DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY

LAB MANUAL
Subject Code: UR19PCMEL501

For
B.Tech V Semester (III-I)

Student Name:

Roll Number:

Signature of lab Internal Examiner Signature of HOD

Signature of lab External Examiner

Department of Mechanical Engineering

USHA RAMA COLLEGE

OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)
 L T P C
B.Tech Dynamics of Machinery Lab
Syllabus 0 0 3 1.5
V Semester
Internal Marks: 20
( III-I ) Course Code: UR19PCMEL501
External Marks: 30
Course Objectives:
To demonstrate the experimental determination of dynamic response of machine elements.

List of Experiments:

1. To determine whirling speed of shaft theoretically and experimentally.

2. To determine the position of sleeve against controlling force and speed of a Hartnell
governor and to plot the characteristic curve of radius of rotation.
3. To analyse the motion of a motorized gyroscope when the couple is applied along its
spin axis
4. To determine the frequency of undamped free vibration of an equivalent spring mass
system.
5. To determine the frequency of damped force vibration of a spring mass system
6. To study the static and dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.
7. To find the moment of inertia of a flywheel
8. To plot follower displacement vs cam rotation for various Cam Follower systems.
9. To plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration against crank rotation for
single slider crank mechanism/Four bar mechanism
10. To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.
11. To study simple screw jack and determine the mechanical advantage , velocity ratio
and efficiency
12. To study compound screw jack and determine the mechanical advantage , velocity
ratio and efficiency
13. To study various types of gears- Spur and Helical Gears
14. To study various types of gears- Worm and Bevel Gears
Course Outcomes:
1. Analyze whiriling effect on shafts.
2. Understand frequency in beams and rotor.
3. Know the gyroscopic effect of a rotating body.
4. Analyze static and dynamic balancing of masses for different masses system.
5. Understand the forces acting on the governors and force equilibrium equations.
6. Perform modal analysis of gears and mechanisms and their respective motions.

Note: Minimum 12 experiments of duration 3 period each must be completed for the
eligibility to appear for the semester end examinations.

In case if the student fail to eligibility for semester end exams in the current semester, he
has to take the permission of HOD and complete the required number of experiments and
appear for semester end exam as and when conducted.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Page
No. Date of
S
Name Of The Experiment Marks Sign
No.
From-To Experiment Assessment

To determine whirling
speed of shaft theoretically
1
and experimentally.
To determine the position
of sleeve against controlling
force and speed of a
2
Hartnell governor and to
plot the characteristic curve
of radius of rotation.
To analyse the motion of a
motorized gyroscope when
3
the couple is applied along
its spin axis
To determine the frequency
of undamped free vibration
4
of an equivalent spring
mass system
To determine the frequency
5 of damped force vibration
of a spring mass system
To study the static and
6 dynamic balancing using
rigid blocks
To find the moment of
7
inertia of a flywheel
 To plot follower
displacement vs cam
8
rotation for various Cam
Follower systems
To plot slider displacement,
velocity and acceleration
9(A) against crank rotation for
single slider crank
mechanism
To plot slider displacement,
velocity and acceleration
9(B)
against crank rotation for
Four bar mechanism
To find coefficient of
10 friction between belt and
pulley
To study simple screw jack
and determine the
11
mechanical advantage ,
velocity ratio and efficiency
To study compound screw
jack and determine the
12
mechanical advantage ,
velocity ratio and efficiency
To study various types of
13 gears- Spur and Helical
Gears
To study various types of
14 gears- Worm and Bevel
Gears

Avg. Marks /
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Lab Safety Do's and Don’ts for Students
Life threatening injuries can happen in the laboratory. For that reason, students need to be
informed of the correct way to act and things to do in the laboratory. The following is a
safety checklist that can be used as a handout to students to acquaint them with the safety
do’s and don’ts in the laboratory.

Don’ts
 Do not engage in practical jokes or boisterous conduct in the laboratory.

 Never run in the laboratory.

 The use of personal audio or video equipment is prohibited in the laboratory.

 The performance of unauthorized experiments is strictly forbidden.

 Never work in the laboratory without the supervision of a teacher.

 Never leave experiments while in progress.

 Never attempt to catch a falling object.

 Never fill a pipette using mouth suction. Always use a pipetting device.

 Do not remove any equipment from the laboratory.

Do’s
 Know emergency procedures.

 Always perform the experiments or work precisely as directed by the teacher.

 Immediately report any spills, accidents, or injuries to a teacher.

 Make sure no flammable solvents are in the surrounding area when lighting a flame.

 Coats, bags, and other personal items must be stored in designated areas, not
on the bench tops or in the aisle ways.

 Notify your teacher of any sensitivity that you may have to particular
chemicals if known.

 Keep the floor clear of all objects (e.g., ice, small objects, and spilled liquids).

 Wear shoes that adequately cover the whole foot; low-heeled shoes with non-slip
soles are preferable. Do not wear sandals, open-toed shoes
 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Whirling Speed

DETERMINATION OF WHIRLING SPEED OF SHAFTS

Exp. No: 01 Date:

AIM
To determine the whirling speed for various diameter shafts experimentally and compare it with
the theoretical values.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Whirling speed setup

2) Shafts
3) Digital AC Dimmer stator

THEORY

In actual practice, a rotating shaft carries different mountings and accessories in the form of gears,
pulleys etc. when the gears or pulleys are put on the shaft, the center of gravity of the pulley or
gear does not coincide with the center line of the bearings or with the axis of the shaft, when the
shaft is stationary. This means that the center of gravity of the pulley or gear is at a certain
distance from the axis of rotation and due to this, the shaft is subjected to centrifugal force. This
force will bend the shaft, which will further increase the distance of center of gravity of the pulley
or gear from the axis of rotation. The bending of shaft not only depends upon the value of
eccentricity (distance between center of gravity of the pulley and axis of rotation) but also
depends upon the speed at which the shaft rotates. The speed, at which the shaft runs so that the
additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or
whirling speed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP

The apparatus consists of a DC motor as the driving unit, which drives the shaft supported in
fixing ends. Fixing ends can slide and adjust according to the requirement on the guiding pipes.
Motor is connected to the shaft through flexible coupling. The shafts of different diameters can be
replaced easily with the help of fixing ends. A dimmer stat is provided to increase or decrease the
rpm of the motor. The whole arrangement is fixed on M.S. frame. Guards are provided to protect
the user from accident.

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Whirling Speed

DIAGRAM

Whirling of shaft apparatus

PROCEDURE

1. Fix the shaft to tube tested in the fixed ends.

2. Supply the main power to the motor through dimmer stator.
3. Gradually increase the speed of motor until the first mode of vibration is not arrived.
4. Study the first mode of vibration and note down the corresponding speed of the shaft with
the help of digital tachometer.
5. Gradually increase the speed of motor again, until the second mode of vibration is not
arrived.
6. Study the second mode of vibration and note down the corresponding speed of the shaft
with the help of digital tachometer.
7. Reduce the speed gradually and when shaft stop rotating, cut off the main power supply.
8. Repeat the experiment for the shafts of different diameters.

OBSERVATION

Young’s modulus, E (for steel) = 2.06 x 1011, N / m2

Young’s modulus, E (for copper) = 1.23 x 1011, N / m2

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Whirling Speed

FORMULAE

Moment of Inertia of Shaft, I = (п/64) x D4, m4

Mass of the shaft, m = Area x Length x density
Area of shaft, A = (п/4) x D2 , m2
Density of steel shaft, ρ = 7750, kg/m3
Weight of the shaft, w = m in kg = mg in N
When,
When one end is Supported and other is free:
Static deflection of shaft due to mass of the shaft, Δ = wL3 / 8EI , meter
When the both ends are supported:
State deflection of shaft due to mass of the shaft, Δ = 5wL4 /384 EI), meter
When the both ends are fixed:
State deflection of shaft due to mass of the shaft, Δ = wL4 /384 EI , meter
Angular veloccity of shaft, ω = (2πN/60) rad/s
Natural Angular veloccity of shaft, ωn = √ (g/Δ)) rad/s
Frequency of transverse vibration,
fn = (1/2π)*(√ (g/Δ))
Critical or Whirling speed of the shaft (in r.p.s.) is equal to the frequency of transverse vibration
in Hz.
Nc (r.p.s.) = fn (Hz)
Nc (r.p.s.) = (1/2π)*(√ (g/ Δ))
Nc (rpm) = (60/2π)*(√ (g/ Δ)) or
Nc (rpm) = (30/2π)*(√ (g/ Δ))

Dynamic Force on Bearing, FB= sy = m ωn2 y in N

Additioonal Dynamic load on Shaft, in N

Additioonal Defelction on Shaft, y = [± e / ((Nc / N)2 -1)] in m

Total Dynamic load on bearings, in N

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Whirling Speed

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Whirling Speed

TABULATION: (i) when one end is fixed and other end free:

Mass Whirling speed,

Diameter Length of Weight of moment of N in rpm
Shaft
S.No of shaft, shaft, the shaft, inertia of the
material
D in m l in m W in N shaft, N Tho N Exp
I in m4

Modal Calculations:

Dynamic Additional Additional

Dia of Total Dynamic
Shaft Force on Dynamic load Deflection
S.No shaft, load on bearings,
material Bearing, on Shaft, on Shaft, y
D in m FB in N
FB in N fs in N in m

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Whirling Speed

(ii) When both the ends are fixed:

Mass Whirling speed,
Diameter Length of Weight of moment of N in rpm
Shaft
S.No of shaft, shaft, the shaft, inertia of the
material
D in m l in m W in N shaft, N Tho N Exp
I in m4

Modal Calculations:

