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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E23 − 16b An American National Standard

Standard Test Methods for

Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E23; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
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1. Scope* E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing ASTM Test Methods
of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: Determine the Precision of a Test Method
test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), E2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of
optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), desig- Metallic Materials
nation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), 3. Summary of Test Method
and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of
broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, infor- 3.1 The essential features of an impact test are: a suitable
mation is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact specimen (specimens of several different types are recognized),
testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the a set of anvils, and specimen supports on which the test
center of strike (see Appendix X2). specimen is placed to receive the blow of the moving mass, a
moving mass that has sufficient energy to break the specimen
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associ- placed in its path, and a device for measuring the energy
ated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K). absorbed by the broken specimen.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Significance and Use
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. 4.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically
1.3.1 Exception—Section 8 and Annex A4 provide inch- to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application
pound units for information only. of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the with high or low temperatures. For some materials and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- when correlated with service experience, have been found to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further
tionary statements are given in Section 5. information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
5. Precautions in Operation of Machine
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Safety precautions should be taken to protect personnel
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 from the swinging pendulum, flying broken specimens, and
B925 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder hazards associated with specimen warming and cooling media.
Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
6. Apparatus
6.1 General Requirements:
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on 6.1.1 The testing machine shall be a pendulum type of rigid
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 on construction.
Impact Testing. 6.1.2 The testing machine shall be designed and built to
Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally
approved in 1933. Last previous edition approved 2016 as E23 – 16a. DOI:
conform with the requirements given in Annex A1.
10.1520/E0023-16B.
2
6.2 Inspection and Verification:
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2.1 Inspection procedures to verify impact machines di-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on rectly are provided in A2.2 and A2.3. The items listed in A2.2
the ASTM website. must be inspected annually.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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E23 − 16b
6.2.2 The procedures to verify Charpy machines indirectly, 7.1.4 The specimens commonly found suitable for powder
using verification specimens, are given in A2.4. Charpy impact metallurgy materials are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Powder
machines must be verified directly and indirectly annually. metallurgy impact test specimens shall be produced following
the procedure in Practices B925. The impact test results of
7. Test Specimens these materials are affected by specimen orientation. Therefore,
7.1 Configuration and Orientation: unless otherwise specified, the position of the specimen in the
7.1.1 Specimens shall be taken from the material as speci- machine shall be such that the pendulum will strike a surface
fied by the applicable specification. that is parallel to the compacting direction. For powder
7.1.2 The type of specimen chosen depends largely upon the metallurgy materials the impact test results are reported as
characteristics of the material to be tested. A given specimen unnotched absorbed impact energy.
may not be equally satisfactory for soft nonferrous metals and 7.1.5 Sub-size and supplementary specimen recommenda-
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hardened steels; therefore, many types of specimens are tions are given in Annex A3.
recognized. In general, sharper and deeper notches are required 7.2 Specimen Machining:
to distinguish differences in very ductile materials or when
7.2.1 When heat-treated materials are being evaluated, the
using low testing velocities.
specimen shall be finish machined, including notching, after
7.1.3 The specimens shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are those most
the final heat treatment, unless it can be demonstrated that the
widely used and most generally satisfactory. They are particu-
impact properties of specimens machined before heat treatment
larly suitable for ferrous metals, excepting cast iron.3 The
are identical to those machined after heat treatment.
Charpy specimen designations are V-notch and U-notch.
7.2.2 Notches shall be smoothly machined, but polishing
NOTE 1—Keyhole notch specimen is similar to U-notch, except the has proven generally unnecessary. However, since variations in
notch width is 1.6 mm or less. notch dimensions will seriously affect the results of the tests,
adhering to the tolerances given in Fig. 1 is necessary (Appen-
3
dix X1.2 illustrates the effects from varying notch dimensions
Report of Subcommittee XV on Impact Testing of Committee A-3 on Cast Iron,
Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 33 Part 1, 1933. on V-notch specimens).

ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

1 Length of specimen 55 mm +0/-2.5 mm
2 Centering of notch ±1 mm
3 Notch length to edge 90° ±2°
4 Adjacent sides angle 90° ±0.17°
5 Width 10 mm ±0.075 mm
6 Thickness 10 mm ±0.075 mm
7V Ligament length, Type V 8 mm ±0.025 mm
7U Ligament length, Type U 5 mm ±0.075 mm
8V Radius of notch, Type V 0.25 mm ±0.025 mm
8U Radius of notch, Type U 1 mm ±0.025 mm
9 Angle of notch 45° ±1°
A Surface finish requirements 2 μm (Ra) #
B Surface finish requirements 4 μm (Ra) #

FIG. 1 Charpy (Simple-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, V-Notch and U-Notch

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E23 − 16b
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ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

1 Length of specimen 75 mm +0/-2.5 mm
2 Notch to top 28 mm
3 Notch length to edge 90° ±2°
4 Adjacent sides angle 90° ±0.17°
5 Width 10 mm ±0.025 mm
6 Thickness 10 mm ±0.025 mm
7 Ligament length 8 mm ±0.025 mm
8 Radius of notch 0.25 mm ±0.025 mm
9 Angle of notch 45° ±1°
A Surface finish requirement 2 μm (Ra) #
B Surface finish requirement 4 μm (Ra) #

FIG. 2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen

Dimensions
Dimensions mm
mm L- Overall Length 75.0 ± 1.5
L- Overall Length 55.0 ± 1.0 W-Width 10.00 ± 0.13
W-Width 10.00 ± 0.13 T-Thickness 10.00 ± 0.13
T-Thickness 10.00 ± 0.13
NOTE 1—Adjacent sides shall be at 90°6 10 min.
NOTE 1—Adjacent sides shall be at 90°6 10 min. FIG. 4 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen for P/M
FIG. 3 Unnotched Charpy (Simple Beam) Impact Test Specimen Structural Materials
for Metal Powder Structural Materials
pencils, and other reasonable marking methods may be used
for identification purposes. However, some marking methods
NOTE 2—In keyhole notch specimens, the round hole shall be carefully
drilled with a slow feed rate. The slot may be cut by any feasible method, can result in damage to the specimens if not used correctly. For
but care shall be exercised in cutting the slot to ensure that the surface of example, excessive heat from electrostatic pencils or deforma-
the drilled hole opposite the slot is not damaged. tion to the specimen from stamping can change the mechanical
7.2.3 Identification marks shall only be placed in the fol- properties of the specimen. Therefore, care shall always be
lowing locations on specimens: either of the 10-mm square taken to avoid damage to the specimen. Stamping and other
ends; the side of the specimen that faces up when the specimen marking processes that result in deformation of the specimen
is positioned in the anvils (see Note 3); or the side of the should only be used on the ends of the specimens, prior to
specimen opposite the notch. No markings, on any side of the notching.
specimen, shall be within 10 mm of the center line of the notch. NOTE 3—Careful consideration should be given before placing identi-
Permanent markers, laser engraving, scribes, electrostatic fication marks on the side of the specimen to be placed up when positioned

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E23 − 16b
in the anvils. If the test operator is not careful, the specimen can be placed NOTE 5—Prior to the 2012 version, the percent friction and windage
in the machine with the identification marking resting on the specimen was based on 11 (half) swings and the pointer was not engaged on the first
supports (that is, facing down). Under these circumstances, the absorbed swing. Now the pointer is engaged on the first swing. The difference is that
energy value obtained may be unreliable. the friction, windage, and pointer losses associated with the first swing are
no longer assumed to be zero. On the 1st swing the pointer should go to
8. Procedure 0.00, so any friction that will be recorded will only show up on the
8.1 Preparation of the Apparatus: following 10 (half) swings.
8.1.1 Perform a routine procedure for checking impact 8.2 Test Temperature Considerations:
machines at the beginning of each day, each shift, or just prior
8.2.1 The temperature of testing affects the impact proper-
to testing on a machine used intermittently. It is recommended
ties of most materials. For materials with a body centered cubic
that the results of these routine checks be kept in a log book for
structure, a transition in fracture mode occurs over a tempera-
the machine. After the testing machine has been ascertained to
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ture range that depends on the chemical composition and

