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Form 4 Biology (Chap 1)

Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. It has many fields of study including zoology, botany, genetics, and ecology. Understanding biology enables insights into life on Earth, human health, disease cures, and applications in biotechnology. Careers related to biology include those in medicine, biotechnology, agriculture, industry, and environmental fields. Scientific investigation in biology uses both science process skills like critical thinking, and manipulative skills for experiments. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions to systematically understand phenomena.

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97 views2 pages

Form 4 Biology (Chap 1)

Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. It has many fields of study including zoology, botany, genetics, and ecology. Understanding biology enables insights into life on Earth, human health, disease cures, and applications in biotechnology. Careers related to biology include those in medicine, biotechnology, agriculture, industry, and environmental fields. Scientific investigation in biology uses both science process skills like critical thinking, and manipulative skills for experiments. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions to systematically understand phenomena.

Uploaded by

loyweiwin
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology:

1.1 The Study of Biology

1 Biology is the organized study of life and living things (organisms) , and their interactions with
one another and the natural environment.
2 The word “Biology” originates from the Greek words ‘ bios’ and ‘logos’. ‘Bios’ means ‘life’ and
‘logos’ means ‘study’. Hence, Biology is the study of life.

1.1.1 The Importance of Biology

1. The study of living organisms and their living processes enables us to have a better
understanding about life on Earth.
2. A better understanding of how the human body functions.
Finding cures for diseases.
3. The application of biological knowledge and principles has bought major developments in the
fields of biotechnology.

1.1.2 The different fields of study in Biology

Living Things organisms


Zoology = The study of animals Physiology = Physical and biochemical
Botany = The study of plants functions and processes of
Microbiology = The study of microorganisms organisms
Taxonomy = Classification of living and Histology = Study of tissues
extinct organisms
Entomology = Study of insects Change and development in living things over time
Mycology = Study of fungi Genetics = Heredity and genetic variation
Paleontology = The study of fossils
Living Things and the Environment Virology = Study of viruses
Ecology = Relationships between living Bacteriology = Study of bacteria
organisms and their
environment Applied Biology
Biogeography = Geographical distribution of Biotechnology = The application of biological
organisms processes and living
microorganisms in industry
Structures and functions of living organisms Medicine = Treatment and prevention of
Cytology = Structure and function of cells diseases in humans
Anatomy = Internal structure and Biomedicine = The application of biological and
organization of living physical principal to clinical
organisms practice.
Biochemistry = Chemistry of living organisms, Pharmacology = preparation and dispensing of
especially the structure and drug
function of their chemical Veterinary = treatment and prevention of
components diseases in animals

Morphology = Form and structure of


Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology:
1.1.3 Careers related to Biology

Fields Careers
Medicine Doctors, nurses, Physiotherapists, Pharmacist, Dentist,
Veterinarians, Dentist, Forensic Officers, Scientists
Biotechnology Biotechnologists, Nutritionists, Food technologists,
Research Officers, Scientists
Agriculture Estate managers, Botanists, Agricultural Officers.
Fisheries Officers, Research Officers, Scientists
Industry Dieticians, Research Officers, Scientists
Environment Ecologists, Environmentalists

1.2 Scientific Investigation

The study of Biology involves scientific skills which consist of two components
(a) science process skills- analytical, critical and creative thinking skills which enable an individual to
ask questions and arrive at an answer and explanation for a phenomenon in

a systematic manner
(b) manipulative skills - psychomotor skills to carry out scientific investigations and experiments.

1.2.1 The Scientific Method

1. Identifying a Problem- All scientific investigations begin with an observation of a specific


phenomenon. Based on the observations made, problem statements are formulated. An
inference, which is a logical conclusion or possible interpretation based on the observation, is
made.
2. Making a Hypothesis- A hypothesis is a general statement about or a possible explanation for an
observed phenomenon, the validity which has not been proven yet. It is used as a basis for
further investigation. A hypothesis provides a clear link between a manipulated variable and a
responding variable. Hypotheses can be tested by conducting experiments
3. Planning the Investigation- How to control the variable, which materials to use, what
procedures to follow, what data to data to collect, how to record and present that data, what
control experiment is suitable.
4. Identifying and Controlling Variables- Variables are factors that will affect the results.
[manipulated variable, responding variable, constant variable]
5. Conducting the Experiment- Experiment is carried out
6. Collecting Data- When recording and verifying, be honest and accurate. The recording is usually
in forms of tables, graphs and diagrams.
7. Analyzing and Interpreting data- Analysis of data may include tabulations and calculations of the
results. The relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable must be
stated clearly
8. Making conclusions- A rational conclusion is then drawn as to whether the results support or
refute the hypothesis.
9. Writing a Report- The results of any experiment must be communicated. Therefore, a complete
report must be written based on the findings of the experiment. The report must be clear and
concise. Use sub-headings when writing a report.

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