Practice

Problems for Russian Math Olympiad

Grades 7-8
2019 ……………………………………..……………….…………..…… Pg. 2
2018 ……………………………………..……………….…………..…… Pg. 5
2017 ……………………………………..……………….…………..…… Pg. 8
2016 ……………………………………..……………….…………..…… Pg. 11
 FINAL ROUND
ID ____________________________________________
Name ________________________________________ Grades
Grade __________________________________________
RSM Affiliation _________________________________ 7-8
Test Location __________________________________

1 Given a 2019-sided red regular polygonal shape with side length

1, if each side also forms the side of a blue square shape located
outside the red shape, what is the perimeter of the resulting red-
and-blue shape?

2 Gary, Mary, and Rory have the same number of candies. If Gary
gives Mary half of all his candies, then Mary gives Rory half of all the
candies she has at the moment, and then Rory gives Gary half of all
the candies he (Rory) has at the moment, Gary would
have 12 more candies than he had originally. How many
candies do Gary, Mary, and Rory have altogether?

Please fold over on line. Write answers on back.

The area of a regular hexagon RASHMI is S H
2019 square feet. Compute the area
(in square feet) of the quadrilateral RSMO
where O is the center of the hexagon. A M
O

R I

4 Numbers were written in 1000 boxes in a row, one number per

box (only the first ten and the last five boxes are shown). For every
four boxes in a row, the sum of their numbers was 12. Most of the
numbers got erased over time, but three of them remain. What
number was written in the last box on the right?

0 1 ... 2
5 If RS + SM + MR + X = 201, compute SR + MS + RM + 7 ∙ X.
(R, S, and M represent the digits of the 2-digit numbers RS, SM, MR,
SR, MS, and RM; X also represents a digit.)

6 A race car moved 1 second at a constant rate of 68 m/sec, then

1 second at a constant rate of 69 m/sec, then 1 second at a constant
rate of 70 m/sec, and so on. All movements were in the same
direction. In how many seconds would the total distance covered by
the race car be 2 kilometers?
 FINAL ROUND
ID ____________________________________________
Name ________________________________________ Grades
Grade __________________________________________
RSM Affiliation _________________________________ 7-8
Test Location __________________________________

7 How many different positive integers are there containing only the
digits 1, 2, and/or 3 (each of these digits can be used one or more
times or not at all) such that for each of these integers, the sum of
all of its digits equals seven?

8 Five friends are all of different heights. The average height of the
three tallest friends is exactly the height of one of them. The average
height of the four tallest friends is exactly the height of one of them.
The average height of all five friends is exactly the height of one
of them. The second-tallest friend is 16 cm taller than the second-
shortest one. The tallest friend is taller than the shortest one by how
many centimeters?

Please fold over on line. Write answers on back.

9 Find the positive integer value of x if
1
=
19
where a is a
1 63
positive integer. a+
1
a+
x

10 In a triangle RSM, the measure of angle SRM is twice the measure of

angle RSM. A point O is selected on side RS such that SO = SM. The
length of the angle bisector of angle RMS equals RO. What is the
degree measure of angle RSM?

11 The number R has exactly 7 different positive integer factors,

the number S has exactly 8 different positive integer factors, and
their product R ∙ S has exactly M different positive integer factors.
Compute the sum of all different possible values of M.

12 Say that a positive integer is “five-important” if it is a multiple of

5 and/or contains the digit 5. For instance, the numbers 55, 120,
and 456 are five-important, but the number 2019 is not. Say that a
number is “super-five-important” if it is five-important and remains
five-important after erasing any one of its digits. For instance,
the numbers 5070, 5005, and 5577 are super-five-important, but
the numbers 5, 100, 2019, and 2015 are not. How many different
super-five-important numbers are there between 1 and 2019?
ID ____________________________________________
Name ________________________________________
Grade __________________________________________
RSM Affiliation _________________________________
Test Location __________________________________
ID ____________________________________________
Name ________________________________________
Grade __________________________________________
RSM Affiliation _________________________________
Test Location __________________________________

 FINAL ROUND
First Name _____________________________________
Last Name _____________________________________ Grades
Grade __________________________________________
School __________________________________________ 7-8
City ___________________________________________
RSM Branch____________________________________

1 The sum of all three pairwise products of the numbers R, S, and M is

99 less than the sum of all three pairwise products of the numbers
R + 1, S + 1, and M + 1. Compute R + S + M.

