A

Project Report
On
AC/DC DRIVE
AND
SPEED CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
In partial fulfilment of the requirement of the award for the Certificate
of
DIPLOMA IN THE STREAM OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Under
Mewar University, Chittorgarh

Summer Internship/Training Report

Diploma
in

Electrical Engineering
Submitted by:
Guddu nirala Supervisor’s
101315006058

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NH - 79 Gangrar, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) – 312901, India

CIRTIFICATE

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 PREFACE

Practical training is also very important aspect in technical course. There is so

many times vast differences between theoretical knowledge and actual practical
implication.

Thus practical training helps individuals of know he actual uses and impaction of what he
has gained from theoretical knowledge. The theoretical knowledge and classroom
discussion is not enough for a technical student now, for the knowledge of practical
viewpoints, problems, opportunities and situation of industrial units’ practical studies is
necessary. So as the students of 5th sem. Diploma. We also a get a valuable
opportunities to learn the practically of the theories, which learn. We have tried to collect
all the necessary information and had tried to prepare this report with the best of our
knowledge and ability.

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 Self Declaration

In accordance with the requirements for the degree of diploma in Mewar

University, in Faculty of electrical engineering, I present this project report
Entitled “ac/dc drive and speed control of electric motor”. This report is
completed under the guidance of Assistant Professor Mr. Anuj Kumar.
I declare that the work presented in the report is my own work except as
acknowledged in the text and footnotes, and that to my knowledge this material has
not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this University or at
any other such Institution.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The successful completion of this report would not have been possible without the
cooperation and support of our friends and all faculties member who has helped us
in preparing this report.

I would like to thank respected Mr. Lalit Sahay for trained me in ac/dc
drive and speed control of electric motor and for giving me this opportunity to
undertake this project work.

I would like to thanks to Mr. V.Shiva assistance professor of mewar

university chittorgarh (raj.) who dedicated his precious time and his input defining.

Lastly a vote of thanks must be given to all people who are directly and
indirectly involved with the project work.

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT THANKING

YOU!

Mr. V.Shiva. Guddu Nirala.

Guide Name:

Mr. Anuj Kumar.

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 Abstract
In this report I am presenting the maintenance of ac/dc drive and speed control of
electric motor. The main aim of my report is to find any problem in ac/dc drive and
electric motor.
As a rule, the work of electric drives of transport mechanisms arises with variable
load and with different control laws of torque and speed. That leads to
redistribution of losses components and demands take it in attention. In the report,
the character change of the general losses and their components are compared in
different type of electric drives under change of the load. In connection with this, it
is paid attention to features of redistribution of losses in the perspective for
transport mechanisms electric drive with field regulated reluctance machine. This
machine is characterized by increased reliability, high specific parameters,
simplicity of a design and control, and opportunity work in aggressive conditions.
The opportunity realization of control laws in the electric drive with reluctance
machine (with independent excitation) the same as in the electric drive of direct
current machine makes perspective comparison of losses in these electric drives. In
the basis of the analysis lays observation that at the motors having close values of
efficiency, the character of change losses components also is close though their
absolute losses can differ considerably. This fact makes it possible to present the
change in component losses at the change load in relative units. In this case, the
bases values are taken equal to total losses in the electric motor in a nominal mode.
At this, absolute losses can be different and highly significant inside each series of
electric motors. The results of analysis are confirmed by laboratory measurements
in electric machine stands.nowledge about ac/dc drive and speed control of
electrical motor

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 CONTENTS
Topic Page No.
PREFACE I

DECLARATION II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III

ABSTRACT IV

1. ELECTRIC DRIVES 10-19

1.1 Introduction 11

1.2 Basic component of electric drive system 12

1.3 History 13

1.4 Application 13

1.5 Advantage of electric drive 14

1.6 Classification of electric drive. 15

1.6.1 Individual drive

1.6.2 Multi motor drive

1.6.3 Group drive

1.6.4 Ac drive

1.6.5 Dc drive

2. SPEED CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTOR 20-31

2.1 Speed control of dc motor 21

2.1.1 Speed control of dc shunt motor

(1) Flux control method

(2) Armature control method

(3) Multiple voltage control method

(4)Word-Leonard method
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 2.1.2 Speed control of dc series motor

