. is the cause of 10% of these accidents casualties then the
Objective of Manually Operated Eco-Friendly cost could amount to as much as 0.02% of GDP in some
Road Cleaner: developing countries and total about $800 million annually.
• To provide the alternative method for road cleaning Components used in road cleaner
• To reduce human efforts • Bearings
• To save the time • Shafts
• To reduce the cost • Frames
• To avoid noise pollution • Gutter brushes
• Roller brush
Literature Survey: • Sheave grooves
• Wire ropes
Mohsen Azadbakht et al 2014 [1] - “Design and Scope of the project: Existing road clean methods are
fabrication of a tractor powered leaves collector machine two types i) Electrical operated ii) manually operated.
equipped with suction-blower system”- The authors Manual cleaning may causes shoulder problem due to
explained about the fabrication of leaves collector machine continuous sweeping. Electrically operated road cleaner’s
by tractor powered with suction blower system. He has uses electrical energy to run the motor. In our project
framed the machine by using chassis, pump, blower, manually operated road cleaning machine is alternative
gearbox, hydraulic jack. They concluded total power concept for avoiding such problems. It works very
consumption of that machine is around 14634 W. efficiently with respect to covering area. It is very
economical to use.
M. Ranjith Kumar et al 2015 [2] - “Design and Gutter brush: Brushes are tools composed of bristles
Analysis of Manually Operated Floor Cleaning Machine”- that are fixed into a mounting board, and, like other types
The authors has been designed and analyzed manually of brushes, they are elastic, flexible, and conform to
operated floor cleaning machine. From his research he irregular or flat surfaces. Due to these features, a gutter
concluded the stress level in the manually operated brush can reach difficult or specific areas without damaging
machine is within the safe limit. the bristles or the surfaces to be swept.

Sandeep. J. Meshram et al 2016 [3] - “Design

and Development of Tricycle Operated Street Cleaning
Machine” – He has developed the street cleaning machine
by tricycle operated. In this research article he framed a
model especially for rural area. He concluded that the
cleaning is less effective where the street seems to be very
rough and damaged.

Liu et al 2013 [4] – “A Technical Analysis of

Autonomous Floor Cleaning Robots Based on US Granted
Patents,” – He carried out a technical analysis of residential
floor cleaning robots based on US granted patents. They
observed that the macroscopic analysis of patents and
patent bibliometrics or patent maps, is useful tools to make
an overview for designated technical topics and they
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Vol. 4, Special Issue 19, April 2017
kgf⁄cm kgf⁄cm
1 Pinion C45 5000 1400
2 Gear C45 5000 1400

STEP: 3 To Find Minimum Center Distance

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.13

 .'( Q567 8
Methodology: a $ (i+1) %& +
)* NR
Literature Survey
Identification of design parameters Here known data’s are

Design • i = 1.3
• σ" , 5000 kgf⁄cm
Analysis • E = 2.15 kgf⁄cm (From PSGDB Pg.
No: 8.14)
Fabrication

To find the remaining value
Testing
→From PSGDB.Pg.no: 8.14
Result & Discussion
Design calculation: Assume: Open type gearing
1. Design of spur gear:
#
Given:
φ , = 0.3
4

• Power transmission ratio i = 1.3

→From PSGDB.Pg.no: 8.15
• Gear speed N2 = 50 rpm
Design twisting moment 567 8 , 67 . 9. 9 
Assume:
Assume: K.K ; = 1.3 (for symmetric)
• Shear stress
= 28 N⁄mm (assume)
• Arrangement: External Nominal twisting moment


 >? AB.B
We know i = = So, 1.3 = M= , 97420 =

  @ 

N1 = 65rpm M= = 674.45kgf.cm

STEP: 1 To Find Power Therefore 5M= 8 , 674.45 1.3

We know T =

×× 567 8 = 876.78kgf.cm


Substitute all the values

Given: Shaft diameter, d = 25mm
 .AB
K  A.A
T=

×28×25 =85.902Nmm. aEF@ $ &i H 1+ %I J  2.15  10 
 ..