2 The sum of five natural numbers is 210. Not all of them have the
same value. Find the least possible value of the largest of these
numbers.

3 A teacher asked her students to find a 3-digit positive integer with

the product of all its digits equal to 128. Jen realized that there was
more than one such number, and listed each of them once. Find the

Please fold over on line. Write answers on back.

sum of all of Jen’s numbers.

4 In a triangle with perimeter 2017, all sides have integer lengths (in feet).
One side is 10 feet shorter than another one. One side is 20 feet longer than
another one. Compute the length (in feet) of the medium side of the triangle.

5 Anna and Oleg are collecting natural numbers. Anna is collecting

only numbers with different digits (such as 2017), and so far she has
collected all such numbers up to 1023. Oleg is collecting only prime
numbers, and so far he has collected all such numbers up to 2017.
What is the largest number which appears in both Anna's and Oleg's
collections now?

6 A metal letter R weighs 2 pounds, a metal letter S weighs 1 pound, and

a metal letter M weighs 4 pounds. If you took a certain 10-letter “word”
containing only the metal letters R, S, and M (at least one of each) and
simultaneously replaced all letters R with S, all letters S with M, and all
letters M with R, the total weight of all letters in this word would not
change. Compute this total weight (in pounds).
 FINAL ROUND
First Name _____________________________________
Last Name _____________________________________ Grades
Grade __________________________________________
School __________________________________________ 7-8
City ___________________________________________
RSM Branch____________________________________

7 A horse ran at a constant speed and covered 20 km and 17 m in 20

min and 17 sec. The next day she ran at the same speed and covered
20 km and X m in 20 min and 30 sec. Compute the value of X rounded
to the nearest integer.

8 How many different ways are there to place nine

different digits from 1 to 9 inside the nine square
cells of a 3-by-3 grid (one digit per cell) such that
for every pair of consecutive digits their square
cells share a side?

9 All possible diagonals drawn from the two adjacent vertices A and B
of a regular hectogon divide the hectogon’s interior into a number

Please fold over on line. Write answers on back.

of non-overlapping shapes – triangles and quadrilaterals (without
any part of a line inside them). How many of these shapes are
quadrilaterals? (A hectogon is a polygon with 100 sides.)

10 Serena took two numbers which may or may not be integers, rounded
each of them up to the nearest integer, multiplied the results, and
got 100. When she took the original numbers, rounded each of them
down to the nearest integer and multiplied the results, she got X.
Find the largest possible value of X.

11 Let D° be the total degree measure of the seven internal angles of an

irregular heptagonal star whose vertices are O, L, Y, M, P, I, and A
(see the diagram). Compute the value of D.

12 We define an RSM-word as a 6-letter word containing two letters R,

two letters S, and two letters M, in which there is at least one way that
Rosemary can circle three letters such that the circled letters read
(from left to right) R-S-M. How many different RSM-words are there?
Answers:
Problem No. Answer

1 48

2 43

3 3774

4 669

5 983

6 21

7 231

8 40

9 4656

10 202

11 180

12 47
 FINAL ROUND
First Name _____________________________________
Last Name _____________________________________ Grades
Grade __________________________________________
School __________________________________________ 7-8
City ___________________________________________
RSM Branch____________________________________

1 After multiplying r + 20s, r + 16m, and s + 2016m and simplifying the

resulting expression, what would be the coefficient of the rsm term?
(For example, in 20x + 16xy + 2016xyz, 2016 is the coefficient of the
xyz term.)

2 There are three cars in the RSM garage: a Rolls Royce, a Studebaker,
and a Maserati. One of them is red, one of them is silver, and one
of them is magenta. The silver car is $2016 more expensive than
the Studebaker. The magenta car is $6102 less expensive than the
Maserati. By how many dollars is the red car more expensive than
the Rolls Royce?

Please fold over on line. Write answers on back.

The diagram consists of a 4-by-4 square divided
into 16 unit squares, and all the diagonals of these
16 unit squares. How many squares of all sizes
and positions are there in this diagram, including
squares that are made up of other squares?