(1) Flux control method

(2) Field diverter

(3) Armature diverter

(4) Trapped field control

(5) Paralleling field coils

(6) Variable Resistance in series with motor

(7) Series -parallel control method

2.2 Speed control of induction motor

2.2.1 Speed control from stator side

(1) By changing the applied voltage

(2) By changing the applied frequency

(3) Changing the number of stator pole.

2.2.2 Speed control from rotor side

(1) Rotor rheostat control

(2) Cascade operation

c.By injecting emf in rotor circuit

TABLE INDEX

List of Figure

Figure Page No.

1. ELECTRIC DRIVE 10-19

1.1 Block diagram of electrical drive

1.2 Individual drive

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 1.3 Group drive

1.4 Ac drive

2. SPEED CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTOR 20-

Speed control of dc shunt motor

2.1 flux control method

2.2 Armature control method

2.3 Ward Leonard system

Speed control of dc series motor

2.4 flux control method

2.5 Armature diverter

2.6 Tapped field control

Speed control of induction motor

2.7 By changing applied frequency

2.8 By changing the number of stator pole

2.9 Cascade or Tandem method

2.10 Rotor voltage control

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 01. ELECTRICAL DRIVES
1.1 INTRODUCTION: - Motion control is required in large number of
industrial and domestic applications like transportation systems, rolling mills,
paper machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps, robots, washing
machines etc.

Systems employed for motion control are called DRIVES, and may employ any of
prime Movers such as diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam
engines, hydraulic motors and electric motors, for supplying mechanical energy for
motion control. Drives employing electric motors are known as ELECTRICAL
DRIVES.

An ELECTRIC DRIVE can be defined as an electromechanical device for

converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to impart motion to different
machines and mechanisms for various kinds of process control.

The main advantage of this concept is, the motion control is easily optimized with
the help of drive. In very simple words, the systems which control the motion of
the electrical machines are known as electrical drives. A typical drive system is
assembled with a electric motor (may be several) and a sophisticated control
system that controls the rotation of the motor shaft. Now a days, this control can be
be done easily with the help of software. So, the controlling becomes more and
more accurate and this concept of drive also provides the ease of use. This drive
system is widely used in large number of industrial and domestic applications like
factories, transportation systems, textile mills, fans, pumps, motors, robots etc.
Drives are employed as prime movers for diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam
turbines, hydraulic motors and electric motors.

1.2 Basic Components of Electric Drive System:

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The electric drive system has five main functional blocks namely a power
source, Power Modulator (Converter), a motor, a mechanical load and a
Controller (which incorporates sensing unit and control unit).

Fig no 1.1

1.3 HISTORY:-
The first electric drive was devised in Russia in 1838, when B. S. Jacobi tested
a DC electric motor supplied from a storage battery and used it to drive a screw
propeller on a boat. However, adoption of the electric drive by industry was
delayed for lack of a reliable source of electric energy. Even after the
development of an industrial electric DC generator in 1870, efforts to introduce
the electric drive were spontaneous and without practical significance. The
widespread industrial use of electric drives stems from the discovery of the
rotating magnetic field and the construction of a three-phase induction motor by
M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovol’skii. During the 1890’s an electric drive incorporating
an induction motor with a phase-wound rotor was used extensively in industrial
enterprises to operate the working elements of machinery. In 1890 electric
motors accounted for 5 percent of the total power of all types of prime movers
used by industry; the figure had reached 75 percent by 1927 and nearly 100
percent by 1976. Today a substantial percentage of the electric drives in
operation are used in transportation.