comply with Annex A1 and Annex A2, carry out the routine
check as follows: microstructure of the material. Test temperatures may be
8.1.1.1 Visually examine the striker and anvils for obvious chosen to characterize material behavior at fixed values, or
damage and wear. over a range of temperatures to characterize the transition
8.1.1.2 Check the zero position of the machine by using the region, lower shelf, or upper shelf behavior, or all of these. The
following procedure: raise the pendulum to the latched choice of test temperature is the responsibility of the user of
position, move the pointer to near the maximum capacity of the this test method and will depend on the specific application.
range being used, release the pendulum, and read the indicated For tests performed at room temperature, a temperature of
value. The pointer should indicate zero on machines reading 20°C 6 5°C is recommended.
directly in energy. On machines reading in degrees, the reading 8.2.2 The temperature of a specimen can change signifi-
should correspond to zero on the conversion chart furnished by cantly during the interval it is removed from the temperature
the machine manufacturer. conditioning environment, transferred to the impact machine,
NOTE 4—On machines that do not compensate for windage and friction
and the fracture event is completed (see Note 8). When using
losses, the pointer will not indicate zero. In this case, the indicated values, a heating or cooling medium near its boiling point, use data
when converted to energy, shall be corrected for frictional losses that are from the references in Note 8 or calibration data with thermo-
assumed to be proportional to the arc of swing. couples to confirm that the specimen is within the stated
8.1.1.3 The friction and windage loss shall not exceed 0.4 % temperature tolerances when the striker contacts the specimen.
of the scale range being tested and should not change by more If excessive adiabatic heating is expected, monitor the speci-
than 10 % of the percent friction and windage loss measure- men temperature near the notch during fracture.
ments previously recorded on the machine. If the percent 8.2.3 Verify temperature-measuring equipment at least ev-
friction and windage loss does exceed 0.4 % or is significantly ery six months. If liquid-in-glass thermometers are used, an
different from previous measurements, check the indicating initial verification shall be sufficient, however, the device shall
mechanism, the latch height, and the bearings for wear and be inspected for problems, such as the separation of liquid, at
damage. However, if the machine has not been used recently, least twice annually.
let the pendulum swing for 50 to 100 cycles, and repeat the
8.2.4 Hold the specimen at the desired temperature within
percent friction and windage test before undertaking repairs to
61°C (62°F) in the temperature conditioning environment.
the machine. To ensure that friction and windage losses are
Any method of heating or cooling or transferring the specimen
within allowable tolerances, use one of the following evalua-
to the anvils may be used provided the temperature of the
tion procedures:
specimen immediately prior to fracture is essentially the same
(1) For a machine equipped with an analog scale:
as the holding temperature (see Note 8). The maximum change
Raise the pendulum to the latched position;
Move the pointer to the maximum scale value being used;
in the temperature of the specimen allowed for the interval
Release the pendulum (without a specimen in the machine); between the temperature conditioning treatment and impact is
Allow the pendulum to cycle five times (a forward and a backward not specified here, because it is dependent on the material
swing together count as one cycle);
Prior to the sixth forward swing set the pointer to between 5 and 10 being tested and the application. The user of nontraditional or
% of the maximum scale value being used; lesser used temperature conditioning and transfer methods (or
After the sixth forward swing record the value indicated by the specimen sizes) shall show that the temperature change for the
pointer (convert to energy if necessary);
Divide the energy reading by 10; specimen prior to impact is comparable to or less than the
Divide by the maximum scale value being used, and temperature change for a standard size specimen of the same
Multiply by 100 to get the percent friction and windage loss. material that has been thermally conditioned in a commonly
(2) A machine equipped with a digital display: used medium (oil, air, nitrogen, acetone, methanol), and
Determine the percent friction and windage loss per manufac- transferred for impact within 5 s (see Note 8). Three tempera-
turer’s procedure. ture conditioning and transfer methods used in the past are:
(3) For machine equipped with both an analog scale and liquid bath thermal conditioning and transfer to the specimen
digital display: supports with centering tongs; furnace thermal conditioning
Determine the friction and windage loss using the same and robotic transfer to the specimen supports; placement of the
indicating device used to report absorbed energy (10.2.5 and specimen on the supports followed by in situ heating and
A2.4). cooling.

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E23 − 16b
8.2.4.1 For liquid bath cooling or heating use a suitable specimen in the test position and the centering device is not
container, which has a grid or another type of specimen approximately 13 mm, the broken specimens may rebound into
positioning fixture. Cover the specimens, when immersed, with the pendulum.
at least 25 mm (1 in.) of the liquid, and position so that the 8.3.3 To conduct the test, prepare the machine by raising the
notch area is not closer than 25 mm to the sides or bottom of pendulum to the latched position, set the energy indicator at the
the container, and no part of the specimen is in contact with the maximum scale reading, or initialize the digital display, or
container. Place the device used to measure the temperature of both, position the specimen on the anvils, and release the
the bath in the center of a group of the specimens. Agitate the
pendulum. If a liquid bath or gas medium is being used for
bath and hold at the desired temperature within 61°C (62°F).
thermal conditioning, perform the following sequence in less
Thermally condition the specimens for at least 5 min before
than 5 s (for 10 × 10 × 55 mm specimens, see 8.2.4). Remove
testing, unless a shorter thermal conditioning time can be
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shown to be valid by measurements with thermocouples. Leave the test specimen from its cooling (or heating) medium with
the device (tongs, for example) used to handle the specimens in centering tongs that have been temperature conditioned with
the bath for at least 5 min before testing, and return the device the test specimen, place the specimen in the test position, and
to the bath between tests. release the pendulum smoothly. If a test specimen has been
8.2.4.2 When using a gas medium, position the specimens removed from the temperature conditioning bath and it is
so that the gas circulates around them and hold the gas at the questionable that the test can be conducted within the 5 s time
desired temperature within 61°C (62°F) for at least 30 min. frame, return the specimen to the bath for the time required in
Leave the device used to remove the specimen from the 8.2 before testing.
medium in the medium except when handling the specimens. 8.3.3.1 If a fractured impact specimen does not separate into
two pieces, report it as unbroken (see 9.2.2 for separation
NOTE 6—Temperatures up to +260°C may be obtained with certain oils,
but “flash-point” temperatures must be carefully observed. instructions). Unbroken specimens with absorbed energies of
NOTE 7—For testing at temperatures down to –196°C (77°K), standard less than 80 % of the machine capacity may be averaged with
testing procedures have been found to be adequate for most metals. values from broken specimens. If the individual values are not
NOTE 8—A study has shown that a specimen heated to 100°C in water listed, report the percent of unbroken specimens with the
can cool 10°C in the 5 s allowed for transfer to the specimen supports.4
Other studies, using cooling media that are above their boiling points at
average. If the absorbed energy exceeds 80 % of the machine
room temperature have also shown large changes in specimen temperature capacity and the specimen passes completely between the
during the transfer of specimens to the machine anvils. In addition, some anvils, report the value as approximate (see 10.1) and do not
materials change temperature dramatically during impact testing at average it with other values. If an unbroken specimen does not
cryogenic temperatures due to adiabatic heating.5
pass between the machine anvils, (for example, it stops the
8.3 Charpy Test Procedure: pendulum), the result shall be reported as exceeding the
8.3.1 The Charpy test procedure may be summarized as machine capacity. A specimen shall never be struck more than
follows: the test specimen is thermally conditioned and posi- once.
tioned on the specimen supports against the anvils; the pendu- 8.3.3.2 If a specimen jams in the machine, disregard the
lum is released without vibration, and the specimen is impacted results and check the machine thoroughly for damage or
by the striker. Information is obtained from the machine and misalignment, which would affect its calibration.
from the broken specimen.
8.3.3.3 To prevent recording an erroneous value, caused by
8.3.1.1 The 8 mm striker shall be used, unless the 2 mm
jarring the indicator when locking the pendulum in its upright
striker is specified.
(ready) position, read the value for each test from the indicator
NOTE 9—For some materials, the striker radius can significantly affect prior to locking the pendulum for the next test.
the results.
8.4 Izod Test Procedure:
8.3.2 To position a test specimen in the machine, it is
recommended that self-centering tongs similar to those shown 8.4.1 The Izod test procedure may be summarized as
in Fig. 5 be used (see A1.10.1). The tongs illustrated in Fig. 5 follows: the test specimen is positioned in the specimen-
are for centering V-notch specimens. If non V-notch specimens holding fixture and the pendulum is released without vibration.
are used, modification of the tong design may be necessary. If Information is obtained from the machine and from the broken
an end-centering device is used, caution must be taken to specimen. The details are described as follows:
ensure that low-energy high-strength specimens will not re- 8.4.2 Testing at temperatures other than room temperature is
bound off this device into the pendulum and cause erroneously difficult because the specimen-holding fixture for Izod speci-
high recorded values. Many such devices are permanent mens is often part of the base of the machine and cannot be
fixtures of machines, and if the clearance between the end of a readily cooled (or heated). Consequently, Izod testing is not
recommended at other than room temperature.
8.4.3 Clamp the specimen firmly in the support vise so that
4
Nanstad, R. K., Swain, R. L. and Berggren, R. G., “Influence of Thermal the centerline of the notch is in the plane of the top of the vise
Conditioning Media on Charpy Specimen Test Temperature,”Charpy Impact Test: within 0.125 mm. Set the energy indicator at the maximum
Factors and Variables, ASTM STP 1072, ASTM, 1990, pp. 195-210.
5
Tobler R. L. Et al.,“ Charpy Impact Tests Near Absolute Zero,” Journal of scale reading, and release the pendulum smoothly. Sections
Testing and Evaluation, Vol 19, 1 1992. 8.3.3.1 – 8.3.3.3, also apply when testing Izod specimens.