4 Alice thought of a two-digit number. If she reverses the order of

the digits, the new number would be twice as large as the original
number increased by 1. What was the number Alice thought of?

5 Irina took the word GEOMETRY and replaced each of its eight
letters with a number according to the code A = 1, B = 2, …, Z = 26.
Then she multiplied six of these numbers to get a cube of an integer.
Find this integer.

6 Venus took 30 numbers, rounded each of them up to the nearest

integer, added the results, and got 2016. When she took the original
numbers, rounded each of them down to the nearest integer and
added the results, she got 2000. How many of her original numbers
were integers?
 FINAL ROUND
First Name _____________________________________
Last Name _____________________________________ Grades
Grade __________________________________________
School __________________________________________ 7-8
City ___________________________________________
RSM Branch____________________________________

7 The President of Dollarstan is deciding between two income tax plans.

According to one of the plans, all residents would pay tax equal to
10% of their yearly income (if this income is positive). According to
the other plan, the first 150,000 D-dollars of a resident’s yearly income
would not be taxed, and the tax (if any) would equal 16% of any
yearly income over 150,000 D-dollars. The President cannot decide
which tax plan to propose because his own tax under either plan is
the same. What is the yearly income (in D-dollars) of the President of
Dollarstan? Note that this income is a positive number.

8 On Monday Ravi wrote a huge positive integer on the board. On

Tuesday he wrote the digit 2 near every odd digit on the board. On
Wednesday he wrote the digit 3 near every even digit on the board.
At this point the total number of digits on the board was 2016 more

Please fold over on line. Write answers on back.

than the total number of digits in Ravi's original huge number (from
Monday). What was the total number of digits on the board at the
end of Tuesday?

9 A square is drawn on each side of a triangle (each side of the triangle

is a side of one of the squares). None of the four shapes overlap. The
ratio of the areas of the squares is 1:2:3. What is the degree measure
of the largest angle of the triangle?

10 Rick, Sol, and Mike are in the same RSM class and have the same
height. The average height of all students in the class except Rick is
63.1 inches. The average height of all students in the class except Rick
and Sol is 62 inches. The average height of all students in the class
except Rick, Sol, and Mike is 60.625 inches. How many students are in
this class?

11 All 6-digit positive integers containing each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6 exactly once are written down on the board. How many of these
numbers are divisible by 8?

12 Anton took three sides of an equilateral triangle with perimeter 2016,

cut one of the sides into two equal parts, and made a quadrilateral
which is not a parallelogram using these four segments. What is the
greatest possible area of this quadrilateral?
 2016 RSM Olympiad 7-8

1. After multiplying r + 20s, r + 16m, and s + 2016m and simplifying the resulting
expression, what would be the coefficient of the rsm term? (For example, in 20x + 16xy +
2016xyz, 2016 is the coefficient of the xyz term.)
Answer: 40336
Solution. After multiplying we get two rsm terms: r×16m×s = 16rsm and 20s×r×2016m =
40320rsm. After simplifying we get one rsm term (16 + 40320)rsm = 40336rsm, so the
answer is 40,336 (or 40336).

2. There are three cars in the RSM garage: a Rolls Royce, a Studebaker, and a Maserati.
One of them is red, one of them is silver, and one of them is magenta. The silver car is
$2016 more expensive than the Studebaker. The magenta car is $6102 less expensive
than the Maserati. By how many dollars is the red car more expensive than the Rolls
Royce?
Answer: 4086
Solution. Let the Rolls Royce cost R dollars, the Studebaker cost S dollars, and the
Maserati cost M dollars. Then the total cost of all three cars equals R + S + M dollars. The
silver car costs S + 2016 dollars, and the magenta car costs M – 6102 dollars, so their
total cost equals (S + 2016) + (M – 6102) = S + M – 4086 dollars. But together with the
red car they cost R + S + M dollars, therefore the cost of the red car equals (R + S + M) –
(S + M – 4086) = R + 4086 dollars. Since R is the cost of the Rolls Royce, the red car is
$4086 more expensive than the Rolls Royce.