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 1.4 Application (Traction motors):
One of the major applications of electric drives is Electric Traction. ie to
transport men and materials from one place to another. Various types of Electric
Traction are

(i) Electric trains

(ii) Electric buses

(iii) Trams (tramways) & trolleys

(iii)Battery driven solar-powered vehicles

1.5 Advantages of Electrical Drive:-

1. They have flexible control characteristics. The steady state and dynamic
characteristics of electric drives can be shaped to satisfy the load requirements.

2. Drives can be provided with automatic fault detection systems. Programmable

logic controller and computers can be employed to automatically control the
drive operations in a desired sequence.

3. They are available in wide range of torque, speed and power.

4. They are adaptable to almost any operating conditions such as explosive and
radioactive environments

5. It can operate in all the four quadrants of speed-torque plane

6. They can be started instantly and can immediately be fully loaded

7. Control gear requirement for speed control, starting and braking is usually
simple and easy to operate.

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 1.6 Classification of Electric Drives
According to Number of machines

 Individual drive

 Group drive

 Multi-motor drive

Based on supply

 AC drive

 DC drive

According to Mode of Operation

 Continuous duty drives

 Short time duty drives

 Intermittent duty drives

According to Means of Control

 Manual

 Semi automatic

 Automatic

According to Dynamics and Transients.

 Uncontrolled transient period.

 Controlled transient period.

According to Methods of Speed Control.

 Reversible and non-reversible uncontrolled constant speed.

 Reversible and non-reversible step speed control.

 Variable position control.

 Reversible and non-reversible smooth speed control.

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1.6.1 Individual drive:
1. If a single motor is used to drive or actuate a given mechanism and it does
all the jobs connected with this load, the drive is called individual drive.
2. All the operations connected with operating a lathe may be performed by a
single motor.
3. Each motor is driven by its own separated motor with the help of gears,
pulleys etc.

Disadvantage:
Power loss occurs.

Fig no 1.2

1.6.2 Multi Motor Drive:

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· Each operation of the mechanism is taken care of by a separate drive
motor.
· The System contains several individual drives each of which is used to
operate its own mechanism.
· Separate motors are provided for actuating different parts of the driven
mechanism.

Advantage :
1. Each Machine is driven by a separated motor it can be run and stopped as
desired.
2. Machines not required can be shut down and also replaced with a
minimum of dislocation.
3. There is flexibility in the installation of different machine’s.
4. In the case of motor fault, only its connected machine will stop where as
others will continue working undisturbed.
5. Absence of belts and line shafts greatly reduces the risk of a accidents to
the operating personnel.

Disadvantage:
Initial high cost.

1.6.3 Group Drive:

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If several groups of mechanisms or machines are organized on one
shaft and driven or actuated by one motor, the system is called a group
drive or shaft drive.

Fig no 1.3

Advantage:

1. Most Economical

Disadvantage:

1. Any Fault that occurs in the driving motor renders all the driving equipment
idle.

2. Efficiency low because of losses occurring in the energy transmitting

mechanisms (Power loss)

3. Not safe to operate.

4. Noise level at the working spot is high.

5. Flexibility.

1.6.4 AC DRIVE:-

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An ac drive is a device that is used to control the speed of an electrical
motor. The speed is controlled by changing the frequency of the
electrical supply to the motor.

Fig no 1.4

1.6.5 DC DRIVE:-

Direct-current motors allow for changes of speed by adjusting the shunt field
current. Another way of changing speed of a direct current motor is to change
the voltage applied to the armature.

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2. SPEED CONTROL OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
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2.1 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR:

The basic principle of the DC motor is a device which converts DC energy

into mechanical energy. When the current carrying armature is connected to
the supply end though commentator segment, brushes are placed within the
North South Poles of permanent or electromagnets. By using these
electromagnets operating principle is depends on the Fleming’s left hand rule
to determine the direction of the force acting on the armature conductors of
the DC motor.