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E23 − 16b
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ID Number Designation Dimension, mm ID Number Designation Dimension, mm

1 Support (notch side) length 39.93 + 0 –0.051 8B 10 mm specimen width 1.52 to 1.65
5 mm specimen width 0.69 to 0.81
3 mm specimen width 0.36 to 0.48
2 Support (notch side) height 7.94 ± 1 9 Solder pad length 17.46 ± 1
3 Insert angle 44.5 ± 0.5° 10 Solder pad extension 4.76 ± 1
4 Radius on support 2±1 11 Solder pad height 9.5 ± 1
5 Support width 9.5 ± 1 12 rod 7.94 ± 1
6 Notch center 19.96 13 1.588 ± 1
7 Notch center 19.96 14 Solder pad width 9.5 ± 1
8A 10 mm specimen width 1.60 to 1.70
5 mm specimen width 0.74 to 0.80
3 mm specimen width 0.45 to 0.51

FIG. 5 Centering Tongs for V-Notch Charpy Specimens

9. Information Obtainable from Impact Tests provided the accuracy of such methods can be demonstrated. Methods
used include optical encoders and strain-gaged strikers.
9.1 The absorbed energy shall be taken as the difference
between the energy in the striking member at the instant of 9.2 Lateral expansion measurement methods must take into
impact with the specimen and the energy remaining after account the fact that the fracture path seldom bisects the point
breaking the specimen. This value is determined by the of maximum expansion on both sides of a specimen. One half
machine’s scale reading which has been corrected for windage of a broken specimen may include the maximum expansion for
and friction losses. both sides, one side only, or neither. Therefore, the expansion
NOTE 10—Alternative means for energy measurement are acceptable on each side of each specimen half must be measured relative

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E23 − 16b
to the plane defined by the undeformed portion on the side of 9.3 The percentage of shear fracture on the fracture surfaces
the specimen, as shown in Fig. 6. For example, if A1 is greater of impact specimens may be determined using a variety of
than A2, and A3 is less than A4, then the lateral expansion is the methods. The approach and the acceptable methods are defined
sum of A1 + A4. in Annex A4. For each method, the user must distinguish
9.2.1 Before making any lateral expansion measurements, it between regions formed by stable crack growth mechanisms,
is essential that the two specimen halves are visually examined and regions formed by unstable crack growth mechanisms. For
for burrs that may have formed during impact testing; if the purposes of this Test Method, the “shear area” consists of those
burrs will influence the lateral expansion measurements, they portions of the fracture surface that form by stable crack
must be removed (by rubbing on emery cloth or any other growth (Fracture Initiation Region, Shear Lips, and Final
suitable method), making sure that the protrusions to be Fracture Region), as shown in Fig. 9.
measured are not rubbed during the removal of the burr. Then, The percent shear area on the fracture surface of a Charpy
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examine each fracture surface to ascertain that the protrusions impact specimen is typically calculated as the difference
have not been damaged by contacting an anvil, a machine between the total fractured area (Fracture Initiation Region,
mounting surface, etc. Lateral expansion shall not be measured Shear Lips, Unstable Fracture region, and Final Fracture
on a specimen with this type of damage. Region) and the area of unstable fracture region, divided by the
9.2.2 Lateral expansion measurements shall be reported as total fractured area, times 100. The measurement methods
follows. An unbroken specimen can be reported as broken if described in Annex A4 provide estimates for the area of the
the specimen can be separated by pushing the hinged halves unstable fracture region (directly or indirectly), but do not
together once and then pulling them apart without further consider details of the fracture mode for the unstable region.
fatiguing the specimen, and the lateral expansion measured for The unstable fracture region could be 100 % cleavage, a
the unbroken specimen (prior to bending) is equal to or greater mixture of cleavage and ductile-dimple fracture morphologies,
than that measured for the separated halves. In the case where a mixture of intergranular and ductile-dimple fracture
a specimen cannot be separated into two halves, the lateral morphologies, or a mixture of other fracture morphologies.
expansion can be measured as long as the shear lips can be NOTE 11—Carbon steels often exhibit a classic cleavage region that
accessed without interference from the hinged ligament that identifies the unstable fracture region with a well-defined area of shiny
has been deformed during testing. The specimen should be fracture that is easy to recognize and measure. Other steels, such as
reported as unbroken. quenched and tempered SAE 4340, alloys have a region of unstable
9.2.3 Lateral expansion may be measured easily by using a fracture that consists of an intimate mixture of cleavage facets and ductile
dimples (only apparent at high magnifications). Some embrittled steels
gage like the one shown in Fig. 7 (assembly and details shown can exhibit partially intergranular fracture, as well. In these cases the area
in Fig. 8). Using this type of gage the measurement is made of unstable fracture may not be as easy to identify.
with the following procedure: orient the specimen halves so
that the compression sides are facing each other, take one half 10. Report
of the fractured specimen and press it against the anvil and dial 10.1 Absorbed energy values above 80 % of the scale range
gage plunger and record the reading, make a similar measure- are inaccurate and shall be reported as approximate. Ideally an
ment on the other half (same side) of the fractured specimen impact test would be conducted at a constant impact velocity.
and disregard the lower of the two values, do the same for the In a pendulum-type test, the velocity decreases as the fracture
other side of the fractured specimen, report the sum of the progresses. For specimens that have impact energies approach-
maximum expansions for the 2 sides as the lateral expansion ing 80 % of the capacity of the pendulum, the velocity of the
for the specimen. pendulum decreases (to about 45 % of the initial velocity)
during fracture to the point that accurate impact energies are no
longer obtained.
10.2 For commercial acceptance testing, report the follow-
ing information (for each specimen tested):
10.2.1 Specimen type,
10.2.2 Specimen size (if sub-size specimen),
10.2.3 Test temperature,
10.2.4 For Charpy testing specify the striker radius as 8 mm
or 2 mm,
10.2.5 Absorbed energy, and
10.2.6 Any other contractual requirements.
10.3 For other than commercial acceptance testing the
following information is often reported in addition to the
information in 10.2:
10.3.1 Lateral expansion,
10.3.2 Unbroken specimens,
FIG. 6 Halves of Broken Charpy V-Notch Impact Specimen Illus- 10.3.3 Fracture appearance (% shear, See Note A4.1),
trating the Measurement of Lateral Expansion, Dimensions A1, 10.3.4 Specimen orientation, and
A2, A3, A4 and Original Thickness, Dimension W 10.3.5 Specimen location.

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FIG. 7 Lateral Expansion Gage for Charpy Impact Specimens

NOTE 12—Even when the test temperature is specified as room Material Low Energy High Energy
temperature, report the actual temperature. J J
Absorbed Energy 15.9 96.2
11. Precision and Bias 95 % Repeatability Limit 2.4 8.3
95 % Reproducibility Limits 2.7 9.2
11.1 An Interlaboratory study used CVN specimens of low
energy and of high energy to find sources of variation in the The terms repeatability and reproducibility limit are used as
CVN absorbed energy. Data from 29 laboratories were in- defined in Practice E177. The respective standard deviations
cluded with each laboratory testing one set of five specimens of among test results may be obtained by dividing the above
each energy level. Except being limited to only two energy limits by 2.8.
levels (by availability of reference specimens), Practice E691 11.3 Bias—Bias cannot be defined for CVN absorbed en-
was followed for the design and analysis of the data; the details ergy. The physical simplicity of the pendulum design is
are given in ASTM Research Report No. RR:E28-1014.6 complicated by complex energy loss mechanisms within the
11.2 Precision—The Precision information given below is machine and the specimen. Therefore, there is no absolute
for the average CVN absorbed energy of five test determina- standard to which the measured values can be compared.
tions at each laboratory for each material.
12. Keywords
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may 12.1 Charpy test; fracture appearance; impact test; Izod test;
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: E28–1014. notched specimens; pendulum machine

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ID Num Dimension, mm ID Num Dimension, mm

1 12.7 15 1.59
2 6.4 16 6.4
3 88.9 17 17.5
4 171.5 18 15.9
5 47.6 19 1.7
6 50.8 20 0.5
7 101.6 21 8.3
8 88.9 22 3.2
9 12.7 23 6.1
10 44.5 24 19.1
11 12.7 25 66.7
12 43.2 26 19.1
13 88.9 27 60.3
14 158.8

FIG. 8 Assembly and Details for Lateral Expansion Gage

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NOTE 1—Measure average dimensions A and B to the nearest 0.5 mm. Determine the percent shear fracture using Table A4.1 or Table A4.2.
FIG. 9 Schematic of the Fracture Surface of a Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Specimen Showing the Various Region of Fracture