3. The diagram consists of a 4-by-4 square divided into 16 unit squares, and
all the diagonals of these 16 unit squares. How many squares of all sizes
and positions are there in this diagram, including squares that are made
up of other squares?
Answer: 72
Solution. Let’s count squares by their types and sizes. Square sides could be parallel
either to the sides or to the diagonals of the original 4×4 square. First, let’s consider
squares with sides parallel to the sides of the original 4×4 square. The diagram contains
only 1×1, 2×2, 3×3, and 4×4 such squares. There are 16 1×1 squares, 9 2×2 squares, 4
3×3 squares, and 1 4×4 square in the diagram, for a total of 16 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 30 squares.
Now let’s consider squares with sides parallel to the diagonals of the original 4×4
square (we call them “diagonal” squares). Call a triangle in the diagram small if it is not
made up of other triangles. The diagram contains only the following types of diagonal
squares: small (made up of 2 small triangles), medium (made up of 4 small diagonal
squares), large (made up of 9 small diagonal squares), and extra-large (made up of 16
small diagonal squares). There are 24 small, 13 medium, 4 large, and 1 extra-large
diagonal squares in the diagram, for a total of 24 + 13 + 4 + 1 = 42 diagonal squares.
Thus, there are 30 + 42 = 72 squares of all sizes and positions in the diagram.

4. Alice thought of a two-digit number. If she reverses the order of the digits, the new
number would be twice as large as the original number increased by 1. What was the
number Alice thought of?
Answer: 25
Solution. Let Alice’s two-digit number be TU, where T is the tens digit and U is the units
digit. It could also be written as 10T + U. If Alice reverses the order of the digits, the new
number will be UT = 10U + T. Since the new number is twice as large as the original
 2016 RSM Olympiad 7-8

number increased by 1, we obtain the following equation: 10U + T = 2(10T + U + 1),

which could be simplified to 8U – 2 = 19T. Since 8U and 2 are even, 19T must be even,
and therefore T must be an even digit. Note that T > 0 (Alice thought of a two-digit
number). If T = 2, 19T + 2 = 40, so U = 5. If T ≥ 4, 19T ≥ 76 which is greater than 8U – 2
(the largest possible value of 8U – 2 is 8×9 – 2 = 70). Since T = 2 and U = 5, the number
Alice thought of was 25.

5. Irina took the word GEOMETRY and replaced each of its eight letters with a number
according to the code A = 1, B = 2, …, Z = 26. Then she multiplied six of these numbers
to get a cube of an integer. Find this integer.
Answer: 150
Solution. First, let’s recall the order of the letters in the alphabet to get the numbers Irina
used to replace letters: G = 7, E = 5, O = 15, M = 13, E = 5, T = 20, R = 18, Y = 25. Note
that 7 and 13 are primes, and none of the other six numbers is a multiple of either 7 or 13.
Irina had to exclude numbers 7 and 13 from multiplication, otherwise the result would be
a multiple of 7 but not a multiple of 73 (or a multiple of 13 but not a multiple of 133), and
therefore the result would not be a cube of an integer. Thus, Irina multiplied numbers 5,
15, 5, 20, 18, and 25, so she got 5×15×5×20×18×25 =
5×(3×5)×5×(2×2×5)×(2×3×3)×(5×5) = (2×3×5×5)3 = 1503. Note that there is only one
integer whose cube is 1503, namely 150, so the answer is 150.

6. Venus took 30 numbers, rounded each of them up to the nearest integer, added the
results, and got 2016. When she took the original numbers, rounded each of them down
to the nearest integer and added the results, she got 2000. How many of her original
numbers were integers?
Answer: 14
Solution. If any of Venus’s 30 original numbers (let it be x) was an integer, then its value
did not change when rounding up or down to the nearest integer. (Formally, x = x = x
for any integer x, where y is the result of rounding a number y up to the nearest integer,
and y is the result of rounding a number y down to the nearest integer.) Therefore x
contributed to the first sum as much as x contributed to the second sum. If any of
Venus’s 30 original numbers (let it be x) was not an integer, then its value increased (by
less than 1) when rounding up to the nearest integer, and decreased (by less than 1) when
rounding down to the nearest integer. The results of these two rounding operations are
consecutive integers. (Formally, x < x < x and x – x = 1 for any non-integer x.)
Therefore x contributed to the first sum 1 more than x contributed to the second sum.
Thus, the value of the first sum (2016) is greater than the value of the second sum (2000)
by the total number of non-integers among Venus’s 30 original numbers. So, there were
2016 – 2000 = 16 non-integers and 30 – 16 = 14 integers among these 30 numbers.

