International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 3, No.

1, February 2013

The Important Role of People, Process and Technology

during Software Project Requirement
A. Haron, S. Sahibuddin, M. Harun, N. H. Zakaria, and M. N. Mahrin

some software project related work. The third section

Abstract—The need of organisation is to enhance the services provides a brief of research method. In fourth section, we
through Malaysian Public Sector system application. This paper presented the finding. In fifth section, we described
described the role of people, process and technology during experimental study that was implemented in Malaysian
software project requirement in Malaysian Public Sector. We
have done the survey to the IT Manager in Malaysian Public
Public Sector. Finally, the sixth section, we present some
Sector. The Public Sector IT Manager contributed their working conclusion.
experienced and knowledge for the survey. The purpose of the
survey is to determine the RE practice that implemented during
software project requirement. We also determine the role for II. RELATED WORK
people, process and technology during the software project The experience on software project development to IT
requirement. The result shows that 79.7 percent of IT Manager Personnel is increase but still they have not learned enough to
in Malaysia Public Sector has roles in software project ensure that our software development projects are successful.
requirement such as project leader, project manager and team
leader. Some of them have to be a consultant to other agency or
People who involved in setting up the application system
organization. They play their roles in business rules, business have been struggling with how to come up with a highly
process indirectly. credible site, and included some comments with regards to
sites credibility [5]. The failed projects reviewed were mostly
Index Terms—Requirement engineering, requirement huge and the failure factors were not just management factors
engineering process, SWOT analysis, software project success but also included technical factors [2]. The technical factor
factor.
such as software and hardware is to support ICT
infrastructure in the organization. Another factor to be
I. INTRODUCTION considered is IT Personnel that involve in requirement
The software project success factor (SPSF) involved process. The overview knowledge of software engineering is
during software project development is People, Process, and needed to collaborate with many participants from different
Technology. Why we need to remind the important of these background [1]. The analysis from the implemented
components? The IT Personnel more often believe they can application system in Public Sector can be use as guide. Then
predict the user needs. They also think that they understand alignment the result of analysis with the IT Personnel
the business well, better than the user, and try to force their experienced with Malaysia Public Sector environment.
ideas on the users [1] . Wherever, the stakeholder always The first step in developing system is to establish what our
blame that they know what they want through the experience stakeholder needs. Bring together all the identified
of they manage the business process. stakeholders; external and internal stakeholder [3]. Then
Meanwhile, these groups of people did not realize that align the needs with the business process to make it as
sometime the technology has the constraint to fulfill their software project requirement. One major problem is the
needs. Analysis may often be carried by IT Personnel application system did not provide the correct business
without involving people skills and the domain knowledge to process as perceived and expected by the users [3]. This is
understand a client's need. There are; misunderstanding, because projects are tracked by monitoring does not consider
misalignment and miscommunication will arise during the stakeholder or business process. However, efficient
analysis and negotiation process. processes are useless if we do not have the right people at the
This paper is divided into six sections. The first section right time. We must consider skills, practices, and
comprises this introduction. The second section presents organizational characteristic needed to execute the process
that will delivers stakeholder needs. Finally, we must have
the tools and technologies that support the activities of these
Manuscript received September 04, 2012; revised November 22, 2012. people to enable them to achieve their potential an empower
A. Haron is with the Public Service Department, Malaysia (e-mail: them to excel. The key components in these efforts are the
azlena.haron@yahoo.com).
S. Sahibuddin is with the Advanced Informatics School, Universiti focus on upgrading of the use of information and
Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100 WP (e-mail: shamsul@utm.my) communication technology (ICT) in government agencies to
M. Harun is with the National Institute of Public Adminstration (INTAN), enhance human capital development [6]. The availability of
Public Service Department, Malaysia (e-mail: drmazlan@intanbk.intan.my).
N. H. Zakaria is with the Information System and Computer Science resources with the right competencies helps in implementing
Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bharu, Malaysia the requirement [4].
(e-mail: hawaniah@utm.my). The outsourcing of software project play different role of
M. N. Mahrin is with the Advanced Informatics School, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100 WP (e-mail:
the IT Manager. We have to identify the owner of business
mdnazrim@utm.my) process, the people will involve, what is their roles, are they