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPACT MACHINES

A1.1 The machine frame shall be equipped with a bubble from friction in the indicating mechanism shall not exceed
level or a machined surface suitable for establishing levelness 0.25 % of scale range capacity. See A2.3.8 for friction and
of the axis of pendulum bearings or, alternatively, the levelness windage loss calculations.
of the axis of rotation of the pendulum may be measured
directly. The machine shall be level to within 3:1000 and A1.4 The position of the pendulum, when hanging freely,
securely bolted to a concrete floor not less than 150 mm thick shall be such that the striker is within 2.5 mm from the test
or, when this is not practical, the machine shall be bolted to a specimen. When the indicator has been positioned to read zero
foundation having a mass not less than 40 times that of the energy in a free swing, it shall read within 0.2 % of the scale
pendulum. The bolts shall be tightened as specified by the range when the striker of the pendulum is held against the test
machine manufacturer. specimen. The plane of swing of the pendulum shall be
perpendicular to the transverse axis of the Charpy specimen
A1.2 A scale or digital display, graduated in degrees or anvils or Izod vise within 3:1000.
energy, on which readings can be estimated in increments of
0.25 % of the energy range or less shall be furnished for the A1.5 Transverse play of the pendulum at the striker shall not
machine. exceed 0.75 mm under a transverse force of 4 % of the
A1.2.1 The scales and digital displays may be compensated effective weight of the pendulum applied at the center of strike.
for windage and pendulum friction. The error in the scale Radial play of the pendulum bearings shall not exceed
reading at any point shall not exceed 0.2 % of the range or 0.075 mm.
0.4 % of the reading, whichever is larger. (See A2.3.8.)
A1.6 The impact velocity (tangential velocity) of the pen-
A1.3 The total friction and windage losses of the machine dulum at the center of strike shall not be less than 3 nor more
during the swing in the striking direction shall not exceed than 6 m/s.
0.75 % of the scale range capacity, and pendulum energy loss

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A1.7 The height of the center of strike in the latched against the pendulum (see Fig. A1.1). In most U-type pendu-
position, above its free hanging position, shall be within 0.4 % lum machines, steel shrouds should be designed and installed
of the range capacity divided by the supporting force, mea- to the following requirements: (a) thickness of approximately
sured as described in A2.3.5.1. If windage and friction are 1.5 mm, (b) minimum hardness of 45 HRC, (c) radius of less
compensated for by increasing the height of drop, the height of than 1.5 mm at the underside corners, and (d) positioned so that
drop may be increased by not more than 1 %. the clearance between them and the pendulum overhang (both
top and sides) does not exceed 1.5 mm.
A1.8 The mechanism for releasing the pendulum from its
initial position shall operate freely and permit release of the NOTE A1.1—In machines where the opening within the pendulum
pendulum without initial impulse, retardation, or side vibra- permits clearance between the ends of a specimen (resting on the
tion. If the same lever used to release the pendulum is also used specimen supports) and the shrouds, and this clearance is at least 13 mm,
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to engage the brake, means shall be provided for preventing the the requirements (a) and (d) need not apply.
brake from being accidentally engaged. A1.10 Charpy Apparatus:
A1.9 Specimen clearance is needed to ensure satisfactory A1.10.1 Means shall be provided (see Fig. A1.2) to locate
results when testing materials of different strengths and com- and support the test specimen against two anvil blocks in such
positions. The test specimen shall exit the machine with a a position that the center of the notch is located within 0.25 mm
minimum of interference. Pendulums used on Charpy ma- of the midpoint between the anvils (see 8.3.2).
chines are of three basic designs, as shown in Fig. A1.1.
A1.9.1 When using a C-type pendulum or a compound A1.10.2 The supports shall be of the forms and dimensions
pendulum, the broken specimen will not rebound into the shown in Fig. A1.2. Other dimensions of the pendulum and
pendulum and slow it down if the clearance at the end of the supports should be such as to minimize interference between
specimen is at least 13 mm or if the specimen is deflected out the pendulum and broken specimens.
of the machine by some arrangement such as that shown in Fig. A1.10.3 The center line of the striker shall advance in the
A1.1. plane that is within 0.40 mm of the midpoint between the
A1.9.2 When using a U-type pendulum, means shall be supporting edges of the anvils. The striker shall be perpendicu-
provided to prevent the broken specimen from rebounding lar to the longitudinal axis of the specimen within 5:1000. The

FIG. A1.1 Typical Pendulums and Anvils for Charpy Machines, Shown with Modifications to Minimize Jamming

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ID Num Designation Dimension Tolerance

1 Span between anvils 40.00 mm ±0.05 mm
2 Anvil radius 1.00 mm ±0.05 mm
3 Anvil angle 80° ±2°
4 Anvil-Support angle 90° ±0.15°
A and B Surface finish, Anvils 0.1μm (Ra) #

FIG. A1.2 Charpy Anvils and Supports

striker shall be parallel within 1:1000 to the face of a perfectly the clamping surfaces shall be sharp angles of 90° 6 1° with
square test specimen held against the anvils. radii less than 0.40 mm. The clamping surfaces shall be smooth
A1.10.4 The striker shall conform to dimensions and toler- with a 2 μm (Ra) finish or better, and shall clamp the specimen
ances shown in Fig. A1.3. The standard 8 mm striker is shown firmly at the notch with the clamping force applied in the
in Fig. A1.3(a) and optional 2 mm striker is shown in Fig. direction of impact. For rectangular specimens, the clamping
A1.3(b). surfaces shall be flat and parallel within 0.025 mm. For
cylindrical specimens, the clamping surfaces shall be con-
A1.11 Izod Apparatus: toured to match the specimen and each surface shall contact a
A1.11.1 Means shall be provided (see Fig. A1.4) for clamp- minimum of π/2 rad (90°) of the specimen circumference.
ing the specimen in such a position that the face of the A1.11.2 The dimensions of the striker and its position
specimen is parallel to the striker within 1:1000. The edges of relative to the specimen clamps shall be as shown in Fig. A1.4.

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ID Num Designation Dimension Tolerance

1 Striker radius, 8 mm Striker 8.00 mm ±0.05 mm
2 Striker width, 8 mm Striker 4.00 mm ±0.05 mm
3 Striker corner radii, 8 mm Striker 0.25 mm +0.50/-0.05 mm
4 Striker angle, 8 mm Striker 30° ±2°
A and B Striker Finish, 8 mm Striker 0.1μm (Ra) #
5 Striker radius, 2 mm Striker 2.00 mm +0.50/-0 mm
6 Striker angle, 2 mm Striker 30° ±1°

FIG. A1.3 Charpy Strikers

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NOTE 1—All dimensional tolerances shall be 60.05 mm unless otherwise specified.

NOTE 2—The clamping surfaces of A and B shall be flat and parallel within 0.025 mm.
NOTE 3— Surface finish on striker and vise shall be 2 μm (Ra).
NOTE 4—Striker width must be greater than that of the specimen being tested.
FIG. A1.4 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test

A2. VERIFICATION OF PENDULUM IMPACT MACHINES

A2.1 The verification of impact machines has two parts:di- is not intended that parts not subjected to wear (such as
rect verification, which consists of inspecting the machine to pendulum and scale linearity) are to be directly verified each
ensure that the requirements of this annex and Annex A1 are year unless a problem is evident. Only the items cited in A2.2
met, and indirect verification, which entails the testing of are required to be inspected annually. Other parts of the
verification specimens. machine shall be directly verified at least once, when the
A2.1.1 Izod machines are verified by direct verification machine is new, or when parts are replaced.
annually. A2.1.3 Charpy machines do not require immediate indirect
A2.1.2 Charpy machines shall be verified directly and verification after removal and replacement of the striker or
indirectly annually. Data is valid only when produced within anvils, or both, that were on the machine when it was verified
365 days following the date of the most recent successful provided the following safeguards are implemented: (1) an
verification test. Charpy machines shall also be verified imme- organizational procedure for the change is developed and
diately after replacing parts that may affect the measured followed, (2) high-strength low-energy quality control speci-
energy, after making repairs or adjustments, after they have mens (see A2.4.1.1 for guidance in breaking energy range for
been moved, or whenever there is reason to doubt the accuracy these specimens) are tested prior to removal and immediately
of the results, without regard to the time interval. These after installation of the previously verified striker or anvils, or
restrictions include cases where parts, which may affect the both within the 365 day verification period, (3) the results of
measured energy, are removed from the machine and then the before and after tests of the quality control specimens are
reinstalled without modification (with the exception of when within 1.4 J of each other, (4) the results of the comparisons are
the striker or anvils are removed to permit use of a different kept in a log book, and (5) before reattachment, the striker and
striker or set of anvils and then are reinstalled, see A2.1.3). It anvils are visually inspected for wear and dimensionally