7. The President of Dollarstan is deciding between two income tax plans. According to one
of the plans, all residents would pay tax equal to 10% of their yearly income (if this
income is positive). According to the other plan, the first 150,000 D-dollars of a
resident’s yearly income would not be taxed, and the tax (if any) would equal 16% of any
yearly income over 150,000 D-dollars. The President cannot decide which tax plan to
propose because his own tax under either plan is the same. What is the yearly income (in
D-dollars) of the President of Dollarstan? Note that this income is a positive number.
Answer: 400,000 (or 400000)
 2016 RSM Olympiad 7-8

Solution. Let x > 0 be the yearly income (in D-dollars) of the President of Dollarstan.
Since x > 0, under the first plan the President would pay tax equal to 10% of his yearly
income, i.e. 0.1x > 0. If x ≤ 150000, then under the second plan the President would pay
no tax, which is different from 0.1x. Therefore x > 150000, and under the second plan the
first 150000 D-dollars of the President’s yearly income would not be taxed, but the
President would still pay tax equal to 16% of his yearly income over 150000 D-dollars,
i.e. 0.16(x – 150000). Since the President’s tax under either plan is the same, we get the
following equation: 0.1x = 0.16(x – 150000). Simplifying, we get 0.06x = 24000  x =
400000 which indeed greater than 150000. Thus, the yearly income (in D-dollars) of the
President of Dollarstan is 400000.
Note. The above solution assumes that the President of Dollarstan is a resident of
Dollarstan, or at least pays income tax as a resident.

8. On Monday Ravi wrote a huge positive integer on the board. On Tuesday he wrote the
digit 2 near every odd digit on the board. On Wednesday he wrote the digit 3 near every
even digit on the board. At this point the total number of digits on the board was 2016
more than the total number of digits in Ravi's original huge number (from Monday).
What was the total number of digits on the board at the end of Tuesday?
Answer: 2016
Solution. Let x be the number of odd digits and y be the number of even digits in Ravi’s
original huge number. There was a total of x + y digits on the board at the end of
Monday. On Tuesday Ravi wrote the digit 2 on the board x times. Since 2 is even, there
were x odd and y + x even digits on the board at the end of Tuesday, for a total of 2x + y
digits. On Wednesday Ravi wrote the digit 3 on the board y + x times. Since 3 is odd,
there were x + (y + x) = 2x + y odd and y + x even digits on the board at the end of
Wednesday, for a total of 3x + 2y digits. Since this number was 2016 more than the total
number of digits in Ravi’s original huge number (from Monday), we get the following
equation: (3x + 2y) – (x + y) = 2016 which is equivalent to 2x + y = 2016. But 2x + y was
precisely the total number of digits on the board at the end of Tuesday, so the answer is
2016.

9. A square is drawn on each side of a triangle (each side of the triangle is a side of one of
the squares). None of the four shapes overlap. The ratio of the areas of the squares is
1:2:3. What is the degree measure of the largest angle of the triangle?
Answer: 90
Solution. Let a, b, c be the side lengths of the triangle, a ≤ b ≤ c. Then the areas of the
squares described in the problem statement would be a2 ≤ b2 ≤ c2. Since the ratio of the
areas of the squares is 1:2:3, we get a2:b2:c2 = 1:2:3, or b2 = 2a2, c2 = 3a2. Therefore a2 +
b2 = a2 + 2a2 = 3a2 = c2, so the triangle is a right one by the converse of the Pythagorean
Theorem. Since a right triangle contains one 90° angle and two acute angles (each
measuring less than 90°), the largest angle of the triangle measures 90°.

