Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF

MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORM

I. Research Title : AN EVALUATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF

R.A. 10054 IN LUCENA CITY

: Rose-An Engel Isagunde

II. Name of Researcher Rolando Onesa Recodig Jr
Gerwin Pelagio

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Specialization : College of Criminology and Criminal Justice
: 09338182925
Researcher’s Contact
09106930866
Details
09078755843
Name of Research :
MONETTE G. TENORIO, PhD
Adviser

III. Research Proposal

1. Abstract of the proposal (maximum of 250 words)

2. Background
2.1. Rationale of the Research
2.2. Purpose of the Research (includes research questions)
2.3. Theoretical Framework
2.4. Literature Survey
2.5. Significance of the Research
2.6. Definition of Terms
2.7. Scope and Limitation of the Study
2.8. Statement of Desired Outcomes
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

3. Description of method or approach

3.1. Research Design/Research Instrument/Data Gathering Procedures
3.2. Respondents/Units of analysis/Subjects of the Study
3.3. Sampling Design and Procedures
3.4. Research Locale/Study Site
3.5. Assumptions or Hypotheses
3.6. Data Analysis Plan
3.7. Research Paradigm/Conceptual Framework

I. Research Proposal

1. Abstract of the Proposal ( maximum of 250 words )

2. Background

2.1 . Rationale of the Research

It is important to evaluate the implementation of R.A. No. 10054 (otherwise

known as the Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009) to know if the Motorcycle riders of Lucena

City are still aware in the rules and regulations of R.A. No. 10054. As we can observe,

most Motorcycle riders in Lucena city are not wearing standard protective helmets. Our

team noticed that some motorists are not following the rules and regulations when they

are in the roads. They are using helmet only when they knew that the PNP/LTO conduct

checkpoints. Based in our research and insight some motorists are not comfortable

while using helmet, we are going to study and conduct, why?

 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

A study says that wearing helmets while riding, reduces the risk of injury to the

head by almost 70% and death by nearly 42%. These statistics are proof of why we

need to wear Standard Protective Motorcycle Helmets while riding motorcycles.

Otherwise known as the "Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009," R.A.10054 mandates all

motorcycle riders, including drivers and back riders, to at all-time wear standard

protective motorcycle helmets while driving, whether long or short drives, in any type of

road and highway. It also mandates that standard protective motorcycle helmets are

appropriate types of helmets for motorcycle rider’s that comply with the specifications

issued by Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).

The Highway Patrol Group (HPG) in Negros Oriental (September 19, 2018) has

started to clamp down on motorists without crash helmets. HPG provincial director

Senior Inspector Silvestre Cenia, Jr. said Monday, September 17, 2018 that every time

“Oplan Sita” is conducted, more violations are noted, including failure of motorists to

carry with them official documents like driver’s license, registration papers of the unit

and unregistered motorcycles. Senior Inspector Silvestre Cenia stressed a motorcycle

rider can be flagged down for two initial violations -- having no side mirrors and the

motorist is not wearing a helmet – that can be seen from a distance. Initial enforcement

had resulted in impounding of motorcycles due to other violations like absence of

registration papers and having no official receipts and certificate of registration. Senior

Inspector Silvestre Cenia said there is no reason for them at the HPG-Negros Oriental
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

not to enforce Republic Act (RA) 10054, the national law mandating the wearing of

helmets, after a regional trial court in the province dismissed a special civil action for

declaratory relief with prayer for a preliminary prohibitory injunction dated July 19, 2012

yet.

However, the LTO (Land Transportation Office) and our piece officers are doing

their best to maintain the ordinances that they are handling of in Lucena City.

According to the issues ahead included the HPG in Negros Oriental, the researcher’s

aim that this study would give a way of enhancing motorists’ level of awareness of the

helmet law and their attitude towards the study’s implementation, despite of the issues

opposing upon the implementation of the R.A No. 10054 Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009.

2.2 . Purpose of the Research

The main objective of the research study is to evaluate the implementation of

R.A. No. 10054 otherwise known as the Motorcycle Helmet of 2009 in Lucena City.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Identify the cases among the riders violated R.A. No. 10054 otherwise known

as the Motorcycle Helmet of 2009.

 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

2. To determine the level of awareness of the respondents on R.A. No. 10054.

3. To assess the level of implementation of R.A. No. 10054.

4. To identify the factors on the violation of R.A. No.10054.

5. What is the attitude of the motorists towards the implementation of the Helmet

Law?