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verified to assure that they meet the required tolerances of Fig. A2.3.4 Determine the Center of Strike—For Charpy ma-
A1.2 and Fig. A1.3. The use of certified impact verification chines the center of strike of the pendulum is determined using
specimens is not required and internal quality control speci- a half-thick specimen (10 × 5 × 55 mm) in the test position.
mens are permitted. With the striker in contact with the specimen, a line marked
along the top edge of the specimen on the striker will indicate
A2.2 Direct Verification of Parts Requiring Annual Inspec- the center of strike. For Izod machines, the center of strike may
tion: be considered to be the contact line when the pendulum is
A2.2.1 Inspect the specimen supports, anvils, and striker brought into contact with a specimen in the normal testing
and replace any of these parts that show signs of wear. A position.
straight edge or radius gage can be used to discern differences A2.3.5 Determine the Potential Energy—The following
between the used and unused portions of these parts to help
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procedure shall be used when the center of strike of the

identify a worn condition (see Note A2.1). pendulum is coincident with the radial line from the centerline
NOTE A2.1—To measure the anvil or striker radii, the recommended of the pendulum bearings (herein called the axis of rotation) to
procedure is to make a replica (casting) of the region of interest and the center of gravity (see Appendix X2). If the center of strike
measure cross sections of the replica. This can be done with the anvils and is more than 1.0 mm from this line, suitable corrections in
striker in place on the machine or removed from the machine. Make a dam elevation of the center of strike must be made in A2.3.8.1 and
with cardboard and tape surrounding the region of interest, then pour a
low-shrinkage casting compound into the dam (silicon rubber casting A2.3.9, so that elevations set or measured correspond to what
compounds work well). Allow the casting to cure, remove the dam, and they would be if the center of strike were on this line. The
slice cross sections through the region of interest with a razor. Use these potential energy of the system is equal to the height from which
cross sections to make radii measurements on optical comparators or other the pendulum falls, as determined in A2.3.5.2, times the
instruments. supporting force, as determined in A2.3.5.1.
A2.2.2 Ensure the bolts that attach the anvils and striker to A2.3.5.1 To measure the supporting force, support the
the machine are tightened to the manufacturer’s specifications. pendulum horizontally to within 15:1000 with two supports,
A2.2.3 Verify that the shrouds, if applicable, are properly one at the bearings (or center of rotation) and the other at the
installed (see A1.9.2). center of strike on the striker (see Fig. A2.1). Then arrange the
support at the striker to react upon some suitable weighing
A2.2.4 The pendulum release mechanism, which releases device such as a platform scale or balance, and determine the
the pendulum from its initial position, shall comply with A1.8. weight to within 0.4 %. Take care to minimize friction at either
A2.2.5 Check the level of the machine in both directions point of support. Make contact with the striker through a round
(see A1.1). rod crossing the center of strike. The supporting force is the
scale reading minus the weights of the supporting rod and any
A2.2.6 Check that the foundation bolts are tightened to the shims that may be used to maintain the pendulum in a
manufacturer’s specifications. horizontal position.
NOTE A2.2—Expansion bolts or fasteners with driven-in inserts shall A2.3.5.2 Determine the height of pendulum drop for com-
not be used for foundations. These fasteners will work loose and/or tighten pliance with the requirement of A1.7. On Charpy machines
up against the bottom of the machine indicating a false high torque value determine the height from the top edge of a half-thick (or
when the bolts are tightened. center of a 10 × 10 × 55 mm) specimen to the elevated position
A2.2.7 Check the indicator zero and the friction loss of the of the center of strike within 0.1 %. On Izod machines
machine as described in 8.1. determine the height from a distance 22.66 mm above the vise
to the release position of the center of strike within 0.1 %. The
A2.3 Direct Verification of Parts to be Verified at Least height may be determined by direct measurement of the
Once: elevation of the center of strike or by calculation from the
A2.3.1 Charpy anvils and supports or Izod vises shall change in angle of the pendulum using the following formulas
conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. A1.2 or Fig. A1.4. (see Fig. A2.1):
h 5 S ~ 1 2 cos β ! (A2.1)
NOTE A2.3—The impact machine will be inaccurate to the extent that
some energy is used in deformation or movement of its component parts h 1 5 S ~ 1 2 cos α ! (A2.2)
or of the machine as a whole; this energy will be registered as used in
fracturing the specimen. where:
A2.3.2 The striker shall conform to the dimensions shown h = initial elevation of the striker, m,
S = length of the pendulum distance to the center of strike,
in Fig. A1.3 or Fig. A1.4. The mounting surfaces must be clean
m,
and free of defects that would prevent a good fit. Check that the
β = angle of fall,
striker complies with A1.10.3 (for Charpy tests) or A1.11.1 h1 = height of rise, m, and
(for Izod tests). α = angle of rise.
A2.3.3 The pendulum alignment shall comply with A1.4 A2.3.6 Determine the impact velocity, v, of the machine,
and A1.5. If the side play in the pendulum or the radial play in neglecting friction, by means of the following equation:
the bearings exceed the specified limits, adjust or replace the
bearings, or a combination thereof. v 5 =2 gh (A2.3)

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g = local gravitational acceleration (accuracy of one part in

one thousand), m/s2,
π = 3.1416, and
p = period of a complete swing (to and fro), s.
A2.3.8 Determination of the Friction Losses—The energy
loss from friction and windage of the pendulum and friction in
the recording mechanism, if not corrected, will be included in
the energy loss attributed to breaking the specimen and can
result in erroneously high measurements of absorbed energy.
For machines recording in degrees, frictional losses are usually
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not compensated for by the machine manufacturer, whereas in

machines recording directly in energy, they are usually com-
pensated for by increasing the starting height of the pendulum.
Determine energy losses from friction as follows.
A2.3.8.1 Without a specimen in the machine, and with the
indicator at the maximum energy reading, release the pendu-
lum from its starting position and record the energy value
indicated. This value should indicate zero energy if frictional
losses have been corrected by the manufacturer. Now raise the
pendulum slowly until it just contacts the indicator at the value
obtained in the free swing. Secure the pendulum at this height
and within 0.1 % determine the vertical distance from the
center of strike to the top of a half-width specimen positioned
on the specimen rest supports (see A2.3.5). Determine the
supporting force as in A2.3.5.1 and multiply by this vertical
distance. The difference between this value and the initial
potential energy is the total energy loss in the pendulum and
indicator combined. Without resetting the pointer, repeatedly
release the pendulum from its initial position until the pointer
shows no further movement. The energy loss determined by the
final position of the pointer is that due to the pendulum alone.
The frictional loss in the indicator alone is then the difference
between the combined indicator and pendulum losses and those
due to the pendulum alone.
FIG. A2.1 Dimensions for Calculations
A2.3.9 The indicating mechanism accuracy shall be
where: checked to ensure that it is recording accurately over the entire
v = velocity, m/s, range (see A1.2.1). Check it at graduation marks corresponding
g = acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2 , and to approximately 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 70 % of each range.
h = initial elevation of the striker, m. With the striker marked to indicate the center of strike, lift the
pendulum and set it in a position where the indicator reads, for
A2.3.7 The center of percussion shall be at a point within example, 13 J. Secure the pendulum at this height and within
1 % of the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of 0.1 % determine the vertical distance from the center of strike
strike in the specimen, to ensure that minimum force is to the top of a half-width specimen positioned on the specimen
transmitted to the point of rotation. Determine the location of supports (see A2.3.5). Determine the residual energy by
the center of percussion as follows: multiplying the height of the center of strike by the supporting
A2.3.7.1 Using a stop watch or some other suitable time- force, as described in A2.3.5.1. Increase this value by the total
measuring device, capable of measuring time to within 0.2 s, frictional and windage losses for a free swing (see A2.3.8.1)
swing the pendulum through a total angle not greater than 15° multiplied by the ratio of the angle of swing of the pendulum
and record the time for 100 complete cycles (to and fro). The from the latch to the energy value being evaluated to the angle
period of the pendulum then, is the time for 100 cycles divided of swing of the pendulum from the latch to the zero energy
by 100. reading. Subtract the sum of the residual energy and propor-
A2.3.7.2 Determine the center of percussion by means of tional frictional and windage loss from the potential energy at
the following equation: the latched position (see A2.3.5). The indicator shall agree with
gp2 the energy calculated within the limits of A1.2.1. Make similar
L5 (A2.4)
4π 2 calculations at other points of the scale. The indicating mecha-
where: nism shall not overshoot or drop back with the pendulum.
Make test swings from various heights to check visually the
L = distance from the axis to the center of percussion, m, operation of the pointer over several portions of the scale.