DOI: 10.7763/IJMLC.2013.V3.266 24
 International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013

committed to improving it and working together and business rules, business process and technology [5]. Part 4 is
important, and are they prepared to do the work to fix the investigation on RE practice during software project
problem. This a good experience and more talented to the IT requirement. The scale of Part 3 is 1 to 10, which 1: Not
Personnel. happened at all and 10: Happen all the time. The explicit and
implicit RE practice derive from part 4. These parts divided
five sections, Elicitation Process, Analysis and Negotiation
III. RESEARCH METHOD Process, Documentation Process, Management Process; and
The implementation of the research base on research Verification and Validation Process [6]. The scale of Part 4 is
problem; the needed of standardized guideline for IT 1 to 10, which 1: Not implemented at all and 10: Happen all
Personnel in Malaysia Public Sector to make sure that the the time. We listed the practice that developed from the RE
requirement proposed of acceptance for software project critical issues in every RE process [7]. For the analysis we
requirement practices will align with the Public Sector ICT's divided the scale into 5 groups. The groups are 1-2: Strongly
Vision. The survey implement in Malaysia Public Sector. The Disagree; 3-4: Medium Disagree; 5-6: Natural Agree; 7-8:
survey answered by the IT Manager as respondent. This Medium Agree; and 9-10: Strongly Agree. Part V is
group usually had the experience in development or Comments and Suggestions. We used a SPSS to analyses the
maintenance of software projects. The more senior of their data.
position in organisation, they have more experience in The third step is a Pilot Test. The suggested practices must
handled a software project such as software development or also be piloted to ensure the practicality and usefulness of the
maintenance, networking, operational and managing data developed RE process [8]. We tested the RE practice to the
centre. The implementation of research consists of several selected 25 IT Manager through email. The results show 91.5
steps. percent from the respondent whose response to the survey
The first step is interview with IT Manager that identified uses the available methodology to guide them during the
have experience in handling software project requirement. requirement process. There are, Waterfall Model, Agile,
The interview guided by a set of questionnaire. The purpose Incremental, Evolutionary, Prototyping, and Rational
of the interview is to investigate the current RE practices Unified Process (RUP). A software lifecycle defines the
during the preparation of SRS for software project. We different stages in the lifetime of a software product. A
determine the main entities and support entities during the software lifecycle defines the principles and guidelines with
SRS process flow. The entities involved are Idea, Initial different stages [9]. They used different of methodology
Requirement, Decision Making, Implementation and Detail because of some reason. There are, type of software project,
Requirement. The SRS process flow supported by Reference, project leader, duration of the software project, and
Committee and Guideline entity. This process flow experience in using the methodology. We developed the RE
monitoring by appointed people or committee. practice guideline and make it suitable with IT Personnel
The second step is inspections of documents, observations knowledge and experience. This is the best way for the IT
of requirements and policy that can support the research. The Personnel follow the simple guideline and easy to understand.
objective is related document procedure to support the This guideline blend with the standard suggested.
analysis. Literature related to preparing and development of The fourth step is actual survey. The questionnaire rework
questionnaire. We identified the software project success based on pilot test comment. The questionnaire survey spread
factor (SPSF) for Malaysia Public Sector; business rules, to the respondent (30% from the total of IT Manager) in the
business process, technology, stakeholder, developer, and IT department. Beside to get feedback for the finding, we
manager [5]. We blend with RE process that identified: also want the IT manager aware of the practices that they
elicitation, analysis and negotiation, documentation, and have done and should be done. The surveys have been
verification and validation [6]. We listed the issues during distributed to 325 IT Manager to 44 IT agency or IT
software project development. We derived RE critical issues department in Malaysian Public Sector. The fourth step is
from the problem listed by SPSF [7]. We done the mapping conducting the actual survey. The questionnaire used in this
of RE process with RE critical issues for developing the RE step is reworked based on comments received from the pilot
practice. This set of RE practice is an important part of the test. The new questionnaire is distributed to a total of 325 IT
survey. managers and 44 IT agencies in the public sectors. The total
The questionnaire divided into of five parts. The respondent is 30% from the total of IT managers.
information of IT Manager derived from Part 1. Part 1 is The fifth step is evaluation process. The practices will
Demographic Profile. The information included their evaluate by the IT expert in Malaysia Public Sector. We
department, organization, gender, education and working identify the expert is the senior IT Personnel (JUSA and
experience. Part 2 is Personal Experience in Software Project above). This group of people is a head of IT Department.
Requirement. This part is purposely for getting the personnel They have a lot of experience in managing software project.
experienced in the software project requirements. Here, we Finally, we have to validate the approving requirement of
will know the project involved, who gave the approval, IT software project with suggested tools. Once the requirements
Manager position in this project and the length of project to been determined, giving them a weighting. It is for capture
be completed. Part 3 is problems during Software Project the knowledge and experience of experts familiar with the
Requirement. There happened some problem such as conflict software requirement process. The weights for these factors
with the roles of manager, stakeholder and developer during were determined using expert opinion through the use of a
software project requirement. In addition, the roles of Delphi survey [11]. This testing will produce the best

