Chapter

1
Introduc0on to Systems Analysis and Design

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

10TH EDITION
 Chapter Objec0ves

•  Describe the impact of informa0on technology

•  Define systems analysis and design and the role of a
systems analyst
•  Define an informa0on system and describe its
components
•  Explain how to use business profiles and models
•  Explain Internet business strategies and
rela0onships, including B2C and B2B

2
 Chapter Objec0ves (Cont.)

•  Iden0fy various types of informa0on systems and

explain who uses them
•  Dis0nguish among structured analysis, object-
oriented analysis, and agile methods
•  Explain the waterfall model, and how it has evolved
•  Discuss the role of the informa0on technology
department and the systems analysts who work
there

3
 Introduc0on
•  Companies use
informa0on as a weapon
in the baKle to increase
produc0vity, deliver
quality products and
services, maintain
customer loyalty, and
make sound decisions
•  Informa0on technology
can mean the difference
between success and
failure FIGURE 1-1 These headlines show the
enormous impact of information
technology on our lives.
4
 What Is Informa0on Technology?
•  Informa7on Technology (IT)
–  Combina0on of hardware and soQware products
and services that companies use to manage,
access, communicate, and share informa0on
•  Welcome to the 21st Century: The IT Journey
Con7nues
–  Changes in the world
–  Changes in technology
–  Changes in client demand

FIGURE 1-3 How times

have changed!

5
 What Is Informa0on Technology?
(Cont.)

•  Systems Analysis and Design

•  Step-by-step process for developing high-quality
informa0on systems
–  What Does a Systems Analyst Do?
•  Plan, develop, and maintain informa0on systems
•  Also manages IT projects, including tasks, resources,
schedules, and costs
•  Conducts mee0ngs, delivers presenta0ons, and writes
memos, reports, and documenta0on

6
 Informa0on System Components
•  A system is a set of related
components that produces
specific results
•  Mission-cri0cal systems are
vital to a company’s
opera0ons
•  Informa0on systems have
five key components:
hardware, soQware, FIGURE 1-6 An information
system needs these components.
data, processes, and people 7
 Informa0on System Components (Cont.)

•  Hardware
–  Is the physical layer of the informa0on system
–  Moore’s Law
•  SoQware
–  System soQware
–  Applica0on soQware
•  Horizontal system
•  Ver0cal system FIGURE 1-7 Server farms provide the
enormous power and speed that modern
•  Legacy systems IT systems need.

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 Informa0on System Components
(Cont.)

•  Data
–  Tables store data
–  Linked tables work
together to supply
data
•  Processes
–  Describe the tasks and
business func0ons that
users, managers, and IT
staff members perform to
achieve specific results
•  People FIGURE 1-8 In a typical payroll system,
data is stored in separate tables that are
–  Stakeholders linked to form an overall database.
–  Users or end users 9
 Business in the 21 Century
st

•  Three major trends:

–  Rapidly increasing globaliza0on
–  Technology integra0on for seamless informa0on
access
–  Rapid growth of cloud-based compu0ng and
services
•  All trends are Internet-centric and driven by
the immense power of the Web

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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  E-commerce or I-commerce
•  B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
•  B2B (Business-to-Business)
–  EDI
–  Supply chain management (SCM)
–  Supplier rela0onship management (SRM)
•  What’s Next?
–  Tradi0onally, IT companies were product-oriented
or service-oriented
–  Today’s IT companies offer a mix of products,
services, and support 11
 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  Internet-dependent firms
–  Primary business depends on the Internet rather
than a tradi0onal business channel
•  Brick-and-mortar firms
–  Have physical stores where customers can see and
touch the products
–  Have expanded their Web-based marke0ng
channels to increase sales and serve customers
beKer
•  Combine convenience of online shopping and the
alterna0ve of hands-on purchasing
•  Lowe’s, Costco, Target, and Wal-Mart are examples 12
 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  The Web-based business model leveled the

playing field for small firms that now can
reach a global marketplace
•  Discount coupon business gets a new life
–  eBay and Groupon
–  Firms now using global posi0oning system (GPS)
coordinates to tempt buyers with nearby deals

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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  Business Profiles
–  Overview of a company’s mission, func0ons,
organiza0on, products, services, customers,
suppliers, compe0tors, constraints, and future
direc0on
–  Business Processes
–  Specific set of transac0ons, events, and results
that can be described and documented
–  A business process model (BPM ) graphically
displays one or more business processes
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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

FIGURE 1-14 A simple business model

might consist of an event, three
processes, and a result.