10. Rick, Sol, and Mike are in the same RSM class and have the same height. The average
height of all students in the class except Rick is 63.1 inches. The average height of all
students in the class except Rick and Sol is 62 inches. The average height of all students
in the class except Rick, Sol, and Mike is 60.625 inches. How many students are in this
class?
Answer: 11
 2016 RSM Olympiad 7-8

1 5
Solution 1. Since 63.1 = 63 10 and 60.625 = 60 8, one possibility is the following: there
are 10 students in the class without Rick, and 8 (precisely 2 less than 10) students in the
class without Rick, Sol, and Mike. In this case the total height of all students in the class
5
except Rick, Sol, and Mike is 8 × 60 8 = 485 inches. The total height of all students in
the class except Rick and Sol is 9 × 62 = 558 inches, therefore Mike is 558 – 485 = 73
1
inches tall. The total height of all students in the class except Rick is 10 × 63 10 = 631
inches, therefore Sol is 631 – 558 = 73 inches tall as well. Since this possibility satisfies
all the conditions of the problem (there are no more restrictions on Rick’s height except
that Rick, Sol, and Mike have the same height), the answer is that there are 10 + 1 = 8 + 3
= 11 students in the class.

Solution 2. Let N > 3 be the number of students in the class, let Rick, Sol, and Mike each
be x inches tall, and let the total height of all other N – 3 students be T inches. Then the
total height of all students in the class except Rick and Sol (there are N – 2 of them) is T
+ x inches, and the total height of all students in the class except Rick (there are N – 1 of
them) is T + 2x inches. So, the conditions of the problem could be written as the
𝑇𝑇+2𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇+𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇
following equations: 𝑁𝑁−1 = 63.1, 𝑁𝑁−2 = 62, and 𝑁𝑁−3 = 60.625. Let’s re-write the
equations in equivalent form: T + 2x = 63.1(N – 1), T + x = 62(N – 2), T = 60.625(N – 3).
Subtracting the first two equations from each other yields x = (63.1 – 62)N + (124 – 63.1)
= 1.1N + 60.9, and subtracting the last two equations from each other yields x = (62 –
60.625)N + (181.875 – 124) = 1.375N + 57.875. Thus, 1.1N + 60.9 = 1.375N + 57.875 
0.275N = 3.025  275N = 3025  N = 11. We can now find x and T to verify that N =
11 is not an extraneous solution.

11. All 6-digit positive integers containing each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 exactly once are
written down on the board. How many of these numbers are divisible by 8?
Answer: 84
Solution. Recall the following divisibility rules. An integer is divisible by 2 if and only if
its units digit is even (divisible by 2). An integer is divisible by 4 if and only if its tens
and units digits read in that order as a 2-digit number (leading 0s are allowed) is divisible
by 4. An integer is divisible by 8 if and only if its hundreds, tens, and units digits read in
that order as a 3-digit number (leading 0s are allowed) is divisible by 8. Also, for an
integer to be divisible by 8, it must be divisible by 2 and by 4 (although divisibility by 2
and by 4 does not guarantee divisibility by 8).
Now let’s consider all 3-digit positive integers containing only the digits 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, and not containing duplicate digits. Let’s count how many of these numbers are
divisible by 8. For a 3-digit number abc to be divisible by 8, its units digit c must be
even, i.e. it must be 2, 4, or 6.
Case 1: c = 2. For a 3-digit number ab2 to be divisible by 8, 2-digit number b2
must be divisible by 4. Since 2 is even but not divisible by 4, 2-digit number b0 must also
be even (which is always true) and not divisible by 4, so b must be odd (1, 3, or 5).
Sub-case 1.1: b = 1. Consider number a12. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 12 is divisible by 4 but not divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible
by 4 (which is always true) and not divisible by 8, so a must be odd (3 or 5).
 2016 RSM Olympiad 7-8

Sub-case 1.2: b = 3. Consider number a32. We want it to be divisible by 8.