Dynamic Additioonal Additioonal

Dia of Total Dynamic
Shaft Force on Dynamic load Defelction
S.No shaft, load on bearings,
material Bearing, on Shaft, on Shaft, y
D in m FB in N
FB in N fs in N in m

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 7
Whirling Speed

(iii) When both the ends are supported:

Mass Whirling speed,
Diameter Length of Weight of moment of N in rpm
Shaft
S.No of shaft, shaft, the shaft, inertia of the
material
D in m l in m W in N shaft, N Tho N Exp
I in m4

Modal Calculations:

Dynamic Additioonal Additioonal

Dia of Total Dynamic
Shaft Force on Dynamic load Defelction
S.No shaft, load on bearings,
material Bearing, on Shaft, on Shaft, y
D in m FB in N
FB in N fs in N in m

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 8
Whirling Speed

Possible Experiments with Elastic Rods:

Whirling Whirling
Exp. End speed, speed,
Mode of Whirl
No Fixing N ( rpm ) N ( rpm )
Theoretical Experimental

1st
One Mode
supported
1
other
fixed 2nd
Mode

1st
Mode
Both end
2
Supported
2nd
Mode

Both end 1st

3
fixed Mode

PRECAUSTIONS
1. If the revolutions of an unloaded shaft are gradually increased, it will be found that a
certain speed will be reached at which violent instability will occur, the shaft.
2. Deflecting in a single bow and whirling round like a skipping rope. If this speed is
maintained the deflection will become so large that the shaft will be fractured.
3. It is advisable to increase the speed of shaft rapidly and pass through the critical speeds
first rather than observing the 1st critical speed which increases the speed of rotation
slowly. In this process, there is a possibility that the amplitude of vibration will increase
suddenly bringing the failure of the shaft.
4. It is destructive test of shaft and it is observed that the elastic behavior of the shaft
material changes a little after testing it for a few times and it is advisable to use fresh shaft
afterwards.
5. Fix the apparatus firmly on the suitable foundation.
6. Do not run the motor at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
7. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 9
Whirling Speed

RESULT

The whirling speed for various diameter shafts are determined experimentally and verified with
the theoretical values.

CONCLUSION

1. The theoretical speed for the 1,2,3 mode are different.

2. The experimental speed for the 1st mode. The above two are quite close to each other.
3. The speed of the 2nd mode could not be determined experimentally, as it is very high and
beyond the speed limit/range of motor of the apparatus.
Viva Questions:
1. Cause of vibration in dynamic bodies?
2. What is critical or whirling or whipping speed?
3. A rotating shaft tends to vibrate violently in which direction?
4. Give me some practical examples of transverse vibration?
5. Explain modes of whirling appear in shafts?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Hartnell Governor

DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY AND GOVERNOR

EFFORT OF HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Exp. No: 02 Date:

AIM
Determination of characteristic curve of sleeve position against controlling forces and
speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Universal Governor Setup
2. AC Dimmer Stator

THEORY

The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are
variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its speed will
respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to
be controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This necessitates that when the
load increase and consequently the speed decreases, the supply of fuel to the engine has to be
increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back the speed to the
mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and speed increases, the supply of fuel has to be
reduced. The function of the governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specific limit
whenever there is a variation of load. The governor should have its mechanism working in such a
way, that the supply of fuel is automatically regulated according to the load requirement for
maintaining approximately a constant speed. This is achieved by the principle of centrifugal force.
The centrifugal type governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls
by an equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.

Governors Are Broadly Classified

1. Centrifugal governor
2. Inertia governor

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Hartnell Governor

The centrifugal governors may further be classified as follows:

1. Pendulum type (Watt governor )
2. Loaded type
a. Dead weight governor (Porter governor and Proell governor)
b. Spring controlled governors (Hartnell governor, Hartung governor, Wilson-Hartnell
governor and Pickering governor)

The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating
balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as controlling force.
In Inertia governors the position of the balls are affected by the forces set by an angular
acceleration or deceleration of the given spindle in addition to centrifugal forces on the balls.

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded governor and
centrifugal governor. The experiments shall be performed on following centrifugal type
governors:
1. Watt governor
2. Porter governor
3. Proell governor
4. Hartnell governor

HARTNELL GOVERNOR

Hartnell governor is spring controlled governor. Two bell crank levers each were carrying
a ball at on one end and a roller on the other end. The roller fit into a groove in the sleeve. The
frame is attached to the governor spindle and hence rotates with it. A helical spring in
compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve.

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Hartnell Governor

DIAGRAM

HARTNELL GOVERNOR

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Hartnell Governor

OBSERVATION

1. Mass of the each ball (m) = kg.

2. Mass of the sleeve (M)= kg*9.810= N

3. Angular speed of the governor at minimum radius (ω1) = rad./s

4. Angular speed of the governor at maximum radius (ω2) = rad./s

5. Spring stiffness at Rest (S) in N/m.

6. Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω1 (FS1) = (h1*S) =------------- Nt.

7. Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω2 (FS2) = (h2*S) =---------- Nt.

8. Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever (a) = ----- metres.

9. Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever (b) = ------ metres.

10. The Radius of rotation when the governor is in Rest-position (ro) = ------- metres.

11. The Radius of rotation when the governor is in Minimum lift (r1) = ------- metres.

12. The Radius of rotation when the governor is in Maximum lift (r2) = ------- metres.

13. Minimum equilibrium speed (N1) = ------ r.p.m.

14. Minimum equilibrium speed (N2) = ------ r.p.m.

15. Frictional force (F) = ------------- Newtons

16. Angle of inclination of the upper arm to the vertical at Rest position (θ0) = ------

17. Angle of inclination of the upper arm to the vertical at minimum lift (θ1) = ------

18. Angle of inclination of the upper arm to the vertical at maximum lift (θ2) = ------

19. Angle of inclination of the upper arm to the vertical at Rest position (β0) = ------

20. Angle of inclination of the upper arm to the vertical at minimum lift (β1) = ------

21. Angle of inclination of the upper arm to the vertical at maximum lift (β2) = ------

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Hartnell Governor

PROCEDURE

1. Measure a, b and radius ro.

2. Run the governor and gradually increase speed, after some time the sleeve starts lifting.
3. Stop increase of speed and note the lift of the sleeve and speed.
4. Again, increase speed until it starts lifting and stop increase of speed. Note the lift and
speed.
5. Repeat the experiment four times.
6. Calculate the radius at different speed from equation.
7. Find stiffness of Hartnell governor.

FORMULA USED

 Radius at different speed from equation, [ (r- ro )/ a ]= [ lift/ b]

 Minimum Angular Velocity, ω1 = 2πN1/ 60 rad/sec

 Maximum Angular Velocity, ω2 = 2πN2/ 60 rad/sec

 Centrifugal force Minimum, F1=m ω12r1 (N) and

 Centrifugal force Maximum, F2= m ω22r2 (N)

 Stiffness of the Spring, S=

 Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 - N2)/ N1 + N2

= 2 (ω2 - ω1)/ (ω2 + ω1)

A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there is a
definite configuration i.e; there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the
governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of
governor balls must also increase.

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Hartnell Governor

TABULATION: (i) Ascending:

Angular Centrifugal
Radius r, m
velocity, rad/s force F, N
Speed Sleeve Stiffness
S Sensitiv
N, Lift h, of the
No. eness
rpm mm Spring, s
Max, Min, Max, Min, Max, Min,
r2 r1 ω2 ω1 F2 F1

Modal Calculations:

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 7
Hartnell Governor

TABULATION: (ii) Descending:

Angular Centrifugal
Radius r, m
velocity, rad/s force F, N
Speed Sleeve Stiffness
S Sensitiv
N, Lift h, of the
No. eness
rpm mm Spring, s
Max, Min, Max, Min, Max, Min,
r2 r1 ω2 ω1 F2 F1

Modal Calculations:

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 8
Hartnell Governor

PRECAUTIONS

1. No voltage fluctuation is desirable, as it may hamper results.

2. Always increase the speed gradually.
3. Take the sleeve displacement reading when steady state is achieved.
4. At higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.
5. Always switch off the motor after bringing the variac to zero position.
6. Keep the apparatus free from dust.
7. Before performing any experiment clean the sleeve properly and lubricate it properly.

GRAPHS

i) Speed v/s sleeve displacement

ii) Speed v/s effort
iii) Speed v/s sensitivity

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

Since the Hartnell governor shows a strong two-point characteristic with hysteresis, Characteristic
curves can nevertheless be plotted with an appropriate configuration. The Hartnell governor must
then provide stable operation, that is, it must show a proportional characteristic and open and
close point-for-point. Example for how to draw characteristic curves plotting parameters are is
given below.

Readings of Speed and Height of Governor/Position &Characteristic Curves

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 9
Hartnell Governor

RESULT

Thus the range sensitivity and governor effort is successfully calculated for hartnell governor.

CONCLUSION

Above mentioned graphs may be plotted to study the governor characteristics.

VIVA – QUESTIONS:

 What is the function of a governor? How does it differ from that of a flywheel?
 State the different types of governors. What is the difference between centrifugal and
inertia type governors?
 Explain the term height of the governor. What are the limitations of a Watt governor?
 What is the stability of a governor?
 Define the Sensitiveness of governor.
 Which of the governor is used to drive a gramophone?
 The power of a governor is equal to-----------.
 What is hunt?

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Gyroscope

ANALYSIS OF GYROSCOPIC EFFECT ON ROTATING DISC

Exp. No: 03 Date:

AIM:

To analyze the motion of a motorized gyroscope when the couple is applied along its spin axis.