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 International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013

practices as an appropriate guideline in developing for V. ANALYSIS

software projects in Public Sector. An analysis done based on people, process and technology.
The factor for strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threat
shows in Table I, Table II and Table III.
IV. RESULT
TABLE I: THE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS ANALYSIS FROM PEOPLE
We determine software project success factor (SPSF) is PERSPECTIVE
Business Rules, Business Process, Technology, Stakeholders, Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat
Developer, and Managers [7]. Mean while ICT framework Training Attachment
Technical Skill Management
act as baseline for the implementation of software project. Program Program
Business
Every group has their own roles and responsibility. In order Business Skill Certification Security
Process
to understand their role, we regrouped the SPSF into three Movement of
Abroad Training
component; people, process, and technology (Fig. 1). We people
analyst the data based on the frequency of respondent.
TABLE II: THE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS ANALYSIS FROM PROCESS
PERSPECTIVE
Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat
Circular Change Management Innovation Restructure
Framework Vision and Mission Competition Rebranding
Service Delivery R&D Different
e-Government Awareness
Expert
MAMPU

TABLE III: THE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS ANALYSIS FROM TECHNOLOGY

PERSPECTIVE
Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat
Application systems RE Guideline Tools
Workflow and Procedure REP R&D Techniques
Consultatio
Knowledge Capital Maturity Standard Methods
Fig. 1. Software project success factor n
RE Maturity
SPSF for people are Stakeholders, Developer, and ICT Infrastructure
Managers. Top managers and other strategic-view
stakeholders agreed that complete and accurate requirements, A. The Strength Analysis from People Perspective
understanding customer problems and his involvement in the We listed the issues of strength as training program and
project are necessary for the project success [10]. There are business process (Table I). National Institute of Public
two main knowledge flows: the one from users to developers Administration (INTAN) is the training center for Malaysian
is mainly knowledge in business domain and other users’ Public Sector. This training center focus to the public sector
tacit knowledge, while the other one from developers to users business processes. The training program planned to upgrade
is knowledge in software domain and system performance or refresh the skill and experience of public sector people
requirements, etc [11]. Project managers believe that most including IT Personnel. Workers must continuously be
important for project success is to have very good project trained to enhance their knowledge and skills [17]. INTAN
management and experienced team [10] the success of any now moves to certification in IT skill such as ITIL, PMP, and
product depends on the skills and competence of the product CISCO which needed in their daily works. These programs
manager [12] running base on eight fields that IT Personnel in Malaysian
SPSF for process are business rules, business process and Public Sector should be expert. There are, the ICT Strategic
ISP Framework. Process is a logical sequence of tasks Planning, Project Management, Knowledge Management,
performed to achieve a particular objective [13]. A business System Development, Data Center Management, Database
rule is a statement that aims to influence or guide behavior Management, Network, and Security. The basic knowledge
and information in an organization and categorized to that IT Manager should have is System Development. The
mandate, policies and guidelines [14]. Ensuring that respondent that experiences more than ten years in System
organizational IT is in alignment with and provides support Development is 46.2 percent. Software development is a
for an organization’s business strategy is critical to business people intensive activity [18]. The more project that the IT
success. A requirements engineering framework for manager involve, they have more experience in consult the
organizational IT directly addresses an organization’s people to put in practice their responsibility.
business strategy. It will align IT requirements with the We listed the issues of opportunity as local training,
business strategy [15]. ISP framework in Malaysian Public attachment program, certification program and abroad
Sector contains the ICT Strategic Planning, which directed training. We make it the issues as our strength to motivate the
with vision and mission. public sector people. There are many opportunities that given
The last SPSF is ICT infrastructure. Technology by government in improving skill and knowledge added
infrastructure consists of hardware devices, operating value for the IT Personnel. The focus is to upgrading of the
systems and middleware on which the information systems use of information and communication technology (ICT) in
run [16]. government agencies to enhance human capital development