Speed of a DC motor can be varied by varying flux, armature resistance or applied

voltage. Different speed control methods for different DC shunt and series methods
are there

2.1.1 Speed Control of Shunt Motors

(1) Flux control method

(2) Armature and Rheostat control method
(3) Voltage control method
(4) Multiple voltage control
(5) Ward Leonard system

2.1.2 Speed Control of Series Motors

(1) Flux control method
(2) Field diverter
(3) Armature diverter
(4) Trapped field control
(5) Paralleling field coils
(6) Variable Resistance in series with motor
(7) Series -parallel control method

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2.1.1 Speed Control of dc Shunt Motors

(1) Flux Control Method:

In this flux control method, speed of the motor is inversely proportional to
the flux. Thus, by decreasing flux and speed can be increased vice versa. To
control the flux, his rheostat is added in series with the field winding will
increase the speed (N), because of this flux will decrease. So, the field current
is relatively small and hence I2R loss is decreased. This method is quite
efficient.

Fig no 2.1

So in this method, the speed can be increased by reducing flux, it puts a

method to reducing flux with this method, it puts a method to maximum
speed as weakening of flux beyond the limits will adversely affect the
commentator.

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(2) Armature Control Method:

In the armature control method, the speed of the DC motor is directly

proportional to the back emf (Eb) and Eb = V- IaRa. When supply voltage
(V) and armature resistance Ra are kept constant, the Speed is directly
proportional to armature current (Ia). If we add resistance in series with the
armature, the armature current (Ia) decreases and hence speed decreases.

This armature control method is based on the fact that by varying the voltage
across the required voltage. The motor back EMF (Eb) and Speed of the
motor can be changed. This method is done by inserting the variable
resistance (Rc) in series with the armature.

Fig no 2.2

The basic equation of the armature control method, N is directly proportional

to the V-ia (Ra+Rc) where Rc is controller resistance and Ra is the armature
resistance. Due to the voltage back in the controller resistance the back EMF
is decreased. Since N is directly proportional to the Eb.

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(3) Multiple Voltage Control: In this method, the shunt field is connected to a
fixed exciting voltage, and the armature is supplied with different voltages.
So the Voltage across armature is changed with the help of a suitable
switchgear devises. Armature speed is approximately proportional to the
voltage across the armature.

(4) Ward-Leonard System: This Ward –Leonard system is used where very
sensitive speed control of the motor is required (e.g. electric excavators,
elevators, etc.). The arrangement of this system is as required in the figure
shown below.

Fig no 2.3 - Ward Leonard System

M2 is the motor; it controls the speed of the generator. M1 may be any AC

motor or DC motor with constant speed. G is the generator directly coupled
to M1. In this method the output from the generator G is fed to the armature
of the motor M2 whose speed is to be controlled. The generator output
voltage can be connected to the motor M2 and it can be varied from zero to
its maximum value, and hence the armature voltage of the motor M2 is varied
very smoothly. Hence very smooth speed control of motor can be obtained by
this method.

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2.1.2 Speed Control of dc Series Motor
(1) Flux Control Method

Field Diverter: A Rheostat is connected parallel to the series field as shown in

Fig (a). This variable resistor is also called as a diverter, as desired value of
the

Fig no 2.4
Current can be diverted through this resistor and hence current through field coil
can be decreased. Hence flux can be decreased to desire amount and speed (N) can
be increased.
(2) Armature Diverter: Rheostat (Divider) is connected across the armature
of the coil as shown in fig (b). For a given constant load torque, if armature
current is reduced, then flux must increase. As armature torque Ta α ØIa.
This will result in an increase in current taken from the supply and hence flux
Ø will increase and subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.

Fig no 2.5
(3) Tapped Field Control

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This tapped field control method is shown in fig (c). In this method, field coil is
tapped dividing the number of turns. Thus we can select different value of Ø by
selecting a different number of turns. In this method flux is reduced and speed is
increased by decreasing the number of the turns of the series field winding. The
switch S can be short circuit any part of the field winding, thus decreasing the flux
and raising the speed (N) with full turns of coil.

Fig no 2.6

(4) Paralleling Field Coils: This is used for fan motors several speed can be
obtained by regrouping the field coils in series with the DC armature.