APPARATUS

Gyroscope, variable voltage transformer with rpm display.

THEORY

When a body moves along a curved path with a uniform linear velocity, a force in the direction
of centripetal acceleration (known as centripetal force) has to be applied externally over the
body, so that it moves along the required curved path. This external force applied is known as
active force. When a body, itself, is moving with uniform linear velocity along a circular path, it
is subjected to the centrifugal force radially outwards. This centrifugal force is called reactive
force.

The change in angular momentum is known as active gyroscopic couple(I.ω.ωp). When the axis
of spin itself moves with angular velocity ωp, the disc is subjected to reactive couple whose
magnitude is same (i.e. I.ω.ωp ) but opposite in direction to that of active couple.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

The set up consists of heavy disc mounted on a horizontal shaft, rotated by a variable speed
motor. The rotor shaft is coupled to a motor mounted on a trunion frame having bearing in a yoke
frame, which is free to rotate about vertical axis. A weight pan on other side of disc balances the
weight of motor. Rotor disc can be move about three axis. Weight can be applied at a particular
distance from the center of rotor to calculate the applied torque. The Gyroscopic couple can be
determined with the help of moment of inertia, angular speed of disc and angular speed of
precession.

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Gyroscope

RULE NO. 1
“The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which tends to make the axis of
spin coincides with that of precession”. To study the rule of gyroscopic behavior, following
procedure may be adopted: Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor. Start the motor by
increasing the voltage with the autotransformer, and wait until it attains constant speed. Presses
the yoke frame about vertical axis by an applying necessary force by hand to the same (in the
clockwise sense seen from above). It will be observed that the rotor frame swings about the
horizontal AXIS Y Y. Motor side is seen coming upward and the weight pan side going
downward. Rotate the vertical yoke axis in the anticlockwise direction seen from above and
observe that the rotor frame swing in opposite sense (as compared to that in previous case
following the above rule).

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Gyroscope

RULE NO. 2
“The spinning body precesses in such a way as to make the axis of spin coincide with that of the
couple applied, through 90° turn axis”. Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame. Start
the motor by increasing the voltage with the autotransformer and wait until the disc attains
constant speed. Put weights in the weight pan, and start the stopwatch to note the time in seconds
required for precession, through θ°. The vertical yoke precesses about OZ axis as per the rule No.
2.

PROCEDURE

1. The disc as made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time using variable voltage
transformer.
2. The speed of the (N) disc is measured using a tachometer or a stroboscope.
3. A weight/mass is added on the extending platform attached to the disc.
4. This causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly (rotating disc, rotor and
weight platform with weight) is standing to move in a perpendicular plane to that of
plane of rotating of disc. This is called gyroscopic motion.
5. The time taken (t) to traverse a specific angular displacement (φ = 30°) is noted.

FORMULA USED

 Mass moment of Inertia of the disc, I = md2/8, kg – m2,

 m – Mass of the disc = 5.3 kg
 d – Diameter of the disc= 0.285 m.
 t-thickness of disc= 10 mm = 0.001m
 Angular velocity of the disc, ω = 2πN/60, rad/s,
 N – Speed of the disc in rpm
 Angular velocity of precession, ωp = (φ/t) x (π/180) rad/s
 Reactive gyroscopic couple, Cr = I. ωp. ω Nm
 Active gyroscopic couple, Ca = W x L.
 W – Weight added = mg in N (0.5 kg,1 kg, 1.5 kg)
 Distance between centers of weight to center plane of disc. – L = 210mm = 0.21m

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Gyroscope

TABULATION
Constant Load Method:

Speed of Weight Time taken for Reactive couple

Active couple
S.No disc. added m, 30° precision t, Cr = I. ωp. ω
Ca = W x L Nm
N, rpm kg sec Nm

Modal Calculations:

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Gyroscope

Constant Speed Method:

Speed of Weight Time taken for

Active couple Reactive couple
S.No disc. added m, 30° precision t,
Ca = W x L Nm Cr = I. ωp. ω Nm
N, rpm kg sec

Modal Calculations:

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Gyroscope

APPLICATIONS OF GYROSCOPE:

Application

FBD Statement

F.B.D
Diagram

Rotor Rotation
vector
(C.W/C.C.W)

Precession
vector
(Left/Right)

Applied couple
vector

Reaction
couple

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 7
Gyroscope

APPLICATIONS OF GYROSCOPE:

Application

FBD Statement

F.B.D
Diagram

Rotor Rotation
vector
(C.W/C.C.W)

Precession
vector
(Left/Right)

Applied couple
vector

Reaction
couple

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 8
Gyroscope

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200Volts and above 230 Volts
 Before start the motor set dimmer stat at zero position.
 Increase the speed gradually.
Result:
Thus the active and reactive gyroscopic couples were determined and compared.

GRAPHS:

1. Weight Added vs Reactive couple

2. Speed vs Reactive couple
3. Active couple vs Reactive coupe

CONCLUSION:

The gyroscopic principle is used in an instrument or toy known as gyroscope. The gyroscopes are
installed in ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves. They are also
used in aero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses etc.

VIVA – QUESTIONS:

1. Write a short note on gyroscope.

2. What do you understand by gyroscopic couple? Derive a formula for its magnitude.
3. Explain the application of gyroscopic principles to aircrafts.
4. Discuss the effect of the gyroscopic couple on a two wheeled vehicle when taking a turn.
5. When the pitching of a ship is upward, the effect of gyroscopic couple acting on it will be
to move the ship towards port side or to move the ship towards star-board.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Undamped free vibration

Undamped free vibration of spring mass system

Exp. No: 04 Date:

AIM

To determine the frequency of undamped free vibration of an equivalent spring mass system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Equivalent spring mass vibration testing setup, Stop watch, steel rule

THEORY

The vibration the system executes under no damping condition is known as undamped vibrations.
Neglecting damping is also considered as undamped situation. When no external force is acts on
the body after giving an initial displacement then the body is said to be under free or natural
vibrations. The frequency of the free vibrations is called free or natural frequency and denoted by
fn. simple pendulum is an example of undamped free vibrations.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP

The equipment is designed to study free damped and undamped vibration. It consists of M.S.
rectangular beam supported at one end by a trunnion pivoted in ball bearing. The bearing housing
is fixed to the side member of the frame. The other end of beam is supported by the lower end of
helical spring; upper end of the spring is attached to screw, which engages with screwed hand
wheel. The screw can be adjusted vertically in any convenient position and can be clamped with
the help of lock nut. The exciter unit can be mounted at any position along the beam. Additional
known weights may be added to the weight platform under side exciter.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Support one end of the beam in the slot of trunnion and clamp it by means of screw.
2. Attach the other end of the beam to the lower end of the spring.
3. Set the beam in the horizontal position.
4. Measure the distance L1 & L2 of the assembly from pivot.
5. Allow the system to vibrate.
6. Measure the time for say 10 oscillations and find the periodic time and natural • frequency
of vibration. & Repeat the experiment by varying L2.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Undamped free vibration

DIAGRAM

Undamped free vibration of equivalent spring mass system

FORMULAE & OBSERVATIONS

Spring stiffness, K = load/deflection = W/ δ = mg/ δ N/m
m- Mass added to spring in kg
Deflection, δ = (Length of the spring after loading – length of the spring before loading), m
Equivalent mass, Meq =M (L2/L1) kg
M- Mass of the exciter assembly in kg
M= 2.58 kg
Time period, (Theoretical) 𝑓𝑡ℎ =2Π √(Meq/K) sec.
L1- Distance between pivot and spring = 560mm
L2- Distance between pivot and exciter assembly = 730mm
Theoretical natural frequency, 𝑓𝑡ℎ =1/T (Theo) in Hz
Experimental natural frequency, 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 =1/T (Exp) in Hz
Experimental time period, 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 = t/n in sec.
n = Number of oscillations
t = time taken for n oscillations

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Undamped free vibration

TABULATION-1:

Attached Periodic
Spring Deflection, Time for 10 Oscillations,
S.No. mass, Time,
Material (δ) (mm) t (sec)
m (kg) Tn (sec)

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Undamped free vibration

TABULATION-2:

Applied Spring Natural Natural

Spring Difference
S.No. Load, Stiffness, К Frequency Frequency
Material (%)
𝑊 (N) (N/mm) (𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 ) (𝑓𝑡ℎ )

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Undamped free vibration

GRAPHS

1. Load (m) VS Periodic Time (Tm )

2. Load VS Natural Frequency (𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 ) VS Natural Frequency (𝑓𝑡ℎ )

RESULT

Natural Frequency of the Undamped spring mass system is,

i. Natural Frequency by Experimentally, 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 = Hz

ii. Natural Frequency by Theoretically, 𝑓𝑡ℎ = Hz

iii. Difference (%) between 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 VS 𝑓𝑡ℎ =

CONCLUSION

The period and frequency of undamped free vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass
system are determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical values.