   . 
Also we know P = = aEF@ $ 10.88 cm
 

P= 0.45Kw LMNO $ P. P MM

STEP: 2 Material Selections STEP: 4 To Find Minimum Module

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.5 →From PSGDB Pg.no: 8.13A

S.No Description Material σ" σ#

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 19, April 2017
567 8
m $ .  %
a corrected = 111mm
TR MUVW XY
Therefore LMNO < Labccda7d
We know
Since the corrected center distance is greater than minimum
• 5M= 8 = 876.78kgf.cm center distance. So our design is safe and satisfactory.
• 5σ# 8 = 1400 kgf⁄cm
• Z = 16 (Assume) STEP: 6 To Find Face Width

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.18 →From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.14

#
For Z = 16 φ= = 0.3 b = 0.3× a = 0.3×111 b = 33.3mm
4

#
φE = = 10 b =10×m = 10×3 b = 30mm
Assume: Addendum modification coefficient, X=0
E

Form factor, y = 0.355
Take large value, b= 33.3mm
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.14

= 10
#

φE = STEP: 7 To Find Actual Design Twisting Moment
E

5A.A8
m min ≥ 1.26%
→From PSGDB Pg.no: 8.15
. ××B×
567 8La7eLf = 67 . g. g 
m min ≥ 0.28 cm
We know M= = 674.45kgf.cm
m min ≥ 2.8mm
To find load concentration factor k
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.2
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.15

Standard module, m=3mm
# # 
φh = = = = 0.343
STEP: 5 Corrected No. of Teeth ; E^ ×

→From PSGDB Pg. no: 8.22 (Assume: Bearings close to gears and symmetrical) k = 1

 For spur gears To find dynamic load factor k ;

L
No of teeth on pinion:  =
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.16
M(N] )
Assume: IS quality 8 (cylindrical gears) Hardness ≤ 350
×.
Therefore Z = HB
×(.])
;  ×E^ 
Pitch line velocity V = =
Z1 = 32 × ×

 ×××
We know i = V= = 0.326 m⁄s
 ×

^_ For V=0.326 m/s the value of k d = 1

1.3 =

Therefore 5M= 84"=k4l = 674.45× 1 × 1
Z2 = 42
567 8La7eLf = 674.45kgf.cm
STEP: 6 To Find Corrected Center Distance
STEP: 8 Checking For Surface Compressive Strength
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.22

 ] ]B
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.13
a = m× I J = 3× I J
 
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Vol. 4, Special Issue 19, April 2017
N] N]
(Va ) = 0.74× % × Q × 567 8La7eLf
6 Tooth depth, h 0.25m 0.75mm
L NW 7 Pinion pitch 96mm
circle mZ1
.] .] diameter, d1
= 0.74 × % × 2.15 × 10 × 674.45
. .×. 8 Gear pitch mZ2 126mm
circle
5Va 8NOead = 4275.29gno⁄aM diameter, d2
9 Pinion tip (Z1 + 2f0)m 102mm
But 5Va 8ML7dcNLf = 5000 gno⁄aM circle
diameter, rs
Therefore 10 Gear tip circle (Z2 + 2f0)m 132mm
diameter, rs_
5Va 8NOead ≤ 5Va 8ML7dcNLf 11 Pinion root
circle (Z1 - 2f0)m – 88.5mm
Since the induced surface compressive stress is less than diameter, rt 2c
maximum surface compressive stress. So our design is safe
12 Gear root (Z2 - 2f0)m – 118.5mm
and satisfactory.
circle 2c
STEP: 9 Checking For Bending Stress diameter, rt

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.13A 2. Design of Shaft

N+ We know shaft material is MILD STEEL (MS)

5VW 8 = 567 8La7eLf
LMWT Assume Factor of Safety (FOS), n = 3

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 1.9

• Tensile stress = 650 N/mm2
Here form factor for Z =32 is 0.4448 Yield stress, σy = 360 N/mm2
u
•
• Yield shear stress, τy = vx2w = 360 / (2
(Assume X=0, From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.18) x 3) = 60 N/mm 2