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 International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013

[17]. Therefore; Local Training – joint venture with private development and the business processes, hardware and
sector such as IBM, Microsoft; Attachment Program- to other software technology, able to deal with people, good
organization for gained experience and knowledge; interviewing and verbal communication skills, conceptual
Certification – further study or joint certified program; and and functional modeling, requirements engineering process
Abroad Training – cooperation or collaboration program and its deliverables, conducting a cost/benefits analysis,
with Japan such as JICA, Korea such as KOICA and KOTI, issues related to system implementation and organizational
and G15 program. Some of IT Personnel will be given change [18]. The lack of soft skill such as communication
chances in further their study in Master or PhD program. The and negotiation skill is 47.3 percent happen all the time of the
frequency of respondent have master degree is 32.5 percent, software project requirements. IT Personnel need business
while 4.3 percent of respondent have PhD. The Public skill in their communication. The need of negotiation skill
Service Department encourages the IT Personnel to upgrade and creative thinking can help them during the discussion and
their knowledge through incentive for Public Sector understanding process. The difference of background, task
Personnel (HLP) program. The ICT knowledge that they and job can creates different vocabularies or terms. The IT
have during studies can contribute to the improvement of the Personnel tried to make the requirements fit an existing
success of system development. The lack of expert in system system rather than develop a system specific to the needs of
development is 41.8 percent happen all the time of the the client. The business skill that IT Personnel should have is
software project requirements. Even though the IT Manager able manage ICT tools, budget estimation, good negotiation
claim they have experience in system development more than and verbal communication skills [18].
ten year, they have experience in manage the software project Manager can be IT Personnel or non IT Personnel. Project
implementation not the software project requirement. managers believe that most important for project success is to
have very good project management and experienced team
B. The Weakness Analysis from People Perspective
[10]. Their position during software project requirement is
We listed the issues of weakness as technical skill, best describes as Project Leader (17.7 percent), Project
business skill and movement of people (Table I). The needs Manager (25.7) and Team Leader (34.5 percent). Their roles
of technical skill should be align with business skill. The are to make decision of the agreeing that had been decided by
movement of certain people will give impact to development stakeholder and developer. One of the most important
process. Some mechanisms need to be applying in continual decisions to be made by a software project manager is how to
by incoming people. proper staff the project [19]. What managers thinking is
The main need of Public Sector stakeholder is to receive certainly interesting information, but these managers are not
the services on time. They have the high expectation of ICT the future users. What they want is not necessarily at users
capability to simplify the business process through the want. The conflict with manager is 31.8 percent happen all
system application. The process for getting requirement from the time of the software project requirements. The managers
the user is either through the meeting and discussion or probably do not have the kind of knowledge about users
through the interview. The user satisfaction of any system needed. The ice breaking program in software project team
filled with basic requirement [19]. The users refer the should include the stakeholder. These programs fit in their
business process documentation or their work flow for the planning.
requirement. The misalignment of requirement with business The movement of the IT Personnel is one the important
process is 40.9 percent happen all the time of the software issues. The IT Personnel move because of many reasons such
project requirements. The users usually have their own as promotion, inter organization changes or further study.
interest and prefer their idea had been accepted. Sometimes These situations will be affecting the IT Personnel who play
the need is base on their feel not base on the business process. the important role in a software development project such as
The complicated of business process makes the user difficult Project Manager, Project Leader and Team Leader. These
to understand. The stakeholders also not a technical person, groups of people are well known with the activities have been
they always change the requirements. The misunderstanding planned. They have to transfer their skill, knowledge or
during agreeing process is 50.9 percent happen all the time of expertise to the organization either with documentation or
the software project requirements. The stakeholder did not verbally. The best way is through the transfer the technology
understand the development process; the possibilities of process.
changes the requirement and constraints of the ICT We listed the issues of threat as management and security.
technology. We make it the threat issues as our weakness to encourage the
Developer is recognized as technical people. The IT Personnel more creative and innovative. Some of the
technical people should have multi skill and knowledge of application systems have to be outsourcing to the company.
ICT, with great ideas, creative concepts, and powerful These decisions made of management because of some
technologies. Surely they can design a great system but it did constraint such as time, expertise and budget. The
not mean the application accepted by the stakeholder. The IT outsourcing of software project development gave a good
people feel the users will need and then try to market the change for the IT Personnel in upgrade their knowledge and
system to the stakeholder. The miscommunication with experience. The warranty period during maintenance with the
stakeholder is 50.9 percent happen all the time of the company should fully used by IT Personnel. Our technical
software project requirements. IT people may understand the person will do the transfer of technology while they support
business process, but their perceptions of the business the maintenance. The critical success factor for Software
process objectives may be different with the users. A capable Company is to respond quickly to changing requirements
IT Personnel should have a skill set including system