VIVA-QUESTIONS

1. What is a natural or free vibration?

2. Difference between forced and free vibration?
3. Define degree of freedom, frequency, resonance?
4. Difference between longitudinal, transverse and torsion vibrations and give some
examples to each one?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Un-Damped Force Vibration

Un-damped forced vibration of spring mass system

Exp. No: 05 Date:

AIM

To determine the frequency of undamped forced vibration of an equivalent spring mass

system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Equivalent spring mass vibration testing setup with motor attachment, Stop watch, steel rule

THEORY

The vibration the system executes under no damping condition is known as undamped
vibrations. Neglecting damping is also considered as undamped situation. When external
force is acts on the body after giving an initial displacement then the body is said to be under
forced vibrations.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP

The equipment is designed to study free damped and undamped vibration. It consists of M.S.
rectangular beam supported at one end by a trunion pivoted in ball bearing. The bearing
housing is fixed to the side member of the frame. The other end of beam is supported by the
lower end of helical spring; upper end of the spring is attached to screw, which engages with
screwed hand wheel. The screw can be adjusted vertically in any convenient position and can
be clamped with the help of lock nut. The exciter unit can be mounted at any position along
the beam. Additional known weights may be added to the weight platform under side exciter.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Support one end of the beam in the slot of trunion and clamp it by means of screw.
2. Attach the other end of the beam to the lower end of the spring.
3. Set the beam in the horizontal position.
4. Measure the distance L1 & L2 of the assembly from pivot.
5. Allow the system to vibrate.
6. Measure the time for say 10 oscillations and find the periodic time and natural •
frequency of vibration. & Repeat the experiment by varying L2.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Un-Damped Force Vibration

DIAGRAM

Undamped forced vibration of equivalent spring mass system

FORMULAE & OBSERVATIONS

Me - Mass of the exciter assembly in kg, Me = 2.58 kg

Total mass acting at beam centre, M = (Me + m), kg
Angular velocity of Rotor, ω = 2πN/60 rad/s

Amplitude of resonance in Beam, ωn = 2π/T rad/s

Amplitude of Natural frequency, ωn = √(S/M) rad/s

2
Stiffness of spring, S = ωn / M N/m
2
A harmonic exciting force, Fo = mr ωn N

Resonance Amplitude
Damping Factor , ζ = 0 (For No damper)
Theoretical Forced frequency, 𝑓𝑡ℎ = ωth /2π Hz

Experimental Forced frequency, 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 = ω /2π Hz

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Un-Damped Force Vibration

TABULATION-1:

Angular Amplitude of harmonic

S. Stiffness of
Speed velocity of resonance in exciting
N Condition spring,
in rpm Rotor, Beam, force,
o S (N/m)
ω (rad/s) ωn (rad/s) Fo (N)

1
Un-
damped
2

Damped

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Un-Damped Force Vibration

TABULATION-2:

Diff
S. Periodic Resonance Theoretical Experimental
Damping eren
N Condition time, Amplitude frequency, frequency,
Ratio ξ ce
o T (sec) A (mm) 𝑓𝑡ℎ (Hz) 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 (Hz)
(%)

1
Un-
damped
2

Damped

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Un-Damped Force Vibration

GRAPHS

1. Load (m) VS Periodic Time (Tm )

2. Load VS Natural Frequency (𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 ) VS Natural Frequency (𝑓𝑡ℎ )

RESULT

Natural Frequency of the Undamped spring mass system is,

i. Natural Frequency by Experimentally, 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 = Hz

ii. Natural Frequency by Theoretically, 𝑓𝑡ℎ = Hz

iii. Difference (%) between 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 VS 𝑓𝑡ℎ =

CONCLUSION

The period and frequency of undamped forced vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring
mass system are determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical values.

VIVA-QUESTIONS

1. What is a natural or free vibration?

2. Difference between forced and free vibration?
3. Define degree of freedom, frequency, resonance?
4. Difference between longitudinal, transverse and torsion vibrations and give some
examples to each one?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

Static and Dynamic Balancing Of Rotating Masses

Exp. No: 06 Date:

AIM

Study the static and dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.

REQUIREMENTS

Static & Dynamic Mass Balancing Apparatus.

THEORY

CONDITIONS FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING

If a shaft carries a number of unbalanced masses such that center of mass of the system lies
on the axis of rotation, the system is said to statically balance. The resultant couple due to all
the inertia forces during rotation must be zero. These two conditions together will give
complete dynamic balancing. It is obvious that a dynamically -balanced system is also
statically balanced, but the statically balanced system is not dynamically balanced.

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING IN DIFFERENT PLANES

When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane
(written as RP), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the axis of
rotation and perpendicular to it. The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to a
reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to centrifugal force of the revolving
mass to act in the reference plane, together with a couple of magnitude equal to the product of
the force and the distance between the plane of rotation and the reference plane. In order to
have a complete balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following
conditions must be satisfied:

1. The forces in the reference plane must balance i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couple about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.
Let us now consider four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 revolving in plane 1, 2, 3 and 4 shown
in fig. The relative angular position and position of the balancing mass m1 in plane may be
obtained as discussed below:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

1. Take one of the plane say 1 as the reference plane (R.P). The distance of all the other
planes to the left of the reference plane may be regarded as negative, and those to the right as
positive.
2. Tabulate the data as in table. The planes are tabulated in the same order i.e. 1, 2,

Distance Centrifugal
Mass
Weight Mass Radius Angle from force Couple
Plane moment
No. (m) r (θ) plane 1 mr mrL
Mr
(L)

1. The position of plane 4 from plane 2 may be obtained by drawing the couple polygon with
the help of data given in column no. 8.
2. The magnitude and angular position of mass m1 may be determined by drawing the force
polygon from the given data of column no.5 & column no.6 to some suitable scale. Since the
masses are to be completely balanced, therefore the force polygon must be closed figure. The
closing side of force polygon is proportional to the m1r1. The angular position of mass m1
must be equal to the angle in anticlockwise measured from the R.P. to the line drawn in the
fig. parallel to the closing side of the polygon.

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff rectangular main
frame. A set of four blocks of different weights is provided and may be detached from the
shaft.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame. A
scale is provided with the apparatus to adjust the longitudinal distance of the blocks on the
shaft. The circular protractor scale is provided to determine the exact angular position of each
adjustable block.
The shaft is driven by 230 volts, single phase, 50 cycles electric motor mounted under the
main frame, through a belt.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

For static balancing of weights the main frame is suspended to support frame by chains then
rotate the shaft manually after fixing the blocks at their proper angles. It should be completely
balanced. In this position, the motor driving belt is removed.

For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system the main frame is suspended from the
support frame by two short links such that the main frame and supporting frame are in the
same plane. Rotate the statically balanced weights with the help of motor. If they rotate
smoothly and without vibrations, they are dynamically balanced.

Static and dynamic balancing apparatus

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

FORMULAE

DIAGRAMS

1. F.B.D

2. Force polygon and Couple polygon

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

PROCEDURE

1. Insert all the weights in sequence 1-2-3-4 from pulley side.

2. Fix the pointer and pulley on shaft.
3. Fix the pointer on 0° (q2) on the circular protractor scale.
4. Fix the weight no.1 in horizontal position.
5. Rotate the shaft after loosening previous position of pointer and fix it on q3.
6. Fix the weight no. 2 in horizontal position.
7. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer on q4.
8. Fix the weight no.3 in horizontal position.
9. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer on q1.
10. Fix the weight no. 4 in horizontal position.
11. Now the weights are mounted in correct position.
12. For static balancing, the system will remain steady in any angular position.
13. Now put the belt on the pulleys of shaft and motor.
14. Supply the main power to the motor through dimmer stat.
15. Gradually increase the speed of the motor. If the system runs smoothly and without
vibrations, it shows that the system is dynamically balanced.
16. Gradually reduced the speed to minimum and then switch off the main supply to stop
the system.

OBSERVATION:
Weight No. = 1: Mass, m1 = 0.220 kg Radius, r1 = 0.036m.

Weight No. = 2: Mass, m2 = 0.228 kg Radius, r2 = 0.035m.

Weight No. = 3: Mass, m3 =0.234 kg Radius, r3 = 0.036m.

Weight No. = 4: Mass, m4 =0.239 kg Radius, r4 = 0.036m.

Weight No. = 5: Mass, m5 = 0.244 kg Radius, r5 = 0.035m.

Weight No. = 6: Mass, m6 =0.247 kg Radius, r6 = 0.033m.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

STATIC BALANCING CALCULATIONS BY NUMERICAL METHOD:

Distanc
Centrifugal force,
Mass m, kg Mass e Couple, Nm
N
S. Plan Radi mome from
Angle
N e us nt Reffere
θ
o No. r, m mr, nce mr mrL mrL
K N Nm plane1 mr cosθ
sinθ cosθ sinθ
L, m

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 7
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

STATIC BALANCING CALCULATIONS BY GRAPHICAL METHOD:

1. Plane of the masses & Angular position of the masses (F.B.D)

2. Force polygon & 3. Couple polygon

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 8
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

DYNAMIC BALANCING CALCULATIONS BY NUMERICAL METHOD:

Distanc
Centrifugal force,
Mass m, kg Mass e Couple, Nm
N
S. Plan Radi mome from
Angle
N e us nt Reffere
θ
o No. r, m mr, nce mr mrL mrL
K N Nm plane1 mr cosθ
sinθ cosθ sinθ
L, m

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 9
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

DYNAMIC BALANCING CALCULATIONS BY GRAPHICAL METHOD:

1. Plane of the masses & Angular position of the masses (F.B.D)

2. Force polygon & 3. Couple polygon

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 10
Static and Dynamic analysis of rotating masses

PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Do not run the motor at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. Increase the motor speed gradually.
3. Experimental set up is proper tightly before starting experiment.
4. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
5. Before starting the rotary switch, check the needle of dimmer stat at zero position.

GRAPHS:
1. Angle vs centrifugal forces 2. Angle vs Couple

RESULT:

1. Statically balanced Mass in the rotating masses, mc = N

2. Dynamically balanced Mass in the rotating masses, mc = N

CONCLUSION

The balancing masses and angular positions may be determined graphically as given below
1. First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data which are calculated in table to some
suitable scale. The vector distance represents the balanced couple. The angular position of
the balancing mass is obtained by drawing, parallel to vector distance. By measurement
will be find the angle.
2. Then draw the force polygon from the data, which are calculated in table to some
suitable scale. The vector distance represents the balanced force. The angular position of
the mass is obtained by drawing, parallel to vector distance. By measurement will be find
the angle in the clockwise direction from mass.