(.])×(AB.B )
We know Mt = 85.902 Nmm & d = 25mm
5σ# 8 = Also we know,
.×.×.×.BBB
×yz
τ=  {|
5VW 8NOead = 317.36gno⁄aM × .  
τ= = 27.9 N/mm2
}× K
But 5σ# 8E4=pqF4l = 1400kgf⁄cm Therefore τ calculated = 27. 9 N/mm2
We know τ standard = 60 N/mm2
Therefore τ calculated < τ standard

5VW 8NOead ≤ 5VW 8ML7dcNLf Since, calculated shear stress of shaft is less than standard
shear stress. So Design is safe & satisfactory.
Since the induced bending stress is less than maximum
bending stress. So our design is safe and satisfactory. 3. Design of Bearing

STEP: 10 Calculations of Other Parameters For 25mm Diameter bearings.

Given: Module, m = 3mm Given: Shaft diameter, d = 25mm

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 8.22 Assume:

S.No Description Formula Values • Radial force, Fr = 100 N

1 Addendum 1.25m 3.75mm • Axial force, Fa = 150 N
2 Dedendum 1m 3mm
3 Depth of cut 2.25m 6.75mm STEP: 1 To Find Radial Factor (X) & Thrust Factor (Y)
4 Bottom 0.25m 0.75mm
clearance, c →From PSGDB.Pg.No: 4.12
5 Height factor, --- 1
For shaft diameter, 25mm
f0
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• Bearing type: SKF6005 bearing. Since the dynamic load rating of SKF6005 is more than
• Static load, C0 = 5200N required dynamic load capacity. Therefore selected bearing
• Dynamic load, C = 7800N is suitable. So Design is safe and satisfactory.

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 4.4 4. Design of Sheave

~  
= 0.0288
We know wire rope diameter is 11 mm. →From
=
€  PSGDB.Pg.No: 9.10 For diameter 11 mm, the
dimensions are
For this value corresponding e value is 0.225
~  
= = 1.5I
~‚ 

ƒ„
> ‡
ƒ…

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 4.4

X = 0.56
• a = 28mm
Y = 1.949 • b = 20mm
• c = 6mm
STEP: 2 Calculation of Equivalent Dynamic Load • e = 1.0mm
• h = 1.5mm
→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 4.2 • l = 8mm
• r = 5mm
P = [XFr + YFa] S • r1 = 3mm
• r2 = 2.5mm
Assume: Service Factor, S = 1.1
• r3 = 9mm
So, P = [(0.56x100) + (1.949x150)] • r4 = 6mm

P = 383.185N 3D Modelling:

STEP: 3 Calculation of Bearing Life

Hours used per day is 3 hours

So hours used per year is 3x365

Bearing life = 1095 Hours

STEP: 4 To Find Dynamic Load Capacity

→From PSGDB.Pg.No: 4.2

C = P [ˆxˆ ] 1/K


Where ‰ = 1Š‹ & K = 3

 1/3
So, C = 383.185 x [ 8 Analysis:

In analysis of manually operated eco-friendly
Therefore C actual = 3939.5N road cleaner was carried out by using SolidWorks software.
Analysis was used to find the deflection and stress on
Also we know C standard = 7800N frames, brushes and wheels. The maximum deflection &
stresses were checked and maintained with in the allowable
C actual < C standard limits for the materials of construction.
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Vol. 4, Special Issue 19, April 2017
Name Type Min Max provide job to the uneducated person who is in need for
Stress1 VON: 1.36278e- 2.03221e+006 such jobs as human energy is needed to drive the machine.
von 005 N/m^2 N/m^2 Reference:
Mises Node: 2430 Node: 4237 [1] Mohsen Azadbakht, Ali Kiapey, Ali Jafari- “Design
Stress and Fabrication of a tractor powered leaves collector
equipped with suction blower system” - September, 2014
Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal Open access at
http://www.cigrjournal.org Vol. 16, No.3.