FIGURE 1-15 This sample uses

business process modeling notation
(BPMN) to represent the same events,
processes, and workflow shown in
15
Figure 1-14.
 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

Business Informa7on Systems

–  The old way:
•  Administra0ve staff used office systems
•  Opera0onal people used opera0onal systems
•  Middle managers used decision support systems
•  Top managers used execu0ve informa0on systems
–  The “now” way
•  All employees use office produc0vity systems
•  Opera0ons users require decision support systems

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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  A new set of system defini0ons

–  Enterprise compu0ng systems
–  Transac0on processing systems
–  Business support systems
–  Knowledge management systems
–  User produc0vity systems

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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

Enterprise Compu7ng
–  Informa0on systems that support company-wide
opera0ons and data management requirements
–  Examples:
•  Wal-Mart’s inventory control system
•  Boeing’s produc0on control system
•  Hilton Hotels’ reserva0on system
•  Applica0ons called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
provide cost-effec0ve support for users and managers
throughout the company

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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

Transac7on Processing
•  Transac0on processing (TP) systems process data generated by
day-to-day business opera0ons Examples:
•  Customer order processing
•  Accounts receivable
•  Warranty claim processing
•  A TP system verifies
customer data, checks
customer credit, checks
stock status, posts to
accounts receivable,
adjusts inventory levels,
and updates the sales file FIGURE 1-17 A single sales transaction
consists of six separate tasks, which the
TP system processes as a group.
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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

Business Support
•  Provide job-related informa0on support to users at all levels
of a company
•  Can work hand-in-hand with a TP system
•  New development is RFID
•  Radio frequency
iden0fica0on (RFID)
technology uses
high-frequency radio
waves to track physical
objects.
FIGURE 1-18 With an RFID tag, items
can be tracked and monitored
throughout the shipping process.
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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  Knowledge Management
–  Uses a large database called a knowledge base
–  Allows users to find informa0on by entering
keywords
–  Uses inference rules, which are logical rules that
iden0fy data paKerns and rela0onships

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 Business in the 21 Century (Cont.)
st

•  User Produc7vity
–  Technology that improves produc0vity
–  Groupware
•  Systems Integra7on
–  Most large companies require systems that
combine transac0on processing, business support,
knowledge management, and user produc0vity
features

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What Informa0on Do Users Need?

FIGURE 1-20 A typical organizational model identifies business functions

and organizational levels.

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 What Informa0on Do Users Need? (Cont.)

•  Top Managers
–  Develop long-range strategic plans, which define the
company’s overall mission and goals
–  Need informa0on on economic forecasts, technology
trends, compe00ve threats, and governmental issue
•  Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
–  Provide direc0on, necessary resources, and performance
feedback to supervisors and team leaders
–  Need more detailed informa0on than top managers

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 What Informa0on Do Users Need? (Cont.)

•  Supervisors and Team Leaders

–  Oversee opera0onal employees and carry out day-to-day
func0ons
–  Need decision support informa0on, knowledge
management systems, and user produc0vity systems
•  Opera7onal Employees
–  Rely on TP systems to enter and receive data they need to
perform their jobs
–  Need informa0on to handle tasks and make decisions
previously made by supervisors

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 Systems Development Tools
•  Modeling
–  Business model
–  Requirements model
–  Data model
–  Object model
–  Network model
–  Process model

FIGURE 1-21 Microsoft Visio allows you to

drag and drop various symbols and connect
them to show a business process.

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 Systems Development Tools (Cont.)

•  Prototyping
–  Early working version of an informa0on system
–  Speeds up the development process significantly
–  Important decisions might be made too early, before
business or IT issues are thoroughly understood
–  A prototype based on careful fact-finding and modeling
techniques can be an extremely valuable tool

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 Systems Development Tools (Cont.)

•  Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools

–  Provide an overall framework for systems development
and support a wide variety of design methodologies such
as:
•  Structured analysis
•  Object-oriented analysis
–  Can generate program code, which speeds the
implementa0on process

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 Systems Development Methods
•  Structured Analysis
–  Tradi0onal method for developing systems
–  Organized into phases
•  Object-Oriented Analysis
–  More recent method for developing systems
–  Objects represent actual people, things, or events
•  Agile/Adap7ve Methods
–  Latest trend in soQware development
–  Team-based effort broken down into cycles

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Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Structured Analysis
–  Time-tested and easy to understand
–  Uses phases called the systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
–  Predic0ve approach
–  Uses process
models to
describe a
system
graphically FIGURE 1-24 This Visible Analyst screen
shows a process model for a school registration
system. The REGISTER STUDENTS process
accepts input data from two sources and
transforms it into output data. 30
Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

–  The SDLC model usually includes five steps

•  Systems Planning
•  Systems Analysis
•  Systems Design
•  Systems Implementa0on
•  Systems Security and
Support

FIGURE 1-25 Development

phases and deliverables are
shown in the waterfall model.
The circular symbols indicate
interaction among the phases.
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Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Systems Planning
•  Systems request – begins the process and describes
problems or desired changes
•  Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary
inves0ga0on – a cri0cal step
•  Key part of preliminary inves0ga0on is a feasibility
study

32
Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Systems Analysis
•  Build a logical model of the new system
•  Perform fact-finding techniques
•  Build business models, data and process models, and
object models
•  Deliverable is the system requirements document

33
Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Systems Design
•  Create a physical model that sa0sfies all documented
requirements
•  Design user interface
•  Iden0fy outputs, inputs, and processes
•  Deliverable is the system design specifica0on
•  Management and user involvement is cri0cal