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NOTE A2.4—Indicators that indicate in degrees shall be checked using change in the readout device (the resolution).
the above procedure. Degree readings from the scale shall be converted to
energy readings using the conversion formula or table normally used in
A2.4.3.2 The upper limit of the usable range of the machine
testing. In this way the formula or table can also be checked for windage is equal to 80 % of the capacity of the machine.
and friction corrections. A2.4.4 Only verification specimens that are within the
A2.4 Indirect Verification: usable range of the impact machine shall be tested. To verify
the machine over its full usable range, test the lowest and
A2.4.1 Indirect verification requires the testing of speci- highest energy levels of verification specimens commercially
mens with certified energy values to verify the accuracy of available that are within the machine’s usable range. If the ratio
Charpy impact machines. between the highest and lowest certified values tested is greater
A2.4.1.1 Verification specimens with certified energy values than four, testing of a third set of intermediate energy speci-
are produced at low (13 to 20 J), high (88 to 136 J), and
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mens is required (if the specimens are commercially available).

super-high (176 to 244 J) energy levels. To meet the verifica-
tion requirements, the average value determined for a set of NOTE A2.7—Use the upper bound of the energy range given for the low,
verification specimens at each energy level tested shall corre- high, and super-high verification specimens (20, 136, and 244 J respec-
tively) to determine the highest energy level verification specimens that
spond to the certified values of the verification specimens can be tested. Alternately, use the lower bound of the energy range given
within 1.4 J (1.0 ft lbf) or 5.0 %, whichever is greater. for the verification specimens to determine the minimum energy level for
A2.4.1.2 The reference values for the verification specimens testing.
shall be established on the three reference machines owned, A2.4.4.1 If the low energy verification specimens were not
maintained, and operated by NIST in Boulder, CO. tested (only high and super-high were tested), the lower limit of
A2.4.2 The verified range of a Charpy impact machine is the verified range shall be one half the energy of the lowest
described with reference to the lowest and highest energy energy verification set tested.
specimens tested on the machine. These values are determined NOTE A2.8—For example, if the certified value of the high energy
from tests on sets of verification specimens at two or more specimens tested was 100 J, the lower limit would be 50 J.
levels of absorbed energy, except in the case where a Charpy
A2.4.4.2 If the highest energy verification specimens avail-
machine has a maximum capacity that is too low for two
able for a given Charpy machine capacity were not tested, the
energy levels to be tested. In this case, one level of absorbed
upper value of the verified range shall be 1.5 times the certified
energy can be used for indirect verification.
value of the highest energy specimens tested.
A2.4.3 Determine the usable range of the impact testing
NOTE A2.9—For example, if the machine being tested has a maximum
machine prior to testing verification specimens. The usable capacity of 325 J and only low and high energy verification specimens
range of an impact machine is dependent upon the resolution of were tested, the upper bound of the verified range would be 150 J (100 J
the scale or readout device at the low end and the capacity of × 1.5 = 150 J), assuming that the high energy samples tested had a certified
the machine at the high end. value of 100 J. To verify this machine over its full range, low, high, and
A2.4.3.1 The resolution of the scale or readout device super-high verification specimens would have to be tested, because
super-high verification specimens can be tested on a machine with a 325 J
establishes the lower limit of the usable range for the machine. capacity (80 % of 325 J is 260 J, and the certified value of super-high
The lower limit is equal to 25 times the resolution of the scale specimens never exceeds 260 J). See Table A2.1.
or readout device at 15 J.
TABLE A2.1 Verified Ranges for Various Machine Capacities
NOTE A2.5—On analog scales, the resolution is the smallest change in and Verification Specimens TestedA
energy that can be discerned on the scale. This is usually 1⁄4 to 1⁄5 of the
Machine Usable Verification Specimens Verified
difference between 2 adjacent marks on the scale at the 15 J energy level. Capacity
Resolution
Range Tested Range
NOTE A2.6—Digital readouts usually incorporate devices, such as J
J J Low High Super-high J
digital encoders, with a fixed discrete angular resolution. The resolution of 80 0.10 2.5 to 64 X ... ... 2.5 to 64
these types of readout devices is the smallest change in energy that can be 160 0.20 5.0 to 128 X X ... 5.0 to 128
consistently measured at 15 J. The resolution of these types of devices is 325 0.25 6.25 to 260 X X X 6.25 to 260
usually not a change in the last digit shown on the display because 400 0.30 7.5 to 320 ... X X 50 to 320
resolution is a function of the angular position of the pendulum and 400 0.15 3.75 to 320 X X ... 3.75 to 150
changes throughout the swing. For devices which incorporate a verifica- 400 0.15 3.75 to 320 X X X 3.75 to 320
tion mode in which a live readout of absorbed energy is available, the A
In these examples, the high energy verification specimens are assumed to have
pendulum may be moved slowly in the area of 15 J to observe the smallest a certified value of 100 J.

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E23 − 16b

A3. ADDITIONAL IMPACT TEST SPECIMEN CONFIGURATIONS

A3.1 Sub-Size Specimen—When the amount of material sometimes omitted. Types Y and Z require a different vise from
available does not permit making the standard impact test that shown in Fig. A1.4, each half of the vise having a
specimens shown in Figs. 1 and 2, smaller specimens may be semi-cylindrical recess that closely fits the clamped portion of
used, but the results obtained on different sizes of specimens the specimen. As previously stated, the results cannot be
cannot be compared directly (X1.3). When Charpy specimens reliably compared with those obtained using specimens of
other than the standard are necessary or specified, it is other sizes or shapes.
recommended that they be selected from Fig. A3.1. When
reporting sub-size specimen dimensions, list the width,
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thickness, and length (for example, the upper left specimen in

Fig. A3.1 would be 10 × 2.5 × 55 mm).
A3.2 Supplementary Specimens—For economy in prepara-
tion of test specimens, special specimens of round or rectan-
gular cross section are sometimes used for cantilever beam test.
These are shown as Specimens X, Y, and Z in Figs. A3.2 and
A3.3. Specimen Z is sometimes called the Philpot specimen,
after the name of the original designer. For hard materials, the
machining of the flat surface struck by the pendulum is

ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

1 Width, Standard 10.0 mm ±0.075 mm
1A Width, Half 5.0 mm ±0.050 mm
1B Width, Third 3.0 mm ±0.030 mm
2 Thickness, Standard 10.0 mm ±0.075 mm
2A Thickness, Quarter 2.5 mm ±0.025 mm
2B Thickness, Half 5.0 mm ±0.050 mm
2C Thickness, Three-Quarters 7.5 mm ±0.075 mm
2D Thickness, Double 20.0 mm ±0.075 mm
3 Ligament Length, Standard 8.0 mm ±0.025 mm
3A Ligament Length, Half 4.0 mm ±0.025 mm
3B Ligament Length, Third 2.4 mm ±0.025 mm

NOTE 1—The circled specimen is the standard V-notch specimen (see Fig. 1).
NOTE 2—On sub-size specimens the length, notch angle, notch radius, surface finish are constant with V-notch specimens (see Fig. 1); width, thickness,
and ligament length vary as indicated above.
FIG. A3.1 Sub-Size Charpy (Simple-Beam) V-Notch Impact Test Specimens

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E23 − 16b

NOTE 1—Permissible variations for type X specimens shall be as follows:

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Perpendicularity of notch axis ± 2°

Adjacent ( 90°sides) shall be at ± 10 min
Ligament length ±0.025 mm

NOTE 2—Permissible variations for both specimens shall be as follows:

Cross-section dimensions ±0.025 mm
Lengthwise dimensions +0, −2.5 mm
Angle of notch ±1°
Radius of notch ±0.025 mm
Notch diameter of Type Y specimen ±0.025 mm

FIG. A3.2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, Types X and Y

The flat shall be parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the specimen and shall be parallel to the bottom of the notch within 2:1000.

TYPE Z

NOTE 1—Permissible variations shall be as follows:

Perpendicularity between notch length ± 2°
and longitudinal centerline
Cross-section dimensions ±0.025 mm
Length of specimen +0, −2.5 mm
Angle of notch ±1°
Radius of notch ±0.025 mm
Notch depth ±0.025 mm

FIG. A3.3 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen (Philpot), Type Z

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E23 − 16b

A4. DETERMINATION OF THE PROPORTION OF SHEAR FRACTURE SURFACE

A4.1 These fracture-appearance methods are based on the

concept that 100 % shear (stable) fracture occurs above the
transition-temperature range and brittle unstable fracture oc-
curs below the range, as shown by the instrumented Charpy
data in Fig. A4.1 (see also Test Method E2298). This shear
measurement process was developed for carbon steels that
undergo a distinct ductile to brittle transition that results in a
clearly defined region of cleavage fracture (unstable) on the
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surface of the specimen. Fracture surface interpretation is

complicated in materials that exhibit mixed-mode fracture
during unstable crack extension.
In the transition-temperature range, fracture is initiated at the
root of the notch by fibrous tearing. A short distance from the
notch, unstable crack extension occurs (Fbf) as the fracture
mechanism changes to cleavage, mixed mode, or another low
energy fracture mode, which often results in distinct radial
markings in the central portion of the specimen (indicative of
fast, unstable fracture). After several microseconds the unstable
crack extension arrests (Fa). Final fracture occurs at the
remaining ligament and at the sides of the specimen in a stable
manner. As shear-lips are formed at the sides of the specimen,
the plastic hinge at the remaining ligament ruptures. In the
ideal case, a “picture frame” of fibrous “shear” (stable) fracture
surrounds a relatively flat area of unstable fracture.
The five methods used below may be used to determine the
percentage of stable fracture on the surface of Charpy V-notch
impact specimens. It is recommended that the user qualita-
tively characterize the fracture mode of the unstable fracture
zone, and provide a description of how the shear measurements
were made. The methods are grouped in order of increasing
precision. In the case where a specimen does not separate into
two halves during the impact test and the fracture occurs
without any evidence of unstable crack extension, the percent
shear fracture can be considered to be 100 % and the specimen
should be reported as unbroken.
NOTE A4.1—Round robin data (five U.S. companies, 1990) estimates of
the percent shear for five quenched and tempered 8219 steels and four
microalloyed 1040 steels indicated the following: (1) results using method
A4.1.1 systematically underestimated the percent shear (compared with
method A4.1.4), (2) the error using method A4.1.2 was random and, (3)
the typical variation in independent measurements using method A4.1.4
was on the order of 5 to 10 % for microalloyed 1040 steels.
A4.1.1 Measure the length and width of the unstable frac-
ture region of the fracture surface, as shown in Fig. 9, and
determine the percent shear from Table A4.1 and Table A4.2
depending on the units of measurement.
A4.1.2 Compare the appearance of the fracture of the
FIG. A4.1 Instrumented Charpy impact data showing behavior of
specimen with a fracture appearance chart such as that shown steels in the (a) lower shelf, (b) transition, and (c) upper shelf
in Fig. A4.2. regions. The symbols are defined as: (1) Fgy, general yield force,
A4.1.3 Magnify the fracture surface and compare it to a (2) Fm, maximum force, (3) Fbf, force at initiation of unstable
crack propagation, and (4) Fa, force at end of unstable crack
precalibrated overlay chart or measure the percent shear propagation (arrest force).
fracture by means of a planimeter.
A4.1.4 Photograph the fracture surface at a suitable magni- A4.1.5 Capture a digital image of the fracture surface and
fication and measure the percent shear fracture by means of a measure the percent shear fracture using image analysis
planimeter. software.