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 International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013

while maintaining but they have the expertise [20]. The daily work make the high demand of the development of new
outsourcing company more knew the policy, security and application system. The constraint of process development
workflow. They can guide the IT Personnel during the system is the capability of IT Personnel. There are more than
transfer of technology. The lack of appropriate experience is one of application system should be manage or monitor by
42.6 percent happen all the time of the software project the development team. The IT department has to make
requirements. The transfer of technology should be more priority base on the urgency of needs. There are a situation
interesting if the IT Personnel lead in every time of changes, where the system did not use or accept by the user because of
updating and installation. The authorization such as the user did not accepted the system. The team has to do
username and password should be given to the Public Sector awareness programmed to invite the user. Change
IT Personnel of the software project. Management programmed has to be plan and implement.
One of the reason is the system did not relate to the vision and
C. The Strength Analysis of Process Perspective
mission organization. We should do some research or
We listed the issues of strength as circular, framework, prototype of the system before we plan to develop the new
service delivery, e-Government, expert, MAMPU. MAMPU application system. We can give the best solution for the user
was given the responsibility of studying and identifying the and stakeholder.
major problems facing administrative development at all The dealing with large complex and dynamic projects and
levels of administration and suggesting measures to processes become a problem with the IT department in the
overcome them (Table II). MAMPU continues to initiate and Public Sector. The government plan to outsource in certain
spearhead administrative improvements and modernization IT project to the private sector. The purpose of this
efforts in the public service Government of Malaysia had programmed is to fill the gap of knowledge and expertise. At
Circular. Creating a successful application system requires the end of project, the training and transfer of technology is a
identifying business needs and translating them into a good for win-win situation. But it is not happen because of a
organization vision and scope. Planning the layout of time gap of communication, knowledge and other factor between
frame software project is 80.0 percent happen all the time of public sector and private sector. The practicable schedule
the software project requirements. Public Sector’s ICT should be planning to overcome the issues.
Vision is to deliver efficient and quality service through the We listed the issues of threat as restructure, rebranding,
use of ICT. In achieving this vision, the ICT Strategic Plan and different. We make it the issues as our weakness to
will be used in defines the vision, strategic direction and encourage the IT Personnel more creative and innovative.
framework for the usage of ICT in the Public Sector; the The structuring of the organization will be affect to software
objectives and strategic thrust areas of ICT development for process requirement. Some the IT Personnel will move to
the Public Sector; as well as the implementation strategies other unit or organization. The restructuring of organization
and action plans to be taken to realize the objectives of the is 33.6 percent happen all the time of the software project
plan. The respondent that experience in ICT Strategic requirements. The staffing problem is modeled and solved as
Planning is 93.2 percent, and about 23.1 percent of them have a constraint satisfaction problem [18]. The ratio of IT
experience more than 10 years. It means the Malaysian Personnel to serve in Malaysia Public Sector in small number
Public Sector have the experience IT manager that really compares to other service. The very experienced IT
expert in Strategic Planning which can guide the other in plan Personnel needed as trainer, consultant and seconded to other
the future requirement of ICT. The vision of Malaysia organizations. The rebranding will make the IT depart grow
Electronic Government is to transform administrative with the increase of units and new staff. The organization
process and service delivery through the use information needs a good plan and time to train the new IT Personnel. The
communication and multimedia. The implementation of differentiation of business need among organization also give
e-Government will gave the good impact in improving the impact to IT Personnel to exchange their experience and
Service Delivery to the public. Designing a credible knowledge. The different from other Public Sector is a good
government application system is a fairly complicated matter. comparison whereby the government can gets experience or
There are group of IT Expertise to be referred in the Malaysia knowledge from other government in the world. The
Government. comparison should be base of how to upgrade service
We listed the issues of opportunity as innovation and delivery with our infrastructure information technology
competition. There are several ICT competition and ICT capability. The solutions that base on technology will
innovation in Malaysia Public Sector. This occasion is just capable in certain range because of the changes of technology
not tends for the competition among the agency or is continual. To fulfil these needs one has to achieve high
organization but more to appreciate and motive the quality coordination, communication and collaboration. We
organization in giving best service through ICT. can use the proof-of-concept in helping the IT Personnel get
D. The Weakness Analysis of Process Perspective the idea and best solution. The experience and observation by
We listed the issues of weakness as change management, from the private sector help in reduce the burden on servicing
vision and mission, research and development, and agency, bring in the expertise, enhance the speed of
awareness (Table 2). IT literate campaign is not for the public, implementation, and offer better value proposition to the
but including the Malaysia Public Sector. One of the major citizens.
problems due to application system is that the system did not E. The Strength Analysis of Technology Perspective
provide the correct business process as perceived and We listed the issues of strength as the needed of
expected by the users. The needs of improvement in their application system, workflow and procedure, and knowledge