(5) Variable Resistance in Series with Armature Method

In this method, an introducing resistance (R) is series with the armature of motor.
The voltage across the armature can be reduced. So the speed reduces in proportion
with it. It is seen that for a 4 pole motor, the speed of the motor can be obtained
easily.

(6) Series-Parallel Control Method: This type of the method can be widely used
in electric traction, where two or more mechanisms coupled series motors are
employed. If required low speed motors are joined in series, and for higher speed
motors are joined in parallel.

When motors are connected in series, the motors have the same current passing
through them, although voltage across each motor is divided. When in parallel, the
voltage across each motor is same, although current gets divided.

SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR

1. Speed Control from Stator Side
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a) By changing the applied voltage:
Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then sX2 is so small that it can
neglected. Therefore, T ∝ sE22 where E2 is rotor induced emf and E2 ∝ V
And hence T ∝ V2, thus if supplied voltage is decreased, torque decreases and hence the
speed decreases.
This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used because-
1) A large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in speed.
2) Large change in supply voltage will result in large change in flux density, hence
disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.

b) By changing the applied frequency

Synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of induction motor is given by,
Where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.
Thus, synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency, and thus
running speed also changes. However, this method is not widely used. This method
is used where, only the induction motor is supplied by a generator (so that
frequency can be easily change by changing the speed of prime mover

Fig no 2.7

c) Changing the number of stator poles

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From the above equation, it can be also seen that synchronous speed (and hence, running
speed) can be changed by changing the number of stator poles. This method is generally
used for squirrel cage induction motors, as squirrel cage rotor adapts itself for any
number of stator poles. Change in stator poles is achieved by two or more independent
stator windings wound for different number of poles in same slots. For example, a stator
is wound with two 3phase windings, one for 4 poles and other for 6 poles.
For supply frequency of 50 Hz
i) Synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/4 = 1500 RPM
ii) Synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/6 = 1000 RPM

fig no 2.8

2. Speed Control from Rotor Side:

a) Rotor rheostat control

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This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt motor.
But this method is only applicable to slip ring motors, as addition of external
resistance in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is not possible.

b) Cascade operation
In this method of speed control, two motors are used. Both are mounted on a
same shaft so that both run at same speed. One motor is fed from a 3phase
supply and other motor is fed from the induced emf in first motor via slip-
rings. The arrangement is as shown in following figure

Fig no 2.9
Motor A is called main motor and motor B is called auxiliary motor.
Let, Ns1 = frequency of motor A
Ns2 = frequency of motor B
P1 = number of poles stator of motor A
P2 = number of stator poles of motor B
N = speed of the set and same for both motors
f = frequency of the supply

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 Now, slip of motor A, S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1.
Frequency of the rotor induced emf in motor A, f1 = S1f
Now, auxiliary motor B is supplied with the rotor induce emf
Therefore, Ns2 = (120f1) / P2 = (120S1f) / P2.
now putting the value of S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1

At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous

speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
from the above equations, it can be obtained that

With this method, four different speeds can be obtained

1. When only motor A works, corresponding speed = .Ns1 = 120f / P1
2. When only motor B works, corresponding speed = Ns2 = 120f / P2
3. If cumulative cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f / (P1 + P2)
4. If differential cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f (P1 - P2)

c) By injecting EMF in rotor circuit

In this method, speed of induction motor is controlled by injecting a voltage
in rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have
same frequency as of slip frequency. However, there is no restriction to the
phase of injected emf. If we inject emf which is in opposite phase with the
rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will be increased. If we inject emf which
is in phase with rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will decrease. Thus, by
changing the phase of injected emf, speed can be controlled. The main
advantage of this method is a wide rage of speed control (above normal as

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 well as below normal) can be achieved. The emf can be injected by various
methods such as Kramer system, Scherbius system etc.
Fig no 2.10

1. Sequence of pages to be followed as:

i) First Page
ii) Certificate
iii) Acknowledgement
iv) Page Index
v) Table Index
vi) Figure Index
vii) Abstract
viii) Theory
ix) Conclusion
x) Bibliography
xi) Appendices

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