2.3 . Theoretical Framework

a. Self-control Theory

The self-control theory of crime, often referred to as the general theory of crime,

is a criminological theory about the lack of individual self-control as the main factor

behind criminal behavior. The self-control theory of crime suggests that individuals who

were ineffectually parented before the age of ten develop less self-control than

individuals of approximately the same age who were raised with better parenting

Research has also found that low levels of self-control are correlated with criminals and

impulsive conduct. The theory was originally developed by Travis Hirschi and Michael

Gottfredson, they argue that lack of self-control is not the only cause of crime but the

lack of self-control also causes another analogous behaviors. Because individuals

lacking in self-control are insensitive to others and are risk-taking, they are also more
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

likely not to wear Standard Protective Motorcycle Helmets. Therefore, the principal tenet

of this theory is that individuals who are unable to delay gratification and pursue short-

term goals without thinking of long term consequences lack self-control.

b. The Theory of Planned Behaviour

Attitude towards behaviour is defined as the sum of the salient beliefs associated

with the performance of behaviour; where salient beliefs refer to beliefs about the

consequences, important to the individual of him or her performing the behaviour (M.S.

Mohd Zahari, (2004)). According to Fishbein & Ajzen (1975), in their expectancy-value

model, attitudes develop reasonably from the beliefs people hold about the object of the

attitude. Generally speaking, people form beliefs about an object by associating it with

certain attributes, i.e., with other objects, characteristics or events.

To form an attitude towards behaviour, the individual intending to produce a

behaviour make an evaluation of how good or bad are the consequences behind that

particular behaviour. The consequences are the outcomes on which the individual has

linked all his beliefs. The evaluation can prove to be either positive or negative

depending upon the sum of the relatively weighted dimensions (M.S. Mohs Zahari,

2004). Following the attitudinal pathway, behavioral belief is what is weighted by the

outcome evaluation. Behavioral belief is the subjective probability that behaviour will
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

produce a given outcome. And it is upon that perceived outcome that an individual will

base his intention to perform or not that particular behaviour. Pertaining to the tourism

industry, some authors argued that attitudes in the tourism context, based on direct

experience, are stronger and more realistic (Roney & Oztin, 2007). People would

generally favour behaviors which they believe have largely desirable consequences and

for those generating undesirable consequences, they tend to develop an unfavorable

attitudes towards such behaviors.

c. Reasoned-Action Theory

Section 6 of the R.A No. 10054 states that: The Department of Transportation

and Communication (DOTC), with its attached agency, the Land Transportation Office

(LTO), is mandated to provisions of this Act. LTO Administrative Order Number AHS-

2008-015 prescribing: The rules and regulations on the use and operation of

motorcycles on high ways. Based on the above laws, all motorcycles riders must wear

standard helmets to avoid severe injuries of fatal accidents or crashes. In the other

hand, the theory of reasoned-action states that a persons’ behavior is determined by its

behavioral intention to perform it.

According to this model, the attitude of a person towards a behavior is

determined by his beliefs on the consequences of his behavior (Fishbien and Ajzen,

1975). Furthermore, attitudes influence behavior and their intentions. People act in ways
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

that allow them to obtain favorable outcomes and to meet the expectations of others.

The said theory provides the immediate causes of voluntary action, that if a person has

a positive attitude towards that certain behavior, that person will be persuaded to do

such act and otherwise. If his attitude is negative, then his belief strength is reduced.

Moreover, if a motorist has a positive attitude towards the implementation of the Helmet

Law, the high risk of road accidents can be depleted.

2.4. Literature Survey

The increasing number of population of the country paves the way to increase

the demands and needs of the people as well. People want to make their life efficient

and easy. In the means of transportation, most Filipinos and Southeast Asian countries

uses motorcycle as a choice of vehicle because of the need of personal mobility amid

and despite a smaller per capita purchasing power (Malig, 2010).

The motorcycle, and not the jeepney, is the king of Philippine roads (Malig,

2010). On any given day, millions of the 2-wheeled machines thunder through the

streets of Metro Manila and other parts of the country. They weave through traffic-

filtering or lane splitting, it is called squeezing behind cars and buses to be the first to

reach and leave a stoplight. In the Philippines, most of the motorcycles and tricycles are
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

registered in National Capital Region IV (A and B), Region III and Region VII according

to the NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). Lucena City is a part of Region

IV-A so motorcycles are also rampant in our streets both rural and urban areas.

Motorcycles can easily take us to our destination in the least amount of time.

Motorcycles are advantageous for its portability, easy to handle, and seems affordable

but we can’t deny the fact the different incidents and cases in using it. A thorough

driving skills and wearing of helmets are the component to minimize road accidents and

severe injury especially to the motorists. If people are observant enough, majority of the

motorists in Lucena City are not wearing helmets and it appears that they lack of self-

awareness which is very important to us, human beings.

According to Galvez, (2011) Driver must realize that if he or she is on the road

slightly and severally, that is he must know that whatever action move they make on the

road not only affects themselves but also affects other drivers as well, One must have

proper judgment to determine when and where to pass or overtake and at what speed

they do not have to leave other drivers ranting and cursing. Motorcycle accidents are

the leading cause of death among riders. That is why the Republic Act No. 10054, is

born also entitled “An Act Mandating All Motorcycle Riders to Wear Standard Protective

Motorcycle Helmets while Driving and Providing Penalties,” safeguards the citizenry,

particularly the operators or drivers of motorcycles and their passengers, from the

ruinous and extremely injurious effects of fatal or life threatening accidents and crashes.
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

According to the analysis of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data

and studies in the medical literature on the impact of motorcycle helmet use and helmet

legislation on the risk of death or injury in motorcycle accidents, (January 2014) there

has been a marked improvement in the safety profiles of cars and in car crash

outcomes, there has been a marked worsening in outcomes of motorcycle collisions.