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capital (Table III). The needed of application systems in the company that involved the Public Sector should used the
automated of business process in improving the service standard model, and will make the IT Personnel more
delivery for the stakeholder. The comparison with other confident and sure what model that had been used. At the end
country cannot be denied by the government of Malaysia. In the IT Personnel should understand the model of RE Maturity.
the IT era, ICT is the practicable tools to upgrade the services. We listed the issues of threat as tools, technique, and
Workflow and procedure can be improving the current method. We make it the issues as our weakness to encourage
process through the ICT technology. The IT Personnel in the IT Personnel more creative and innovative. The IT
Public Service Department is asset to the Public Sector. They Personnel should aware of tools, techniques or methods that
have their own skill, knowledge, experience and idea that they do not understand. The capabilities and limitations of
really different from each others. Their capacity can be technology must be considered when suggested the software
categories and level it into the specific goal and also can project requirement [13]. The difficulty to explain to
share through the knowledge sharing. As IT Personnel which stakeholder of the right technology is 44.5 percent happen all
tend to be early adopters of new technology, they may not the time of the software project requirements. Some of the
just represent the high technology products. They should be company just explain the end of the result of the application;
better known as a practitioner and implementing the they did not show the architecture of the application. At the
development of ICT Technology. end IT Personnel cannot customize base on their requirement.
We listed the issues of opportunity as guideline, research There are many types of software engineering: large or small;
and development, and consultation. There is several system commodity or custom; embedded or user-intensive; legacy or
development models, methodology that can be refer as a reuse.
guideline. When introducing new technology, government
agencies must ensure that the new technology would work VI. CONCLUSION
well with the existing technology that is already in place [21]. The implementation of software development is a journey
The most important is the IT Personnel should know which or continuing process improvement. The people in the
model that suitable with the software project. They can base discussion are Stakeholder, Developer and Manager. They
on the research that had been done for the system are from different background of experience, education,
development by the researcher all over the world. The knowledge, needs and goal. The analysis of SPSF will ensure
technology produce as minima globalization is 38.2 percent organization achieve their goal and objective. The challenge
happen all the time of the software project requirements. is to make them agreed on suggested issues. The stakeholder
They also can base on the company that certified and gave the opinion based on their experience in carried out the
successful in development and implementation of software process. The developer will suggested their experience based
projects. They should consider for the solution, less costly on past experience. The manager role should align the idea of
business solutions and time to implement. This is particularly stakeholder with the solution suggested by developer. The
attractive when project funding is low or when the delivery manager should have or should know the subject matter that
schedule is tight. discussion between stakeholder and developer.
F. The Weakness Analysis of Technology Perspective The changes of business rules and business process should
be aware by IT Personnel. Even though we have to limit the
We listed the issues of weakness as RE, REP, Maturity
changes of requirement but the critical changes should be
Standard, RE Maturity, and ICT infrastructure. The ICT skill
updated. Otherwise, some may be indicated; the system does
or knowledge specially focuses to the IT Personal (Table III).
not match with workflow; the system is not implemented
The initial requirement which suggested to the management is
properly, such as hanging or overload. The most concern is
more to the assumption and experience. Practically, we need
the system is not accepted by the management.
to what standard we should refer. Our research to make the
ICT technologies develop rapidly. IT Personnel should
implementation or software project requirement realistic with
always ready to follow the changing needs of application
the Public Sector and understood by the IT Personnel. The
systems. The changes of the system requirements should be
need of RE basic knowledge is required in helping the IT
studied carefully and accurately. The existing of ICT
Personnel know what they should know before jump to the
infrastructure needs to be upgrade accordingly to the
system design. They have to know how to REP process had
requirements. It will avoid from the failure of system
been done [6]. The difficulty to achieve the international
implementation. The business process will blend with the
standard is 49.1 percent happen all the time of the software
technology to fulfill the stakeholder needs and also meet the
project requirements. This knowledge important either they
requirement for Public Sector application system. Meanwhile,
have to do it on their own or the REP done by the company.
the ICT infrastructure is a platform to implement the system
They avoid to refer the flow of REP can cause the users not
application in the organization. No organization can improve
satisfy [4]. The complete of requirement can help the
all aspects of software project development at once.
achievable of the maturity of software project. They also need
As conclusion, the changes in style of work not depend to
to know the variety of the standard. The IT Personnel should
the system application but more to the people. It wills more
not confuse in using the standard. The constraint of
effective if the people understand their role and responsibility.
technology is 46.4 percent happen all the time of the software
The group of people includes Stakeholder, Project Team and
project requirements. The wrong selection of the standard can
Management should understand the process very well before
affect to the end result of software project development. The
they agree it can be a part of requirement [6]. The IT
using of this model is more practical in the Public Sector
Personnel usually have to promise or guarantee that the
environment. This model had been implemented the company,