34
Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Systems Implementa7on
•  New system is constructed
•  Programs are wriKen and tested
•  System is installed
•  Deliverable is a completely func0oning and
documented informa0on system
•  Systems Support and Security
•  A well-designed system must be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable
•  Most informa0on systems need to be updated
significantly or replaced aQer several years of opera0on

35
 Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Object-Oriented Analysis
•  Combines data and the processes that act on the data into
things called objects
•  Objects are members of a
class, which is a collec0on
of similar objects
•  Built-in processes,
called methods, can
change an object’s
proper0es
•  O-O methodology
provides easy transi0on
to O-O programming
languages like Java
FIGURE 1-26 The PERSON class includes
INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects, which
have their own properties and inherited 36
properties.
 Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Agile Methods
•  Newest development technique as systems are
developed incrementally
•  A series of prototypes are built and adjusted to meet
user requirements
•  As the process con0nues, developers revise, extend, and
merge earlier versions into the final product
•  Agile method emphasizes con0nuous feedback
–  Itera0ve development
–  Agile community has published the Agile Manifesto
–  Spiral model

37
Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Agile Methods
–  Agile process determines the end result
–  Other adap0ve varia0ons and related methods
exist
–  Two examples are Scrum and Extreme
Programming (XP)
–  Analysts should understand the pros and cons of
any approach before selec0ng a development
method

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 Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Other Development Methods

}  Teams consists of IT staff, users, and managers
•  joint applica0on development (JAD)
–  Focuses on team-based fact-finding
•  Rapid applica0on development (RAD)
–  A compressed version of the en0re development
process

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Systems Development Methods (Cont.)

•  Develop a project plan

•  Involve users and listen carefully to them
•  Use project management tools to iden0fy
tasks and milestones
•  Develop accurate cost and benefit informa0on
•  Remain flexible

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 The Informa0on Technology Department

FIGURE 1-29 Depending on its size, an IT department might have separate organizational
units for these functions, or they might be combined into a smaller number of teams.

41
The Informa0on Technology Department (Cont.)

Applica7on Development
–  Systems are developed by teams consis0ng of users,
managers, and IT staff members
•  Knowledge, Skills, and Educa0on
•  Need technical knowledge, strong oral and wriKen
communica0on skills and analy0c ability, an
understanding of business opera0ons, and cri0cal
thinking skills
•  Cer0fica0on
–  Important creden0al

42
The Informa0on Technology Department (Cont.)

Applica7on Development
•  Systems are developed by teams consis0ng of
users, managers, and IT staff members
Systems Support and Security
•  Provides vital protec0on and maintenance
services
User Support
•  Provides users with technical informa0on,
training, and produc0vity support

43
 The Informa0on Technology Department (Cont.)

Database Administra7on
•  Involves data design, management, security, backup, and access systems

Network Administra7on
•  Includes hardware and soQware maintenance, support, and security

Web Support
•  Web support specialists design and construct Web pages, monitor traffic, manage
hardware and soQware, and link Web-based applica0ons to the company’s
informa0on systems

Quality Assurance
•  Team that reviews and tests all applica0ons and systems changes to verify
specifica0ons and soQware quality standards

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 The Systems Analyst
•  Role •  Knowledge, Skills, and
–  Analysts build a series of Educa7on
models, diagrams, and decision
tables and uses other –  Technical Knowledge
descrip0ve tools and –  Communica0on Skills
techniques
–  An analyst’s most valuable skill
–  Business Skills
is the ability to listen –  Cri0cal Thinking Skills
–  An effec0ve analyst will involve –  Educa0on
users in every step of the
development process –  Cer0fica0on

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 The Systems Analyst (Cont.)

•  Career Opportuni7es
–  Companies will need systems analysts to apply new informa0on
technology, and the explosion in e-commerce will fuel IT job growth
•  What’s important?
–  Job Titles
–  Company Organiza0on
–  Company Size
–  Salary, Loca0on and Future Growth
–  Corporate Culture

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 Chapter Summary
•  IT refers to the combina0on of hardware and
soQware resources that companies use to
manage, access, communicate, and share
informa0on
•  The essen0al components of an informa0on
system are hardware, soQware, data,
processes, and people
•  Successful companies offer a mix of products,
technical and financial services, consul0ng,
and customer support 47
 Chapter Summary (Cont.)

•  Informa0on systems are iden0fied as

enterprise compu0ng systems, transac0on
processing systems, business support systems,
knowledge management systems, or user
produc0vity systems
•  Organiza0on structure includes top managers,
middle managers and knowledge workers,
supervisors and team leaders

48
 Chapter Summary (Cont.)

•  The IT department develops, maintains, and

operates a company’s informa0on systems
•  Systems analysts need a combina0on of
technical and business knowledge, analy0cal
ability, and communica0on skills
•  Systems analysts need to consider salary,
loca0on, and future growth poten0al when
making a career decision

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