VIVA-QUESTIONS

1. Why is balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines?

2. Explain the terms ‘static balancing’ and ‘dynamic balancing’. State the necessary
conditions to achieve them.
3. Discuss how a single revolving mass is balanced by two masses revolving in different
planes.
4. How the different masses rotating in different planes are balanced?
5. Explain the method of balancing of different masses revolving in the same plane.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Moment of inertia of fly wheel

DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA BY OSCILLATION

FLYWHEEL AND CONNECTING ROD

Exp. No: 07 Date:

AIM
To determine experimentally, the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel

PURPOSE

‘EEE ‘make model of flywheel and connecting rod is useful to calculate ‘moment of
inertia of connecting rod by oscillation. The effect of flywheel can be observed on
oscillations of connecting rod.

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consist of a bearing block mounted on support. This support is fixed on
board with the help of nut and bolt. A shaft is fitted in the bearing block, which is free to
oscillate. On the side of the bearing block there is an attachment for connecting rod. And on
the other side of the bearing block flywheel can be attached.

DIAGRAM

Flywheel and Connecting Road Apparatus

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Moment of inertia of fly wheel

PROCEDURE

 Measure the center-to-center distance of connecting rod. Also measure inner dial of
both side connecting rod.
 Measure the weight of connecting rod and flywheel.
 Attach small end of the connecting rod to the shaft.
 Give oscillation to the connecting rod.
 Measure the time for five oscillations and calculate the time period (tp1).
 Remove the connecting rod from the shaft and again attach the big end of the
connecting rod to the shaft.
 Again measure the time for five oscillations and calculate the periodic time (tp2).
 Calculate the moment of inertia of the connecting rod.
 Repeat the procedure for the times and take mean of it.
 Attach flywheel to the other side of the shaft and repeat the same procedure as above
and see the effect of it on the oscillations of the connecting rod.

OBSERVATIONS

 l = length of connecting rods (a+b) ls= 0.15 m. (short)

ll= 0.24 m (large)
 m = weight of the connecting rods ms= 1.820 Kg (short)
ml= 2.620 Kg (large)

FORMULA

First find the length of equivalent simple pendulum, when suspended from one end.
Small End Suspended, Lea = g (tpa / 2π) 2 & Lea = a + (k2 / a)
Big End Suspended, Leb = g (tpa / 2π) 2 Leb = b + (k2 / b)
Here,
Lea = length of equivalent simple pendulum, when suspended from the top of
the Big end bearing
Leb = length of equivalent simple pendulum, when suspended from the top of
the Small end bearing
tpa i= periodic time oscillation when the connecting rod suspended from Big end
tpb = periodic time oscillation when the connecting rod suspended from Small end
a= Distance of the centre of mass G from top of big end bearing = 0.396* l
b= Distance of the centre of mass G from top of small end bearing =0.614* l
l= length of the connecting Rod from small end center to big end center.
k2 is Radius of Gyration

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Moment of inertia of fly wheel

Big end mass, ma = m (b/ (a+b)) Kg

Small end mass, mb=m (a/ (a+b)) Kg

Moment of inertia, I = mk2 Kg m2

Moment of inertia small end, Ib=mbk2 Kg m2

Moment of inertia big end, Ia=mak2 Kg m2

TABULATIONS

Time
Type for Length Radius
Periodic
Sl. of Suspe ‘n’ of Mass of of M.I of
Time Mean
No Conn nded oscillat Equival the end Gyratio Each
(tp=t/n) M.I
` ecting End ions ent in kg n end
in seconds
Rod ‘t’ in Le in m K2
sec.

Small
end

1. Short

Big
end

Small
end

2. Large

Big
end

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Moment of inertia of fly wheel

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Moment of inertia of fly wheel

GRAPHS

1. Moment of Inertia v/s mass of connecting rod

2. Moment of Inertia v/s Periodic Time
3. Moment of Inertia v/s Length of Equivalent
4. Moment of Inertia v/s Radius of Gyration

RESULT
Moment of inertia of given flywheel & Connecting Rod = kg-m2

Moment of inertia of given flywheel & Connecting Rod = kg-m2

CONCLUSION
A flywheel forms an important part of stationary engines. A flywheel of large moment of
inertia is joined to the shaft of the engine. The force driving the engine changes between
maximum and minimum values and hence the motion of the machine coupled to the engine is
not uniform. The flywheel stores the power in the form of fits its kinetic energy of rotation
when the driving force is minimum. Thus, it makes the motion of the machine almost
uniform. Hence, observe various changes in flywheel like radius of gyration, mass moment of
inertia, fluctuation of speed & co-efficient of fluctuation of energy.

VIVA – QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of a flywheel and connecting rod?

2. What is moment of inertia, radius of gyration?
3. Explain relation between connecting rod and flywheel?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Cam and Follower Analysis

TO PLOT FOLLOWER DISPLACEMENT VS CAM AND FOLLOWER

ARRANGEMENTS

Exp. No: 08 Date:

AIM

To study the profile of given cam analysis system and to draw the displacement diagram for
the follower and the cam profile, also study the jump speed characteristics of the cam and
follower mechanism.

APPARATUS
Cam analysis system, Dial gauge, Stop watch

THEORY

CAM & FOLLOWER: A cam is a mechanical member used to impart desired motion to a
follower by direct contact. The cam may be rotating or reciprocating whereas the follower
may be rotating, reciprocating or oscillating. A cam and the follower combination belongs to
the category of higher pairs.
• A driver member known as the cam.
• A driven member called the follower

TYPES OF CAMS:

A. According to shape

i. Wedge and flat Cams: - A wedge cam has a wedge W which, in general,
has a translational motion. The follower. The follower F can either translate
or oscillate.
ii. Radial or Disc Cams: - A cam in which the follower moves radially from
the centre of rotation of the cam is known as a radial or a disc cam.
iii. Spiral cams: - A spiral cam is a face cam in which a groove is cut in the
form of a spiral as shown in fig. the spiral spiral groove consists of teeth
which mesh with a pin gear follower.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Cam and Follower Analysis

iv. Cylindrical cams: - In a cylindrical cam, a cylinder which has a

circumferential contour cut in the surface, rotate about its axis.
v. Conjugate cams: - A conjugate cam is a double – disc cam, the two discs
being keyed together and is in constant touch with the two rollers of a
follower. It is used for low noise, high speed and dynamic loads.
vi. Globoidal cams: - A globoidal cam can have two types of
surfaces, convex or concave. A circumferential contour is cut on
the surface of rotation of the cam to impart motion to the follower
which has an oscillatory motion.
vii. Spherical cams: - In a spherical cam, the follower oscillates about
an axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cam.
B. According to Follower Movement

i. Rise-Return-Rise (R-R-R):- In this, there is alternate rise and return of the

follower with no periods of dwells. Its use is very limited in the industry.
The follower has a linear or an angular displacement.
ii. Dwell-Rise-Return-Dwell (D-R-R-D):- In such a type of cam, there is rise
and return of the follower after a dwell. This type is used more frequently
than the R-R-R type of cam
iii. Dwell-Rise-Dwell-Return (D-R-D-R):- It is most widely used type of
cam. The dwelling of the cam is followed by rise and dwell and
subsequently by return and dwell as shown in fig.

C. According to Manner of Constraint of the Follower

i. Pre-loaded Spring Cam
ii. Positive-Drive Cam

iii. Gravity Cam

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Cam and Follower Analysis

Types of Followers
A. According to shape
i. Knife-edge Follower
ii. Roller Follower
iii. Mushroom Follower

B. According to Movement
i. Reciprocating Follower
ii. Oscillating Follower

C. According to Locating of Line of Movement

i. Radial Follower

ii. Offset Follower

APPLICATIONS

i. Cams are used in Automatic machines

ii. In internal combustion engine
iii. In machine tools
iv. Printing Control mechanisms

DESCRIPTION

A cam is a machine element such as a cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact
so designed as to give a predetermined motion to another element called the follower. A
cam is a rotating body importing oscillating motor to the follower. All cam mechanisms
are composed of at least three links viz: 1. Cam 2. Follower and 3. Frame which guides
follower and cam.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Cam and Follower Analysis

Cam and follower apparatus

OBSERVATION
Diameter of base circle = mm,

Lift = mm,

Diameter of roller = mm,

Type of follower motion = SHM (during ascent and descent)

PROCEDURE

Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.
1. Set the cam at 0° and note down the projected length of the pull rod.
2. Rotate the cam through 10° and note down the projected length of the pull rod
above the guide.
3. Calculate the lift by subtracting each reading with the initial reading.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Cam and Follower Analysis

TABULATION:
Angle of rotation
S.No Type of Cam Type of follower Lift in mm
(degrees)
1 0

2 20

3 40

4 60

5 80

6 100

7 120

8 140

9 160

10 165

11 170

12 175

13 180

14 185

15 190

16 195

17 200

18 220

19 240

20 260

21 280

22 300

23 320

24 340

25 360

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Cam and Follower Analysis

Angle of rotation
S.No Type of Cam Type of follower Lift in mm
(degrees)
1 0

2 20

3 40

4 60

5 80

6 100

7 120

8 140

9 160

10 165

11 170

12 175

13 180

14 185

15 190

16 195

17 200

18 220

19 240

20 260

21 280

22 300

23 320

24 340

25 360

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 7
Cam and Follower Analysis

Angle of rotation
S.No Type of Cam Type of follower Lift in mm
(degrees)
1 0

2 20

3 40

4 60

5 80

6 100

7 120

8 140

9 160

10 165

11 170

12 175

13 180

14 185

15 190

16 195

17 200

18 220

19 240

20 260

21 280

22 300

23 320

24 340

25 360

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 8
Cam and Follower Analysis

Angle of rotation
S.No Type of Cam Type of follower Lift in mm
(degrees)
1 0

2 20

3 40

4 60

5 80

6 100

7 120

8 140

9 160

10 165

11 170

12 175

13 180

14 185

15 190

16 195

17 200

18 220

19 240

20 260

21 280

22 300

23 320

24 340

25 360

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 9
Cam and Follower Analysis

S.No Type of Type of Lift Dwell Fall Dwell

Cam follower Period Period Period Period

Angle in
(degrees)
1
Lift in
mm

Angle in
(degrees)
2
Lift in
mm

Angle in
(degrees)
3
Lift in
mm

GRAPH: (i) Crank angle vs Lift (ii) Followers vs Angles of periods

RESULT
Thus the cam profile and motion of cam and follower of given cam analysis system was
studied.