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E23 − 16b
TABLE A4.1 Percent Shear for Measurements Made in Millimetres
NOTE 1—100 % shear is to be reported when either A or Bis zero.
Dimension Dimension A, mm
B, mm 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
1.0 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 88 88
1.5 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81
2.0 98 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 82 81 80 79 77 76 75
2.5 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 84 83 81 80 78 77 75 73 72 70 69
3.0 96 94 92 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 77 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62
3.5 96 93 91 89 87 85 82 80 78 76 74 72 69 67 65 63 61 58 56
4.0 95 92 90 88 85 82 80 77 75 72 70 67 65 62 60 57 55 52 50
4.5 94 92 89 86 83 80 77 75 72 69 66 63 61 58 55 52 49 46 44
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5.0 94 91 88 85 81 78 75 72 69 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 37
5.5 93 90 86 83 79 76 72 69 66 62 59 55 52 48 45 42 38 35 31
6.0 92 89 85 81 77 74 70 66 62 59 55 51 47 44 40 36 33 29 25
6.5 92 88 84 80 76 72 67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 35 31 27 23 19
7.0 91 87 82 78 74 69 65 61 56 52 47 43 39 34 30 26 21 17 12
7.5 91 86 81 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 44 39 34 30 25 20 16 11 6
8.0 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

TABLE A4.2 Percent Shear for Measurements Made in Inches

NOTE 1—100 % shear is to be reported when either A or B is zero.
Dimension Dimension A, in.
B, in. 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40
0.05 98 96 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 85 84
0.10 96 92 90 89 87 85 84 82 81 79 77 76 74 73 71 69 68
0.12 95 90 88 86 85 83 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65 63 61
0.14 94 89 86 84 82 80 77 75 73 71 68 66 64 62 59 57 55
0.16 94 87 85 82 79 77 74 72 69 67 64 61 59 56 53 51 48
0.18 93 85 83 80 77 74 72 68 65 62 59 56 54 51 48 45 42
0.20 92 84 81 77 74 72 68 65 61 58 55 52 48 45 42 39 36
0.22 91 82 79 75 72 68 65 61 57 54 50 47 43 40 36 33 29
0.24 90 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 54 50 46 42 38 34 30 27 23
0.26 90 79 75 71 67 62 58 54 50 46 41 37 33 29 25 20 16
0.28 89 77 73 68 64 59 55 50 46 41 37 32 28 23 18 14 10
0.30 88 76 71 66 61 56 52 47 42 37 32 27 23 18 13 9 3
0.31 88 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 18 10 5 0

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E23 − 16b
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FIG. A4.2 Fracture Appearance

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. NOTES ON SIGNIFICANCE OF NOTCHED-BAR IMPACT TESTING

X1.1 Notch Behavior: that the Charpy and Izod tests prove useful for determining the
susceptibility of a steel to notch-brittle behavior though they
X1.1.1 The Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test has been
cannot be directly used to appraise the serviceability of a
used extensively in mechanical testing of steel products, in
structure.
research, and in procurement specifications for over three
decades. Where correlations with fracture mechanics param- X1.2 Notch Effect:
eters are available, it is possible to specify CVN toughness X1.2.1 The notch results in a combination of multi-axial
values that would ensure elastic-plastic behavior for fracture of stresses associated with restraints to deformation in directions
fatigue cracked specimens subjected to minimum operating perpendicular to the major stress, and a stress concentration at
temperatures and maximum in-service rates of loading. the base of the notch. A severely notched condition is generally
X1.1.2 The notch behavior of face-centered cubic metals not desirable, and it becomes of real concern in those cases in
and alloys, a large group of nonferrous materials and austenitic which it initiates a sudden and complete failure of brittle type.
steels can be judged from their common tensile properties. If Some metals can be deformed in a ductile manner even down
they are brittle in tension, they will be brittle when notched, to very low temperatures, while others may crack. This
while if they are ductile in tension they will be ductile when difference in behavior can be best understood by considering
notched, except for unusually sharp or deep notches (much the cohesive strength of a material (or the property that holds
more severe than the standard V-notch Charpy or Izod speci- it together) and its relation to the yield point. In cases of brittle
mens). Even low temperatures do not alter this characteristic of fracture, the cohesive strength is exceeded before significant
these materials. In contrast, the behavior of ferritic steels under plastic deformation occurs and the fracture appears crystalline.
notch conditions cannot be predicted from their properties as In cases of ductile or shear type of failure, considerable
revealed by the tension test. For the study of these materials the deformation precedes the final fracture and the broken surface
Charpy and Izod type tests are accordingly very useful. Some appears fibrous instead of crystalline. In intermediate cases, the
metals that display normal ductility in the tension test may fracture comes after a moderate amount of deformation and is
nevertheless break in brittle fashion when tested or when used part crystalline and part fibrous in appearance.
in notched condition. Notched conditions include constraints to X1.2.2 When a notched bar is loaded, there is a normal
deformation in directions perpendicular to the major stress, or stress across the base of the notch which tends to initiate
multi axial stresses, and stress concentrations. It is in this field fracture. The property that keeps it from cleaving, or holds it

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E23 − 16b
together, is the cohesive strength. The bar fractures when the specimens are used. Such specimens (Fig. A3.1) are based on
normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength. When this occurs the V-notch specimen of Fig. 1.
without the bar deforming it is the condition for brittle fracture.
X1.3.3 General correlation between the energy values ob-
X1.2.3 In testing, though not in service because of size tained with specimens of different size or shape is not feasible,
effects, it happens more commonly that plastic deformation but limited correlations may be established for specification
precedes fracture. In addition to the normal stress, the applied purposes on the basis of special studies of particular materials
force also sets up shear stresses which are about 45° to the and particular specimens. On the other hand, in a study of the
normal stress. The elastic behavior terminates as soon as the relative effect of process variations, evaluation by use of some
shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the material and arbitrarily selected specimen with some chosen notch will in
deformation or plastic yielding sets in. This is the condition for most instances place the methods in their proper order.
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ductile failure.
X1.4 Temperature Effect:
X1.2.4 This behavior, whether brittle or ductile, depends on
whether the normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength before X1.4.1 The testing conditions also affect the notch behavior.
the shear stress exceeds the shear strength. Several important So pronounced is the effect of temperature on the behavior of
facts of notch behavior follow from this. If the notch is made steel when notched that comparisons are frequently made by
sharper or more drastic, the normal stress at the root of the examining specimen fractures and by plotting energy values
notch will be increased in relation to the shear stress and the and fracture appearance versus temperature from tests of
bar will be more prone to brittle fracture (see Table X1.1). notched bars at a series of temperatures. When the test
Also, as the speed of deformation increases, the shear strength temperature has been carried low enough to start cleavage
increases and the likelihood of brittle fracture increases. On the fracture, there may be an extremely sharp drop in absorbed
other hand, by raising the temperature, leaving the notch and energy or there may be a relatively gradual falling off toward
the speed of deformation the same, the shear strength is the lower temperatures. This drop in energy value starts when
lowered and ductile behavior is promoted, leading to shear a specimen begins to exhibit some crystalline appearance in the
failure. fracture. The transition temperature at which this embrittling
X1.2.5 Variations in notch dimensions will seriously affect effect takes place varies considerably with the size of the part
the results of the tests. Tests on E4340 steel specimens have or test specimen and with the notch geometry.
shown the effect of dimensional variations on Charpy results
X1.5 Testing Machine:
(see Table X1.1).
X1.5.1 The testing machine itself must be sufficiently rigid
X1.3 Size Effect: or tests on high-strength low-energy materials will result in
X1.3.1 Increasing either the thickness or the width of the excessive elastic energy losses either upward through the
specimen tends to increase the volume of metal subject to pendulum shaft or downward through the base of the machine.
distortion, and by this factor tends to increase the energy If the anvil supports, the striker, or the machine foundation
absorption when breaking the specimen. However, any in- bolts are not securely fastened, tests on ductile materials in the
crease in size, particularly in thickness, also tends to increase range of 108 J may actually indicate values in excess of 122 to
the degree of constraint and by tending to induce brittle 136 J.
fracture, may decrease the amount of energy absorbed. Where X1.5.2 A problem peculiar to Charpy-type tests occurs
a standard V-notch specimen is on the verge of brittle fracture, when high-strength, low-energy specimens are tested at low
this is particularly true, and a double-thick specimen may temperatures. These specimens may not leave the machine in
actually require less energy for rupture than one of standard the direction of the pendulum swing but rather in a sidewise
thickness. direction. To ensure that the broken halves of the specimens do
X1.3.2 In studies of such effects where the size of the not rebound off some component of the machine and contact
material precludes the use of the standard specimen, for the pendulum before it completes its swing, modifications may
example when the material is a 6.35-mm plate, sub-size be necessary in older model machines. These modifications