[2] M. Ranjith Kumar, N. Kapilan- “Design and Analysis

of Manually Operated Floor Cleaning Machine” -
International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 IJERT IS040912
[www.ijert.org] Vol. 4 Issue 04, April-2015.

[3] Sandeep. J. Meshram, Dr. G.D. Mehta - “Design and

Development of Tricycle Operated Street Cleaning
Machine” - Journal of Information, Knowledge And
Name Type Min Max Research In Mechanical Engineering ISSN 0975 – 668X|
Strain1 ESTRN: 7.43418e- 6.19396e- Nov 15 To Oct 16 | Volume– 04, Issue- 01.
Equivalent 017 006
Strain Element: Element: [4] Liu, Kuotsan, Wang Chulun – “A Technical Analysis
754 636 of Autonomous Floor Cleaning Robots Based on US
Granted Patents” – European International Journal of
Science and Technology Vol. 2 No. 7 September 2013, 199-
216.

[5] Imaekhai Lawrence – “Evaluating Single Disc Floor

Cleaners” – An Engineering Evaluation, Innovative
Systems Design and Engineering, Vol 3, No 4, 2012, 41-44.

[6] Abhishek Chakraborty, Ashutosh Bansal – “Design of

Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of Four-Wheeler” -
International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013, 199-
216.
Conclusion:
The manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner [7] Jialei Cheng, Jens-Steffen Gutmann, Kristen Culp,
is successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated. This Mario E. Munich and Paolo Pirjanian – “The Social
project works implements the manually operated eco- Impact of a Systematic Floor Cleaner”. - In IEEE
friendly road cleaner for road cleaning that reducing the international workshop on advance robotics an its social
cost, human efforts as well as time. It is the best alternative impacts , Technische University munchen, Germany May
for automated road cleaning machine during power crisis. It 21-23,2012
is found that the existing road cleaning machines uses
petrol and diesel. It can cause pollution and also the [8] Renaekuehl, Ernesto Gambao, Miguel Hernando and
vibration produced in the machine causes noise pollution. Dragoljub Surdilovic - “Development of a Semi-
While manual cleaning may cause healthy problem as the Automated Cost- Effective Facade Cleaning System”,
person directly comes in contact with dust. Also, the Robotics and Automation in Construction”.
shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping occurs. A
manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner is an [9] P.U. Asnani, Rajath S, Yashas R N, Bhardwaj M
alternative concept for avoiding such problems. The Pothins , Darshan Gowda R, Vanishree T S, July 2015.
manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner can work very Journal paper on “Design and fabrication of feet dust
efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of removal and deodorizing machine” Vol.2, Issue 11, ISSN:
road cleaning process compared with the existing 2347- 1697.
machineries. Also it is economical. It was seen while
testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective where [10] Vinod Kumar M V, Prem kumar Naik, Prasad B G,
the road seems to be very rough and damaged. It can Syed Razequlla - “ Design and Fabrication of Automated
Glass Curtain Cleaning Machine” - International Journal
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International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET)

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Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 3, Issue
9, September 2014 ISSN 2277-8616.

[11] Amit Tiwari - “Design and Fabrication of Automatic

Black Board Duster”- International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Innovative Engineering Volume I, Issue 2,
February 2015 ISSN: 2394 - 6598 www.ijetie.org.

[12] Alirneza Shirneshan - “Design of Vacuum Section of

A Leaf Collector Machine” - Annals of faculty
Engineering Hunedoara – International Journals of
Engineering. ISSN 1584-2673.

[13] P. P. Kale1, M. B. Patil, D. N. Korade, K. R. Jagtap -

“Experimental and CFD Analysis of Vacuum Cleaner
Exhaust Muffler” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN:
2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan. - Feb. 2016),
PP 21-27 www.iosrjournals.org

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