Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Mechanics of Machines

LAB MANUAL

Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Lab Incharge: Engr. Rana Atta ur Rahman

Lab Engineer: Muhammad Habib

Lab Supervisor: Allah Ditta Anjum

Lab Attendant: Abdul Hameed

Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 1

 Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

GENERAL AND SAFETY RULES

 Be prepared. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set

forth in the lab manual before you begin any experiment.
 Think safety. Work deliberately and carefully.
 All laboratory students must be supervised. Never work alone
 Know the hazards of any materials or machinery. The laboratory
manual and/or instructor will review specific safety issues on
individual experiments before you perform any tests.
 All students must wear appropriate safety equipment. Safety
goggles must be worn anytime any laboratory experiment is being
performed.
 All students must wear appropriate laboratory attire.
 No food or beverage in the laboratory.
 Know emergency procedures. Make note of fire escape routes and
emergency phone locations.
 Report any perceived safety hazards. Immediately report any spills,
equipment malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety hazards to
your instructor / ta / or staff member.
 Failure to conform to any of the above rules may result in not
being allowed to participate in the laboratory experiment.

IN CASE OF EMERGENCY:
Contact Person 01: Muhammad Shokat Cell No: +923215362709

Contact Person 02: A.D.Anjum, Cell No: +923005127841

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 2

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

List of Experiments

Bloom
Sr. # List of Experiments for MMc CLO PLO
Taxonomy

To explain the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio

01 1 4 P2, C2
and efficiency of a simple gear train.

To explain the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio

02 1 4 P2, C2
and efficiency of worm wheel.
To state the working of cam and follower and draw
03 1 4 P2, C2
the displacement curves.
To identify the co-efficient of friction for different
04 profiles of rubber belts with varying angle of lap on 1 4 P1,C1
metal pulleys.
To reproduce the results for moment of inertia of the
05 1 4 P3, C3
flywheel experimentally.
To measure the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio
06 1 4 P4, C3
and efficiency of Wheel and Axle.

To distinguish Static and dynamic balancing of four

07 1 4 P1, C2
masses in different planes at different angles.
To measure the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio
08 1 4 P4, C3
and efficiency of a Winch.
To differentiate the controlling force of a porter
Governor and plot the characteristic curve of
09 1 4 P1, C2
controlling force against sleeve lift for experimental
results in comparison to theoretical results.
To explain the efficiency of Gear Box when
10 transmitting full load and part loads at rated speed of 1 4 P2, C2
Motor.
To state the effect of axial force on the coefficient of
friction in case of single plate clutch, using uniform
11 pressure theory and uniform wear theory, also find 1 4 P2, C2
the maximum and
minimum pressure on clutch plate.
To explain the relationship of moments for a rotating
12 1 4 P2, C2
gyro.
To describe the variation in displacement for a single
13 1 4 P1, C2
joint twin coupling on a shaft.

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 3

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

To explain the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio

14 and efficiency of a Screw Jack In lifting loads and 1 4 P2, C2
calculate the torque transmitted.
To show the behaviour of Steering Mechanism while
15 1 4 P2, C2
analysing angle with varying steering geometry

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 4

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Experiment No. 01

Title:
To explain the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a simple gear train.

Objective:
Calculations for finding Gear Efficiency

Equipment:
 Gear train apparatus.
 String Threads.
 Weights
 Weight Hanger
 Vernier caliper

Introduction:
A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of
the gears engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll
on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear
to next. When some of the gears are connected on same shaft, it is called simple gear train.

Procedure:
Release the collars on the rear shaft and dis engage the rear shaft and the rear pinion. Fit the
effort pulley to the right hand and of the front upper shaft, measuring the diameter of the
effort pulley De, diameter of rope for effort de, diameter of load pulley Dl, and diameter of
load thread dl. Also count the teeth on the two pinions of the gear train, of the driver and the
driven respectively. Apply the screw brake and attach a suitable mass to the load hanger on
the machine. Allow the load rope to become stretched by the load and then release the brake
slowly to bring the load to reset on the floor or plate form. Wind the effort cord around the
pulley and also attach the hanger. At the small mass until the load is slowly and steadily
lifted. Record the value of the load and effort mass.
First measure the circumference of the drum and pulley with the help of outside caliper. Now
take the string threads and wrap the first one around the pulley of worm gear for effort and
the second one around the drum of the wheel to carry the load. Attach the weight hangers to
each of the free end of the two strings. Now put some weight to the load hanger and then start
adding weights to the effort hanger till it starts to move downwards. Note down the values for
both the weights and hen repeat the procedure with different weights.