CONCLUSION
1. Study Comparison between Cam & Follower regarding motion
2. Study cam speed, load on flower and jump speed.

VIVA-QUESTIONS
1. Define about cam & follower, Classification of cam & follower, advantage &
disadvantage, Applications.
2. Define Disc cam nomenclature.
3. Define the cut off-set position of follower motion.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Analysis of single slider Crank mechanisms

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE SLIDER CRANKS MECHANISMS

Exp. No: 09 (A) Date:

AIM:

To plot slider displacement, velocity & acceleration against crank rotation for Single slider
crank Mechanism.

APPARATUS:

Single slider cranks Mechanisms Experimental setup, Tri Square/Foot Scale & stop watch.

THEORY:

Slider-Crank Mechanism:
The slider-crank mechanism is a simple four bar mechanism in which the rocker is replaced
by a slider. Thus the four links in the slider-crank mechanism are: Crank,
Coupler/Connecting Rod, Slider and the Ground link. A simple slider-crank mechanism is
shown below Fig Slider-crank Mechanism
The Slider-Crank mechanism can be used whenever there is a need of converting rotational
motion to translational motion. The common applications of slider-crank mechanism are the
internal combustion engines, Bull Gear, locomotives, etc.

Single slider cranks mechanism

A slider crank mechanism converts the reciprocating motion of a slider into a rotary motion
of crank or vice-versa.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Analysis of single slider Crank mechanisms

Velocity & Acceleration:

Fig. shows a slider–crank mechanism in which OA is the crank moving with uniform
angular velocity in the clockwise direction. At point B, a slider moves on the fixed guide.
AB is the coupler joining A and B. it is required to find the velocity & Acceleration of the
slider at B.
PROCEDURE:
a) Bring the wheel & the slider to the respective reference marks.
b) For a given angle of rotation of the crank, note down the displacement of the slides.
c) Draw configuration Diagram.
d) Assume that the crank is rotating with a uniform angular speed of 1 rad/sec.
e) Find velocity & acceleration for Piston.
f) Find Angular velocity & Angular acceleration for connecting rod.
g) Do force Analysis of slider crank mechanism
h) Find the turning Moment in Crank.

OBSERVATION & FORMULAE:

Crank Angle, θ = in degress

Crank Radius, r = mm (or) = m

Length of Connecting rod, l = mm (or) = m

Slider ration of Connecting Rod, n= l/r

Angular velocity of crank, ω = 2πN/60 rad/s

Displacement of the piston, X=

Velocity of piston,

Acceleration of the piston,

Angular velocity of connecting rod,

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Analysis of single slider Crank mechanisms

Angular Acceleration of the connecting Rod,

Engine Force Analysis:

(i) Piston Effort (F):

(ii) Force/ thrust along the connecting rod,

(iii) Thrust on sides of the cylinder,

(iv) Crank Effort,

(v) Trust on Bearing,

(vi) Turning Moment,

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Analysis of single slider Crank mechanisms

CALCULATIONS:

Slider ration of Connecting Rod, n=

Angular velocity of crank, ω =

Displacement of the pistion, X=

Velocity of piston, ν =

Acceleration of the piston, f

Angular velocity of connecting rod, ωc =

Angular Acceleration of the connecting Rod, αc

Engine Force Analysis:

Let,

Area of the Cover End, A1 =

Area of the Piston Rod End, A2 =

Pressure on Cover End, A1 =

Pressure on Piston Rod End, A2 =

Mass of the Reciprocating Parts, m=

Force on the Piston due to gas Pressure, Fp=

Inertia Force, Fb=

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Analysis of single slider Crank mechanisms

(i) Piston Effort or Force on piston, F =

(ii) Force/ thrust along the connecting rod, Fc =

(iii) Thrust on sides of the cylinder, Fn =

(iv) Crank Effort, Ft=

(v) Trust on Bearing, Fr =

(vi) Turning Moment, T =

Rough Work:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Analysis of single slider Crank mechanisms

Rough Work:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Displacement of slider should be measured at equal intervals of crank angle rotation.

2. Smooth curves should be drawn while plotting.

GRAPHS:

1. Crank Angle vs Slider Displacement, Slider Velocity & Acceleration.

2. Crank Angle vs Forces…

RESULT:
Thus the angular rotation, velocity acceleration of slide calculated for given configured
slider and crank mechanism.

CONCLUSION:
According slider and crank mechanism configuration is analyzed. Plotted crank rotation
slider displacement, velocity and acceleration by assuming uniform angular velocity.

VIVA-QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by mechanism?

2. What are the types of mechanisms?
3. How will you find graphically & analytically the methods of velocity & acc. Analysis
of slider crank mechanism?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

KINEMATIC CHAIN OF FOUR BAR MECHANISM

Exp. No: 09 (B) Date:

AIM:

To plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration against crank rotation for four bar
mechanism.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Four bar Mechanism Experimental setup, Tri Square/Foot Scale.

THEORY:

THEORY:

Four Bar Link Mechanism:

A four- link mechanism or linkage is the most fundamental of the plane
kinematic linkage. It is much preferred mechanical device for the
mechanization and control of motion due to its simplicity and versatility.
Basically it consists of four rigid links which are connected in the form of a
quadrilateral. A link that makes complete revolutions is the crank, the link
opposite to the fixed link is coupler and the four link a lever or rocker it-
oscillates or another crank, if rotates.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Four bar mechanism

PROCEDURE:
1. Bring the crank wheel to the respective reference marks.
2. For a given angle of rotation of the crank, note down the displacement of the links.
3. Assume that the crank is rotating with a uniform angular speed.
4. By graphical Method, determine the velocity and acceleration.
5. Calculate the values of velocity & acceleration.
6. Determine forces and respective angles etc….
7. Find the Input Torque.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

OBSERVATION

Length of each Link AD, l1 = mm (or) m.

Length of each Link AB, l2 = mm (or) m.
Length of each Link BC, l3 = mm (or) m.
Length of each Link CD, l4 = mm (or) m.
Mass of each Link AD, m1 = Kg
Mass of Each Link AB, m2 = Kg
Mass of Each Link BC, m3 = Kg
Mass of Each Link CD, m4 = Kg
Speed of the Link AB, N= rpm

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

CONFIGURATION DIAGRAM:

VELOCITY TRIANGLE VECTOR DIAGRAM:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

ACCELERATION VECTOR DIAGRAM:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

FORMULAS:

Velocity of Link, νba = ωba * lab m/s

Angular velocity of Link , ωba = (2πN)/60 rad/s

Radial acceleration

Tangential acceleration

Inertia force

Angular acceleration α is from

Radius of gyration

Offset

Radius of offset

CALCULATIONS:

Angular velocity of Link AB, ωba = (2πN)/60 rad/s =

Velocity of Links:

Velocity of Link AB, νba = ωba * lab m/s

νba = m/s

νba = m/s

Velocity of Link BC, νcb = m/s (From Velocity Triangle Diagram)

Velocity of Link CD, νcd = m/s (From Velocity Triangle Diagram)

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 7
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Acceleration of Links:

Radial acceleration of link AB, f rba = m/s2; It’s angle θrba =

Radial acceleration of link BC, f rcb = m/s2; It’s angle θrcb =

Radial acceleration of link CD, f rcd = m/s2; It’s angle θrcd =

Radial acceleration of link AD, f rad = m/s2; It’s angle θrad =

Tangential acceleration of link AB, f tba = m/s2; It’s angle θtba =

Tangential acceleration of link BC, f tcb = m/s2; It’s angle θtcb =

Tangential acceleration of link CD, f tcd = m/s2; It’s angle θtcd =

Tangential acceleration of link AD, f tad = m/s2; It’s angle θtad =

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 8
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Acceleration of link AB at centre, fg2 = m/s2; It’s angle θg2 =

Acceleration of link BC at centre, fg3 = m/s2; It’s angle θg3 =

Acceleration of link CD at centre, fg4 = m/s2; It’s angle θg4 =

Acceleration of link AD at centre, fg1 = m/s2; It’s angle θg1 =

Inertia Force of Links:

Inertia Force on the Link AB, F2 = m2 * fg2 in N; It’s angle βg2 = (θg2-180) =

Inertia Force on the Link BC, F3 = m3 * fg3 in N; It’s angle βg3 = (θg3-180) =

Inertia Force on the Link CD, F4 = m4 * fg4 in N; It’s angle βg4 = (θg4-180) =

Inertia Force on the Link AD, F1 = m1 * fg1 in N; It’s angle βg1 = (θg1-180) =

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 9
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Inertia Force Angle about Links Axis:

Inertia Force on the Link AB, F2 = N; It’s angle φ2 = (βg2- θab) =

Inertia Force on the Link BC, F3 = N; It’s angle φ 3 = (βg3- θbc) =

Inertia Force on the Link CD, F4 = N; It’s angle φ 4 = (βg4- θcd) =

Inertia Force on the Link AD, F1 = N; It’s angle φ1 = (βg1- θad) =

Angular acceleration of Links:

Angular acceleration of link AB, α2 = rad/s2

Angular acceleration of link BC, α3 = rad /s2

Angular acceleration of link CD, α4 = rad /s2

Angular acceleration of link AD, α1 = rad /s2

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 10
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Radius of gyration of Links:

Radius of gyration of Links AB, k22= m2

Radius of gyration of Links BC, k23= m2

Radius of gyration of Links CD, k24= m2

Radius of gyration of Links AD, k24= m2

Offset height of links:

Offset Height of link AB, h2= m

Offset Height of link AB, h3= m

Offset Height of link AB, h4= m

Offset Height of link AB, h1= m

Radius of offset of the links:

Radius of offset of link AB, r2= m

Radius of offset of link AB, r3= m

Radius of offset of link AB, r4= m

Radius of offset of link AB, r1= m

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 11
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Torque in Each Link:

Input Torque of Links AB, Tba= N.m

Torque of Links BC, Tcb= N.m

Torque of Links CD, Tcd= N.m

Torque of Links AD, Tad= N.m

Rough work:

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 Dynamics of Machinery lab 12
Analysis of four bar mechanisms

Rough work:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Take suitable scale while construction of configuration diagram, velocity &

acceleration Diagrams.
2. Take angles carefully from velocity and acceleration diagrams at given crank angle
rotation.

RESULT:

Thus the angular rotation, velocity acceleration of slide calculated for given configured
inversion of four bar mechanism.

CONCLUSION:

According given configured inversion of four bar mechanism is analyzed. Plotted crank
rotation slider displacement, velocity and acceleration by assuming uniform angular velocity

VIVA-QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by mechanism?

2. What are the types of mechanisms?
3. How will you find graphically & analytically the methods of velocity & acc. Analysis
of 4-bar chain mechanism?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Coefficient Of Friction Between Pulley And Belt/Rope

ANALYSIS OF BELT AND PULLEY DRIVE

Exp. No: 10 Date:

AIM:

To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.

APPARATUS:

Belt & Pulley drive System.

THEORY:

BELT

Power is transmitted from one to another by means of belts.

 Belts are used where the distance between the shafts is large.
 Belts are flexible type of connectors.
 The flexibility of belts and ropes is due to the property of their materials.
 Belts transmit power due to friction between them and the pulleys. If the power
transmitted exceeds the force of friction, the belt slips over the pulley.
 Belts are strained during motion as tensions are developed in them.
 Owing to slipping and straining action, belts are not positive type of drives.

TYPES OF BELTS

1. Flat belt
2. V-belt

MATERIAL FOR BELTS

Usual materials are leather, canvas, cotton and rubber.

PULLEY

Pulleys are mounted on the two shafts. The speed of the driven shaft can be varied by varying
the diameters of the pulleys.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Coefficient Of Friction Between Pulley And Belt/Rope

TYPES OF PULLEYS

1. Idler pulleys
2. Intermediate pulleys
3. Loose and fast pulleys
4. Guide pulleys

TYPES OF FLAT BELT DRIVES

1. Open belt drive.

2. Crossed or twist belt drive
3. Quarter turn belt drive
4. Belt drive with idler pulleys
5. Compound belt drive
6. Stepped or cone pulley drive
7. Fast and loose pulley drive

FORMULAE USED

Let,

T1 = Tension at the tight side of the belt, N/m2

T2 = Tension at the slack side of the belt N/m2

µ = Co-efficient of Friction between belt and pulley

θ = Arc of contact in rad

The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏
= 𝒆𝝁𝜽 (Or) 2.3log = 𝜇𝜃
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Coefficient Of Friction Between Pulley And Belt/Rope

DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Note the angle of arc of contact.

2. Hang some weight on one side of the belt & put some Weight on other side of the
belt, till the belt just slide
3. Note down the values of T1 & T2
4. Vary T1 & correspondingly determine the value of T2
5. Now calculate the value of µ

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Coefficient Of Friction Between Pulley And Belt/Rope

OBSERVATION TABLE: 1

tension in tension in Angle of contact (θ)

Co-
S.N Type of the tight the slack
efficient of
o Drive side side
Friction (μ)
(T1 ) N/m2 (T2 ) N/m2 in degree in rad.

Flat belt
1 300
Drive

Flat belt
2 600
Drive

Flat belt
3 900
Drive

Flat belt
4 1200
Drive

Flat belt
5 1500
Drive

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 5
Coefficient Of Friction Between Pulley And Belt/Rope

OBSERVATION TABLE: 2

tension in tension in Angle of contact (θ)

Co-
S.N Type of the tight the slack
efficient of
o Drive side side
Friction (μ)
(T1 ) N/m2 (T2 ) N/m2 in degree in rad.

Rope
1 300
Drive

Rope
2 600
Drive

Rope
3 900
Drive

Rope
4 1200
Drive

Rope
5 1500
Drive

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 6
Coefficient Of Friction Between Pulley And Belt/Rope

PRECAUTION

1. Tapping of pulley should be done after increasing the weight.

2. Weight should be increased in small step.
3. Add weights slowly without jerks.

GRAPHS

1. Angle of contact VS μ
2. T1/T2 VS μ

RESULT

Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley μ is

1. μ for flat belt drive =
2. μ for rope drive =

CONCLUSION

Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is depends upon so many parameters
like type of drive system, thickness of belt, length of the belt, slip, centrifugal tension…etc is
understands by practically by means this experiment.

VIVA – QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of drives?

2. State the different types of Drives. What is the difference between belt and rope and
chain drive ?
3. Explain the term coefficient of friction?
4. What are slack and tight side tensions?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 1
Simple screw jack

SIMPLE SCREW JACK

Exp. No: 11 Date:

AIM:

To study the simple screw jack and to find out Mechanical Advantage, V.R. and Efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Simple screw jack, Load to be lifted (W), Weights or Effort to be applied (P), Vernier caliper
and Weight box.

THEORY:

Screw Jack: - It is a device employed for lifting heavy loads with help of a small effort
applied at its handle. The loads are usually centrally loaded upon it. Screw jacks of three
types:
1. Simple screw jack 2. Compound Screw jack 3. Differential Screw jack

A Simple Screw Jack:

A simple screw jack consists of a nut, a screw square threaded and a handle fitted to the head
of the screw. The nut also forms the body of the jack. The load to be lifted is placed on the
head of the screw. Here the axial distance between corresponding points on two consecutive
threads is known as pitch. If ‘p’ be the pitch of the screw and‘t’ is the thickness of thread,
then p = 2t.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 2
Simple screw jack

Simple Screw Jack

PROCEDURE:

1. add the load on turn table

2. Apply effort required to lift the load
3. Note done corresponding readings

OBSERVATION

Diameter of Turn Table, D = mm

Radius of Turn Table, R = mm

Pitch of the screw thread, p= mm

Load added on turn table, W = N

Effort applied, E = N

Distance moved by load or height change of turn table = mm

Distance moved by Load If θ= 3600 then = 2πl or 2πr

Distance moved by effort or turned length of turn table = (θ*(π/180))* R= mm

Distance moved by effort If θ= 3600 then = pitch of the screw = p

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 3
Simple screw jack

FORMULAE

Velocity Ratio, V.R = Distance moved by the effort / Distance moved by the load
Mechanical advantage, M.A = load / Effort = W / P
Efficiency = (M.A / V.R)*100

TABULATION

Length of
Load Effort Lever (l) Pitch
Efficiency
S.No (W) (P) (or) of V.R. M.A.
(%)
in N in N turn table screw
radius (r)

Modal calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery lab 4
Simple screw jack

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Rope should not be overlap.
2. Carefully measure pitch of screw.
3. Effort handle move smoothly do not applied suddenly or jerking.
4. Oiling & greasing should be properly.
5. Effort arm measure very carefully.

GRAPHS:

1. Load VS Effort
2. V.R VS Effort
3. V.R VS M.A
4. Effort VS Efficiency

RESULT:

1. Velocity ratio of simple screw jack =

2. Mechanical advantage of simple screw jack =
3. Efficiency of simple screw jack =

CONCLUSION:

By the above experiment we can understand concept of friction in screw jack and understand
about velocity ratio mechanical advantage and efficiency

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define principle or screw jack?

2. Give classification, advantage, disadvantage and Application.
3. Write down the formulae for velocity ratio and mechanical advantage and efficiency?
4. Difference between simple, compound and differential screw jacks.
5. What is maximum efficiency of screw jack ? What is efficiency for non-reversible
m/c ?
6. If a m/c having an efficiency greater than 50% is known as m/c. reversible or non-
reversible m/c.
7. Who is m/c self locking m/c ?
8. What is the max. M.A. of a lifting m/c ?

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 1
compound screw jack

COMPOUND SCREW JACK

Exp. No: 12 Date:

AIM:

To study the compound screw jack and to find out Mechanical Advantage, V.R. and

Efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Compound screw jack, Load to be lifted (W), Weights or Effort to be applied (P),

Vernier caliper and Weight box.