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system will help the stakeholder improve their daily work. Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures, vol. 3,
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REFERENCES
A. Haron is IT Manager in Malaysian Public Sector.
[1] A. Dutoit, R. McCall, I. Mistrík, and B. Paech, “Rationale management She started services with Public Service Department in
in software engineering: Concepts and techniques,” Rationale 1993 as System Analyst. Her experience on developed
management in software engineering, pp. 1–48, 2006. and managed application system and a trainer for
[2] N. Cerpa and J. M. Verner, “Why did your project fail?” diploma programmed. She also experienced on manage
Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 130–134, 2009. Data Center and Networking. Currently, she is a PhD
[3] J. Makolm, “A Holistic Reference Framework for e-Government: The candidate at the Department of Computer Systems and
Practical Proof of a Scientific Concept,” in System Sciences, 2006. Communications, Faculty of Computer Science and
HICSS’06. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia. Her
Conference on, 2006, vol. 4, p. 77a. research interests in requirement engineering.
[4] S. Barney, A. Aurum, and C. Wohlin, “Quest for a silver bullet:
Creating software product value through requirements selection,” in S. Sahibuddin is a professor of the Advanced
32nd EUROMICRO Conference onSoftware Engineering and Informatics School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Advanced Applications, 2006, pp. 274–281. International Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He is
[5] A. Haron and S. Sahibuddin, “The Strength and Weakness of also the Dean of Advanced Informatics School. His has
Requirement Engineering (RE) Process,” presented at the ICCTD 2010: produced various publications including journals,
2010 the 2nd International Conference on Computer Technology and papers, monographs, teaching modules and other form
Development, Cairo, Egypt, 2010. of publications. He also joined as a committee member
[6] A. Haron and S. Sahibuddin, “The Roles of an Actor in Requirement for many conferences and professional membership
Engineering Process,” in Proc. of the 3rd IEEE International such as Association of Computing Machinery, ACM SIGGROUP and ACM
Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, SIGSOFT to name a few. His research interests are not limited to software
Chengdu, China, 2010. engineering, groupware application and software process improvement.
[7] A. Haron and S. Sahibuddin, “Identification of Critical Issues for
Requirement Engineering based on Software Project Components in M. Harun is currently the deputy director (ICT) of
Organisation,” in Proc. 2011 International Conference on Software National Institute of Public Adminstration (INTAN).
and Information Engineering (ICSIE 2011), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, He has been involved in Malaysia public sector ICT
2011. agenda for over 30 years. He obtained a Ph.D
[8] M. Kauppinen, M. Vartiainen, J. Kontio, S. Kujala, and R. Sulonen, (Computer Science) from the University of
“Implementing requirements engineering processes throughout Loughborough, United Kingdom in 2000, M.Sc.
organizations: success factors and challenges,” Information and (Computer Science) from University of New York
Software Technology, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 937–953, 2004. (SUNY), USA in 1991 and B.Sc (Computer Science)
[9] A. Fuggetta, “Software process: a roadmap,” in Proceedings of the from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 1979
Conference on the Future of Software Engineering, 2000, pp. 25–34.
[10] E. Egorova, M. Torchiano, M. Morisio, C. Wohlin, A. Aurum, and R. B. N. H. Zakaria is a senior lecturer at the Faculty of
Svensson, “Stakeholders’ Perception of Success: An Empirical Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti
Investigation,” in Proc. 35th Euromicro Conference on Software Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Engineering and Advanced Applications, 2009, pp. 210–216. Her research interests are software engineering,
[11] J. Wan, H. Zhang, D. Wan, and D. Huang, “Research on Knowledge database, ontology development, and software process
Creation in Software Requirement Development,” Journal of Software model.
Engineering and Applications, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 487–494, 2010.
[12] C. Ebert, “The impacts of software product management,” Journal of
Systems and Software, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 850–861, 2007.
[13] J. A. Estefan, “Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) M. N. Mahrim serves as a senior lecturer and IT
methodologies,” Incose MBSE Focus Group, vol. 25, 2007. manager of the Advanced Informatics School,
[14] M. zur Muehlen, M. Indulska, and G. Kamp, “Business Process and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus,
Business Rule Modeling: A Representational Analysis,” in Kuala Lumpur. He received the BSc and MSc degrees
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Vocabularies, in computer science from the Universiti Teknologi
Ontologies and Rules for The Enterprise. Eds.: K. Taveter, D. Gasevic. Malaysia in 1997 and 2000 respectively. In 2010, he
IEEE: Baltimore, Maryland, 2007. completed his PhD degree in Software Engineering
[15] S. J. Bleistein, K. Cox, J. Verner, and K. T. Phalp, “B-SCP: A from the University of Queensland, Australia. His
requirements analysis framework for validating strategic alignment of research interests include software engineering process and quality, software
organizational IT based on strategy, context, and process,” Information measurement, usability evaluation, and information security management.
and Software Technology, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 846–868, 2006. His current research work (as a project leader) are on test coverage analysis
[16] R. M. Foorthuis and S. Brinkkemper, “Best Practices for Business and and ontology-based software redocumentation.
Systems Analysis in Projects Conforming to Enterprise Architecture,”

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