TABLE X1.1 Effect of Varying Notch Dimensions on Standard V-Notch Specimens

High-Energy Medium-Energy Low-Energy
Specimens, J Specimens, J Specimens, J
Specimen with standard dimensions 103.0 ± 5.2 60.3 ± 3.0 16.9 ± 1.4
Depth of notch, 2.13 mmA 97.9 56.0 15.5
Depth of notch, 2.04 mmA 101.8 57.2 16.8
Depth of notch, 1.97 mmA 104.1 61.4 17.2
Depth of notch, 1.88 mmA 107.9 62.4 17.4
Radius at base of notch 0.13 mmB 98.0 56.5 14.6
Radius at base of notch 0.38 mmB 108.5 64.3 21.4
A
Standard 2.0 ± 0.025 mm (0.079 ± 0.001 in.).
B
Standard 0.25 ± 0.025 mm (0.010 ± 0.001 in.).

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E23 − 16b
differ with machine design. Nevertheless the basic problem is somewhat higher energy absorption values than the static tests
the same in that provisions must be made to prevent rebound- above the transition temperature and yet, in some instances, the
ing of the fractured specimens into any part of the swinging reverse is true below the transition temperature.
pendulum. Where design permits, the broken specimens may
be deflected out of the sides of the machine and yet in other X1.7 Correlation with Service:
designs it may be necessary to contain the broken specimens X1.7.1 While Charpy or Izod tests may not directly predict
within a certain area until the pendulum passes through the the ductile or brittle behavior of steel as commonly used in
anvils. Some low-energy high-strength steel specimens leave large masses or as components of large structures, these tests
impact machines at speeds in excess of 15.2 m/s although they can be used as acceptance tests or tests of identity for different
were struck by a pendulum traveling at speeds approximately lots of the same steel or in choosing between different steels,
5.2 m/s. If the force exerted on the pendulum by the broken when correlation with reliable service behavior has been
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specimens is sufficient, the pendulum will slow down and established. It may be necessary to perform the tests at properly
erroneously high energy values will result. This problem chosen temperatures other than room temperature. In this, the
accounts for many of the inconsistencies in Charpy results service temperature or the transition temperature of full-scale
reported by various investigators within the 14 to 34 J range. specimens does not give the desired transition temperatures for
Fig. A1.1 illustrates a modification found to be satisfactory in Charpy or Izod tests since the size and notch geometry may be
minimizing jamming. so different. Chemical analysis, tension, and hardness tests may
not indicate the influence of some of the important processing
X1.6 Velocity of Straining: factors that affect susceptibility to brittle fracture nor do they
X1.6.1 Velocity of straining is likewise a variable that comprehend the effect of low temperatures in inducing brittle
affects the notch behavior of steel. The impact test shows behavior.

X2. SUGGESTED METHODS FOR MEASURING THE POSITION OF THE CENTER OF STRIKE

X2.1 Position of the Center of Strike Relative to the Center

of Gravity:
X2.1.1 Since the center of strike can only be marked on an
assembled machine, only the methods applicable to an as-
sembled machine are described as follows:
X2.1.1.1 The fundamental fact on which all the methods are
based is that when the friction forces are negligible, the center
of gravity is vertically below the axis of rotation of a pendulum
supported by the bearings only (herein referred to as a free
hanging pendulum). Paragraph A1.3 limits the friction forces
in impact machines to a negligible value. The required mea-
surements may be made using specialized instruments such as
transits, clinometers, or cathometers. However, simple instru-
ments have been used as described in the following to make
measurements of sufficient accuracy.
X2.1.1.2 Suspend a plumb bob from the frame. The plumb
line should appear visually to be in the plane of swing of the
striking edge.
X2.1.1.3 Place a massive object on the base close to the
latch side of the pendulum. Adjust the position of this object so
that when back lighted, a minimal gap is visible between it and FIG. X2.1 Measurement of Deviation of Center of Strike from Ver-
the pendulum. (See Fig. X2.1.) tical Plane through Axis of Rotation when Pendulum is Hanging
Free
X2.1.1.4 With a scale or depth gage pressed lightly against
the striking edge at the center of strike, measure the horizontal
distance between the plumb line and striking edge. (Dimension surface of the shaft which connects the pendulum to the
B in Fig. X2.1.) bearings in the machine frame. (Dimension C in Fig. X2.1.)
X2.1.1.5 Similarly, measure the distance in a horizontal X2.1.1.7 Use an outside caliper or micrometer to measure
plane through the axis of rotation from the plumb line to the the diameter of the shaft at the same location contacted in
clamp block or enlarged end of the pendulum stem. (Dimen- measuring C. (Dimension D in Fig. X2.1.)
sion A in Fig. X2.1.) X2.1.1.8 Substitute the measured dimensions in the equa-
X2.1.1.6 Use a depth gage to measure the radial distance tion
from the surface contacted in measuring A to a machined X 5 A1C1D/2 2 B (X2.1)

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E23 − 16b
where:
X = deviation of the center of strike from a line from the
center of rotation through the center of gravity.

X3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTING SUB-SIZE CHARPY SPECIMENS

X3.1 When testing sub-size specimens (see Fig. A3.1), the Higher specimen supports should be used when testing a
specimen support height should be changed to ensure that the smaller thickness specimen and lower specimen supports
center of strike is maintained (see A2.3.4 and A2.3.7 for should be used when testing a larger thickness specimen.
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instructions). To comply with this change, new specimen

supports can be manufactured or shims may be added to the X3.3 Determine the nominal thickness of the sub-size speci-
specimen supports in a secure manner so that they do not men. When testing smaller thickness specimens, subtract this
interfere with the test. value from the standard thickness specimens (10 mm). Divide
this value by two. This amount shall be added to the standard
X3.2 In order to maintain the center of strike requirements,
specimen support height. For larger thickness specimens, the
the following procedure should be used when testing a sub-size
result of the subtraction is a negative number. Therefore, the
specimen. The height of the specimen supports should be
thickness of the supports shall be reduced by the amount
changed to ensure that the centerline of the sub-size specimen
will coincide with the centerline of the standard specimen. calculated.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E23 – 16a)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 15, 2016)

(1) Fig. A4.2 was revised.

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E23 – 16)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 1, 2016)

(1) Fig. A1.2was revised. (3) 8.3.1.1 was added.

(2) Fig. A1.3 was added and subsequent figures renumbered. (4) 10.2.4 was revised.

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E23 – 12c)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved January 1, 2016)

(1) Fig. 5 was revised. are actually shaped as V or U).

(2) Fig. 2—Radius of notch restored to 0.25 mm. Deleted c. Label notch detail and moved it disassociate it with the
“Type D” from title. existing details.
(3) Section 8.3.3—Deleted “standard” since it’s redundant with d. Tolerance to A and B surface finish,
10 × 10 × 55. e. Renamed Type A to V-notch and Type B to U-notch.
(4) Section 7.1.3—added Charpy specimen types (to match (8) Fig. 2—Redrawn to clarify perpendicularity on all 4 sides
Fig. 1). and label notch detail. Specimen ID 5 and 6 are renamed to use
(5) Section 10.2.2—reworded not full-size to sub-size. same terminology as Committee E08 (see Terminology
(6) K-notch or keyhole: E1823).
a. Moved K-notch (Keyhole) Charpy specimen to a note after a. Fig. 1 Specimen ID 5 and 6,
7.1.3, b. Fig. A3.1 Specimen ID 1 and 2,
b. Deleted Type C, K-notch from Fig. 1, c. Fig. 6, and Section X1.3.1 change width to thickness.
c. Moved keyhole notch information from 7.2.2 to a note, and d. Section A2.3.4, A2.3.5.2, A2.3.8.1, and A2.3.9 change
d. Changed keyhole to non V-notch in 8.3.2. existing details. half-width to half-thick.
(7) Redrawn Fig. 1 to clarify: e. Fig. 5 and Section X1.3.1 change depth to width.
a. Perpendicularity on all 4 sides. (9) Section A2.3.5.2 change to 10 ×10 × 55 (for full-width, see
b. Flipped notch up (solid notch lines on top view and details (6) above).

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E23 − 16b
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