THEORY:

Screw Jack: - It is a device employed for lifting heavy loads with help of a small effort
applied at its handle. The loads are usually centrally loaded upon it. Screw jacks of three
types:
1. Simple screw jack 2. Compound Screw jack 3. Differential Screw jack

COMPOUND SCREW JACK:

It is a further improved from of differential screw jack, in which the velocity ratio is further
intensified with the help of a geared screw jack, in which the screw is lifted with the help of
worm and worm wheel, instead of effort at the end of a lever. Now consider a worm geared
screw jack.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 2
compound screw jack

DIAGRAM

Compound Screw Jack

OBSERVATION AND FORMULAE

l = Radius of the effort wheel, l= mm

p = pitch of the screw, p= mm

P = Effort applied to lift the load, N

W = Load lifted, Kg or N

T = No. of teeth on the worm wheel, T =

D = Effort Wheel Diameter, D= mm

d = Diameter of the rope, d= mm

w = Weight of the Pan, gm

y= Distance moved by effort, mm y= π (D + d) T

Therefore distance moved by the load = p/T

We know that distance moved by effort in one revolution of wheel = 2πl

If the worm is single threaded then the worm wheel move through 1/T revolution.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 3
compound screw jack

FORMULAE

Velocity Ratio, V.R = Distance moved by the effort / Distance moved by the load
Mechanical advantage, M.A = load / Effort = W / P
Efficiency = (M.A / V.R)*100

TABULATION

Load Effort Distance Distance

Efficiency
S.No (W) (P) moved by moved by V.R. M.A.
(%)
in N in N Effort Load

Modal Calculations:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 4
compound screw jack

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Rope should not be overlap. & carefully measure pitch of screw.
2. Effort handle move smoothly do not applied suddenly or jerking.
3. Oiling & greasing should be properly. & Effort arm measure very carefully.

GRAPHS:

1. Load VS Effort
2. V.R VS Effort
3. V.R VS M.A
4. Effort VS Efficiency

RESULT:

1. Velocity ratio of compound screw jack =

2. Mechanical advantage of compound screw jack =

3. Efficiency of compound screw jack =

CONCLUSION:

By the above experiment we can understand concept of friction in screw jack and understand
about velocity ratio mechanical advantage and efficiency

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define principle or screw jack?

2. Give classification, advantage, disadvantage and Application.
3. Write down the formulae for velocity ratio and mechanical advantage and efficiency?
4. Difference between simple, compound and differential screw jacks.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 1
Study of Various Types Of Gears

STUDY VARIOUS TYPES OF GEARS

Exp. No:13&14 Date:

AIM:

To study various types of gear- Helical, cross helical, worm, bevel gear.

APPARATUS USED:

Different type of Gear demonstrators setup.

THEORY:

Gears are used to transmit motion from one shaft to another or between a shaft and a slide.
This is accomplished by successively engaging teeth.

Gear Nomenclature

1. Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.

2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 2
Study of Various Types Of Gears

specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also known as pitch diameter.

3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
4. Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have replaced
at the pitch circle.
5. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the common normal to two
gear teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. It is usually
denoted by φ. The standard pressure angles are 14 1/2 ° and 20°.
6. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
7. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the
tooth.
8. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with
the pitch circle.
9. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called
root circle. Root circle diameter = Pitch circle diameter × cos φ, where φ is the pressure
angle.
10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from
a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by pc.
Mathematically,
Circular pitch, pc = π D/T
Where, D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and
T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
A little consideration will show that the two gears will mesh together correctly, if the two
wheels have the same circular pitch.
If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two meshing gears having the teeth T1 and T2
respectively, then for them to mesh correctly,
Pc = π D1 / T1 = π D2 / T2
11. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in
millimetres. It is denoted by pd . Mathematically,
Diametral pitch, pd =T/D = π/ Pc
Where, T = Number of teeth, and
D = Pitch circle diameter.
12. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth.
It is usually denoted by m. mathematically,

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

 Dynamics of Machinery Lab 3
Study of Various Types Of Gears

Module, m = D /T
Note : The recommended series of modules in Indian Standard are 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,
5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 20. The modules 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11,
14 and 18 are of second choice.
13. Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in
a meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance
circle.
14. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circles of
a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
15. Working depth. It is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle.
It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.
16. Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle.
17. Tooth space. It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along the
pitch circle.
18. Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as
measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, the backlash should be zero, but in actual
practice some backlash must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors
and thermal expansion.
19. Face of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth above the pitch surface.
20. Flank of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth below the pitch surface.
21. Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
22. Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis.
23. Profile. It is the curve formed by the face and flank of the tooth.
24. Fillet radius. It is the radius that connects the root circle to the profile of the tooth.
25. Path of contact. It is the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from the
beginning to the end of engagement.
26. *Length of the path of contact. It is the length of the common normal cut-off by the
addendum circles of the wheel and pinion.
27. ** Arc of contact. It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the beginning
to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth. The arc of contact consists of two parts,
i.e.
(a) Arc of approach. It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the
engagement to the pitch point.

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(b) Arc of recess. It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of the
engagement of a pair of teeth.

CLASSIFICATION OF GEAR:

Gears can be classified according to the relative position of their shaft axis are follows:

A: PARALLEL SHAFT
(i) Spur gear
(ii) Spur rack and pinion
(iii) Helical gears or Helical spur gear
(iv) Double- helical and Herringbone gear
B: INTER SECTING SHAFT
(i) Straight bevel gear
(ii) Spiral bevel gear
(iii) Zerol bevel gear
C: SKEW SHAFT
(i) Crossed- helical gear
(ii) Worm gears (Non-throated, Single throated, double throated)

SPUR GEAR: They have straight teeth parallel to the axes and thus are not subjected to
axial thrust due to teeth load. Spur gears are the most common type of gears. They have
straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. Sometimes, many spur gears are used at
once to create very large gear reductions. Each time a gear tooth engages a tooth on the
other gear, the teeth collide, and this impact makes a noise. It also increases the stress on the
gear teeth. Spur gears are the most commonly used gear type. They are characterized by
teeth, which are perpendicular to the face of the gear. Spur gears are most commonly
available, and are generally the least expensive.

HELICAL GEARS: In helical gears, the teeth are curved, each being helical in shape. Two
mating gears have the same helix angle, but have teeth of opposite hands. At the beginning of
engagement, contact occurs only at the point of leading edge of the curved teeth. As the gears
rotate, the contact extends along a diagonal line across the teeth. Thus the load application is
gradual which result in now impact stresses and reduction in noise. Therefore, the helical gears
can be used at higher velocities then the spur gears and have greater load - carrying capacity.

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The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear. When two teeth on a helical
gear system engage, the contact starts at one end of the tooth and gradually spreads as the gears
rotate, until the two teeth are in full engagement. This gradual engagement makes helical gears
operate much more smoothly and quietly than spur gears. For this reason, helical gears are used
in almost all car transmission. Because of the angle of the teeth on helical gears, they create a
thrust load on the gear when they mesh. Devices that use helical gears have bearings that can
support this thrust load.

DOUBLE HELICAL AND HERRING BONE GEARS: A double- helical gear is

equivalent to a pair of helical gears secured together, one having a right - hand helix and the
other a left hand helix. The tooth of two raw is separated by a grooved used for too run out.
If the left and the right inclinations of a double - helical gear meet at a common apex and
there is no groove in between, the gear is known as herring bone gear.

CROSSED - HELICAL GEAR: The used of crossed helical gear or spiral gears is limited
to light loads. By a suitable choice of helix angle for the mating gears, the two shafts can be
set at any angle.

WORM GEAR: Worm gear is a special case of spiral gear in which the larger wheel,
usually, has a hollow or concave shape such that a portion of the pitch diameter is the other
gear is enveloped on it. The smaller of two wheels is called the worm which also has larger
spiral angle. Worm gear: Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. It is
common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater.

BEVEL GEAR: Kinematically, the motion between two intersecting shafts is equivalent to
the rolling of two cones, assuming no slipping. The gears, in general, are known as bevel
gear. When teeth formed on the cones are straight, the gear is known as straight bevel and
when inclined, they are known as spiral or helical bevel.

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Study of Various Types Of Gears

Types of Gears


Angle between two successive teeth, α = 3600 / No. teeth in a gear = 3600 / T


Turn angle of a gear, θ = No. of successive teeth’s * Angle between two successive
teeth = n * α


No. turns turn by gear, N = Turn angle / 3600

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Study of Various Types Of Gears

TABULATION: 1

Number Of Teeth’s
Rotation By Gears
On Gear

Type Of Driven Diving Gear Driven Gear

S.No Diving
Gear

Angle Turns Angle Turns

T1 T2
θ1 N1 θ2 N2

Modal Calculation:

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TABULATION: 2

Speed Ration,
Gear Train Value
(1/Train value)
S.No Type Of Gear
(T1/ T2) (N2/N1) (1/(T1/ T2)) (1/(N2/N1))

Modal Calculation:

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GRAPHS

1. Gear Train (T1/ T2) VS (N2/N1)

2. Speed ratio [1/(T1/ T2)] VS [1/(N2/N1)]

RESULT

Different types of gear have been studied.

CONCLUSION

By studying about various gears can understand gear nomenclatures and various key points
like arc of contact, pressure angle, clearance between gears etc. while power transmitting.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define gears with classification, advantage and disadvantage. Application.

2. Gear terminology.
3. Law of gearing.
4. Write down the formulae for length of path of contact, length of arc of contact,
contact ratio.
5. Formation of teeth profile.
6. About interference and under cutting.
7. Write down the formulae for minimum number of teeth required for wheel to avoid
interference.
8. Write down the formulae for minimum number of teeth required for pinion to avoid
interference.
9. Write down the formulae for minimum number of teeth required for rack and pinion
to avoid interference.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering