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1 Quarter Gen Biology 1

This document provides an overview of general biology concepts including the branches of biology, characteristics of life, principles of biology, the scientific method, and examples of data collection. It discusses the various fields that biologists study like zoology, botany, genetics and more. The seven characteristics of life are defined as homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction. The five unifying principles of biology are also introduced as cell theory, evolution, genes, homeostasis, and energy. Finally, the scientific method and examples of data collection tables, graphs, and charts are outlined.

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Kei Santiago
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31 views3 pages

1 Quarter Gen Biology 1

This document provides an overview of general biology concepts including the branches of biology, characteristics of life, principles of biology, the scientific method, and examples of data collection. It discusses the various fields that biologists study like zoology, botany, genetics and more. The seven characteristics of life are defined as homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction. The five unifying principles of biology are also introduced as cell theory, evolution, genes, homeostasis, and energy. Finally, the scientific method and examples of data collection tables, graphs, and charts are outlined.

Uploaded by

Kei Santiago
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1ST QUARTER GEN BIOLOGY 1

Branches of Biology
Zoology – Study of Animals
Botany – study of plants
Microbiology – study of micro-organisms
Cytology – study of cells
Biotechnology – manipulation of DNA for useful purposes
Ecology – study of the relationships between organisms and the environment
Paleontology – study of fossils
Bacteriology – study of bacteria
Virology – study of viruses
Herpetology – study of reptiles
Ichthyology – study of fish
Ornithology – study of birds
Genetics – study of heredity and variation
Entomology – study of insects
Anatomy – study of structures
Physiology – study of functions
Agronomy – study of grasses and crops
Taxonomy - The study of grouping according to similar characteristics

What biologists do?


 Study the diversity of life
 Research diseases
 Develop technologies
 Improve agriculture
 Preserve the environment

The Seven Characteristics of Life

 Homeostasis
 Organization
 Metabolism
 Growth
 Adaptation
 Response to Stimuli
 Reproduction

Homeostasis - Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state.


Organization - Being structurally composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.
Metabolism - Living things require energy to maintain internal organization (homeostasis) and to produce the
other phenomena associated with life.
Growth - A growing organism increases in size in all of its parts, rather than simply accumulating matter.

Adaptation - The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment.

Response to Stimuli - Anything that is part of the internal or external environments and causes some sort of
reaction by the organism is called a stimulus. The reaction to a stimulus is a response.

Reproduction - The ability to produce new individual organisms either asexually, from a single parent
organism, or sexually, from at least two parent organisms.

There are five unifying principles of biology

 Cell Theory
 Evolution
 Genes
 Homeostasis
 Energy

Cell Theory - The cell is the fundamental unit of life. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Evolution - A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution and that
all life-forms known have a common origin.
Genetics - Genes are the primary units of inheritance in all organisms and are made of DNA.
Homeostasis - Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain an
stable condition by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation
mechanisms.
Energy - The survival of a living organism depends on the continuous input of energy.

The scientific method is a series of organized steps that are taken to answer a question or solve a problem.
Although there are no specific rules, the following are the general steps of the scientific method.

Scientific Method
 Make observations.
 State the problem.
 Collect preliminary data.
 Formulate a hypothesis.
 Test the hypothesis.
 Collect and analyze data.
 Draw a conclusion.

Make observations - Observation is a way of acquiring information using the five senses of sight, touch, smell,
hearing and taste.

State the problem - Observations generally lead to ideas. However, for observations that require explanations,
these observations lead to questions.

Collect preliminary data - Once you know the problem that you want to answer, you should read about it. You
can read books or visit reliable websites that are relevant to your problem.

Formulate a hypothesis - After collecting necessary information, a possible answer derived from the
collected information is formulated. The possible answer is called a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated
guess that may lead to a possible solution to the problem.

Test the hypothesis - In testing the hypothesis, a type of experiment called controlled experiment is
implemented. A controlled experiment is designed to test if a specific change in condition you hypothesize
would cause a change to another condition. This type of experiment is also called a fair test. These conditions
or factors that affect the outcome of an experiment is called a variable. Generally, there are two types of
variables, the independent and dependent variable.

Collect and analyze data - The data from the experiment will either support or oppose your hypothesis.

Draw a conclusion - With the data gathered and presented visually, it will be easier to interpret the data to
draw a conclusion. Does the data support or invalidate the hypothesis? If the data supports the hypothesis,
then the problem is solved. The study should then be shared to other scientists to spread the information.
Other scientists may also work on your hypothesis to further support your study.

Examples of Data Collection Tables


Table – is primarily used for quantitative data. Data is arranged in columns and rows.
graph - is a visual representation of a table. It is best used to show trends or how data changes. One
type of graph is the line graph. It is composed of grid-plotted lines that are used to show comparison
between two variables.
bar graph - is another type of graph that shows data scaled in to bars. Each axis is labelled with a variable. The
bars maybe Horizontal or vertical.
pie chart - is used to show fixed quantities that have been broken down or a combination of amounts that
sum up to one bigger value.

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