Motorcycles account for only 2% of vehicle registrations in the United States, but

motorcycle collisions account for 10% of traffic deaths. Further, motorcycle riders are 34

times more likely to die in a traffic collision than automobile drivers. Motorcycle helmet

use has been suggested to be an effective way to reduce death and disability after

traffic collisions, and enactment of universal helmet laws has been suggested as a

means to enforce helmet use.

However, statistics show overwhelming support in favor of the motorcycle helmet

law. Although wearing helmets cannot prevent motorcycle crashes, they can greatly

reduce the number of deaths caused by head injury as well as lowering taxes,

insurance rates, and health care costs.

The Vice President of Safety Nationwide Insurance Enterprises, Tim Hoyt, states

that we may not be able to eliminate all the risk from motorcycling, but helmet laws

greatly reduce the most expensive injuries - head injuries. Reducing these costs is good

for the consumer and it is good for business, too." Health care costs and insurance
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
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rates are lowered because it is not as expensive to treat smaller-scale injuries. The

government ends up paying a large portion of people's medical bills because of different

types of public assistance programs. Hence, when health care costs are lower, the

government does not need as much of our money to pay for those programs and taxes

are reduced.

Houston et. al. conducted multiple analyses of FARS data from 1975 to 2004.

During this time period, multiple legislative changes took place, including the repeal of

helmet laws in some states. They noted a 12% to 23% increase in fatalities in the states

that most recently repealed their laws compared with states that still have universal

helmet laws. They also noted a 28% reduction in fatality rates in the calendar years in

which states had universal helmet laws compared with the years after they repealed

their helmet laws.

French et al. Compiled an extensive, multi-agency database that may not be

subject to the selection biases suggested in the FARS database and allows for a much

more in-depth evaluation of traffic fatalities.14 They used it to evaluate motorcycle

crashes from 1990 to 2005 and found that universal helmet laws reduced nonfatal

injuries by 20%. They also found a 24% reduction in fatalities in states with universal

laws compared with states that had partial laws or no laws. They concluded that of the

various public policy options, universal helmet laws have the greatest potential to
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

reduce motorcycle fatalities. In 2001, Coben et al. Used the Healthcare Cost and

Utilization Project database, which includes data from 33 states, to evaluate nonfatal

injuries.13 Using a cross-sectional design, they identified a difference in intracranial

injuries between states with and without universal helmet laws (16% vs. 11%,

respectively) and noted that riders in states with universal helmet laws were 41% less

likely to have severe brain injuries than riders in states without such laws. In states with

universal helmet laws, the need for long-term care following motorcycle crashes also

was reduced. The number of lives that would be saved by universal helmet laws was

calculated by Dee et al.2 They noted that between 2,000 and 2,500 motorcycle fatalities

occur each year among unhelmeted riders and estimated that 650 lives would be saved

every year if all states had universal helmet laws, assuming that every rider wears a

helmet and that helmets are 25% to 35% effective in preventing fatalities. Not all studies

demonstrated a positive effect of helmet legislation

The Bureau of Philippine Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry-

DTI-BPS, (September 09, 2008) issued DAO 10:2008 for the mandatory implementation

of Philippine National Standard/ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

(PNS/UN ECE) 22:2007, which was published on November 21, 2008 in Manila Times

and Manila Standard Today. It requires all manufacturers and importers of motorcycle

helmets to secure a Philippine Standard (PS) license or an Import Commodity

Clearance (ICC) certificate prior to sale/distribution of their products under the DTI-
 Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-GRPF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Lucena City Document Title: Undergraduate Research Proposal
An Autonomous University Form
Page No.: Page 1 of 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Revision No.:
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Effectivity Date:
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
QUALITY FORM Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by:

Bureau of Product Standards’ (BPS) Product Certification Scheme. Only those

manufactures and importers whose products comply with PNS requirements are issued

with the PS License and ICC Certificate. DTI-BPS has adopted the UN ECE standard

specifications and test methods for protective helmets as PNS/UN ECE 22:2007 to

provide the industry with a reference standard in manufacturing reliable protective

helmets and ensure the public that helmets sold in the market are reliable and would

protect motorcyclists from serious head injuries. PNS/UN ECE 22:2007 was published

in Manila Times and Manila Standard Today on 12 January 2009 as a pull-out

supplement. From January 2009 to 12 July 2012, the DTI-BPS has issued the ICC

certificate to 32 importers with 51 brands.