Since 32 is divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible by 8, so a must be
even (4 or 6).
Sub-case 1.3: b = 5. Consider number a52. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 52 is divisible by 4 but not divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible
by 4 (which is always true) and not divisible by 8, so a must be odd (1 or 3).
Case 2: c = 4. For a 3-digit number ab4 to be divisible by 8, 2-digit number b4
must be divisible by 4. Since 4 is divisible by 4, 2-digit number b0 must also be divisible
by 4, so b must be even (2 or 6).
Sub-case 2.1: b = 2. Consider number a24. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 24 is divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible by 8, so a must be
even (6).
Sub-case 2.2: b = 6. Consider number a64. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 64 is divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible by 8, so a must be
even (2).
Case 3: c = 6. For a 3-digit number ab6 to be divisible by 8, 2-digit number b6
must be divisible by 4. Since 6 is even but not divisible by 4, 2-digit number b0 must also
be even (which is always true) and not divisible by 4, so b must be odd (1, 3, or 5).
Sub-case 3.1: b = 1. Consider number a16. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 16 is divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible by 8, so a must be
even (2 or 4).
Sub-case 3.2: b = 3. Consider number a36. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 36 is divisible by 4 but not divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible
by 4 (which is always true) and not divisible by 8, so a must be odd (1 or 5).
Sub-case 3.3: b = 5. Consider number a56. We want it to be divisible by 8.
Since 56 is divisible by 8, 3-digit number a00 must also be divisible by 8, so a must be
even (2 or 4).
So we found that there are 14 different 3-digit “endings” for a 6-digit number on
the board to be divisible by 8 (312, 512, 432, 632, 152, 352, 624, 264, 216, 416, 136, 536,
256, 456). Let’s consider one of these endings, abc, and count how many 6-digit numbers
on the board end with abc. For such a 6-digit number defabc, we have 3 choices for digit
d (any of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, except a, b, c). After we selected d, we have 2 choices
for digit e (any of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, except a, b, c, d). Finally, after we selected d
and e, we have just 1 choice for digit f (the remaining digit). So, for each of 14 possible
3-digit endings abc we can find exactly 3×2×1 = 6 6-digit numbers on the board with
such an ending. Since the divisibility of a 6-digit number by 8 is equivalent to the
divisibility of its 3-digit ending by 8, there are just 14 such 3-digit endings, and each of
them is an ending for 6 different 6-digit numbers on the board, we conclude that exactly
6×14 = 84 numbers on the board are divisible by 8.

12. Anton took three sides of an equilateral triangle with perimeter 2016, cut one of the sides
into two equal parts, and made a quadrilateral which is not a parallelogram using these
four segments. What is the greatest possible area of this quadrilateral?
Answer: 225,792 (or 225792)
Solution. Each side of the equilateral triangle is of length 2016÷3 = 672. Anton cut one of
the sides into two equal parts, each of length 672÷2 = 336. Therefore the four segments
are of length 672, 672, 336, and 336. Anton made a quadrilateral using these four
segments. If two longer sides (of equal length) of this quadrilateral are opposite to each
 2016 RSM Olympiad 7-8

other, then the two shorter sides (of equal length)

are opposite to each other as well. In this case the B
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. But the
quadrilateral Anton made was not a parallelogram,
therefore its two longer sides (of equal length) are
adjacent to each other, and its two shorter sides (of C
equal length) are adjacent to each other as well.
Such a quadrilateral is known as a kite (see the
diagram). Let’s name its vertices A, B, C, and D,
where B is the shared vertex of the two longer A D
sides and D is the shared vertex of the two shorter
sides. Since AB = BC, AD = DC, BD = BD, we H
conclude that ∆ABD ≅ ∆CBD, and therefore the
area of ABCD is twice the area of ∆ABD (let’s call these areas X and Y respectively).
Let’s draw an altitude DH from D to line AB, where point H is on this line. Since
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∙𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∙𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
DH ≤ DA, we can bound the area of ∆ABD: 𝑌𝑌 = 2 ≤ 2 , and therefore 𝑋𝑋 = 2𝑌𝑌 ≤
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ∙ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 672 ∙ 336 = 225792. This value is achieved when H = A, i.e. when m∠BAD
= 90°.
Note 1. We consider only simple quadrilaterals since the corresponding self-
intersecting quadrilaterals have smaller areas. We consider only convex kites since the
corresponding concave kites have smaller areas.
Note 2. By cutting a convex kite ABCD along its line of symmetry BD and gluing
the two congruent triangles ABD and CBD along segment BD (B to D and D to B) we get
a parallelogram with the same side lengths as the kite, and with the same area as the kite.
And vice versa, using cutting and gluing we can convert a parallelogram into a convex
kite. Thus, the greatest possible area of a kite with side lengths 672, 672, 336, and 336 is
the same as the greatest possible area of a parallelogram with side lengths 672, 672, 336,
and 336, which is achieved for a rectangle with side lengths 672, 672, 336, and 336. The
area of this rectangle is 672 ∙ 336 = 225792.