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 5

 Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Observations and Calculations:

Load Effort
Mechanical Efficiency
S No W E Velocity Ratio
Advantage %
(N) (N)
1

Results and Data Analysis:

 Does the pulley radius effect the belt tension or Co-efficient of friction?
 In a belt drive is there any limit upon pulley size?
 Why is V-belt most desirable for power transmission?
 What is the effect of worn grove on the performance of belt pulley system?
 Comment on coefficient of friction found for different belts using this apparatus?

Applications:
When we want to increase/reduce angular displacements/velocities/etc. we can use simple
gear trains. These systems are used in manual or automatic transmission in cars.

Precautions:
 Handle the apparatus carefully.
 Follow the mentioned procedure.
 Avoid bringing loose clothes near rotating parts.
 Always ensure that the equipment is earthed before connecting power supply.
 Note down the readings carefully.

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 6

 Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Experiment No. 02

Title:
To explain the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of worm wheel

Objective:
Calculations for finding efficiency of worm and wheel.

Equipment:
 Worm wheel apparatus.
 String Threads.
 Weights
 Weight Hanger

Introduction:
A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw)
meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear). The
two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. A worm drive can reduce
rotational speed or transmit higher torque.

Procedure:
First measure the circumference of the drum and pulley with the help of outside caliper. Now
take the string threads and wrap the first one around the pulley of worm gear for effort and
the second one around the drum of the wheel to carry the load. Attach the weight hangers to
each of the free end of the two strings. Now put some weight to the load hanger and then start
adding weights to the effort hanger till it starts to move downwards. Note down the values for
both the weights and hen repeat the procedure with different weights.

Observations and Calculations:

Load Effort
Mechanical Efficiency
S No W E Velocity Ratio
Advantage %
(N) (N)
1

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 7

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Results and Data Analysis:

 Does the pulley radius effect the belt tension or Co-efficient of friction?
 In a belt drive is there any limit upon pulley size?
 Why is V-belt most desirable for power transmission?
 What is the effect of worn grove on the performance of belt pulley system?
 Comment on coefficient of friction found for different belts using this apparatus?

Applications:
A worm drive can reduce rotational speed or transmit higher torque. One of the major
advantages of worm gear drive units are that they can transfer motion in 90 degrees.

Precautions:
 Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.
 Note down readings carefully.
 There should be no hindrance in meshing of gears.

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 8

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Experiment No. 03

Title:
To state the working of cam and follower and draw the displacement curves.

Objective:
Study the mechanism for conversion of rotary motion to reciprocating motion.

Equipment:
 Cam and follower apparatus.
 Cam lobes.
 Dial gauge.

Introduction:
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to
another element known as follower. The cam and follower have a point or line contact
constituting a higher pair.

Procedure:
Setup the cam follower apparatus as per desired cam profile chosen and adjust the dial
gauge to give zero reading for initial contact. Now start rotating the cam with 30 degree
interval as graduated on the cam mounted disc and note the reading for axial displacement
of follower on the dial gauge. Enter the data in the table and draw the curve.

Observations and Calculations:

Angle θ Displacement
S No
(degree) mm
0 0
1 30
2 60
3 90
4 120
5 150
6 180
7 210
8 240
9 270
10 300
11 330
12 360

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 9

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Results and Data Analysis:

Does the angle and Displacement linearly relate to each other?

Applications:
The cam and follower mechanism is widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust
valves of internal combustion engines. They are used in wall clocks and the feed
mechanism of automatic lathe machines. They are also used in paper cutting machines
and weaving textile machinery.

Precautions:
 Check the least count of dial gauge.
 Move the protector slowly and steadily.
 There should be no vibration on the table on which apparatus placed.

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 10

Lab Manual Course Title: Mechanics of Machines

Lab Title: Mechanics of Machines 11