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Gene Interaction: Dr. Narendra Kumar Sharma

Gene interaction refers to the phenomenon where the expression of one gene is affected by the presence or absence of another gene. There are several types of gene interactions: 1. Allelic gene interaction follows classical Mendelian ratios like 3:1 or 9:3:3:1. 2. Non-allelic gene interaction involves genes on the same or different chromosomes interacting for expression. 3. Epistatic genes suppress the expression of other genes (hypostatic genes), and epistatic interactions can be classified as supplementary, complementary, inhibitory, duplicate, or dominant epistatic depending on how the genes influence each other.

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1K views22 pages

Gene Interaction: Dr. Narendra Kumar Sharma

Gene interaction refers to the phenomenon where the expression of one gene is affected by the presence or absence of another gene. There are several types of gene interactions: 1. Allelic gene interaction follows classical Mendelian ratios like 3:1 or 9:3:3:1. 2. Non-allelic gene interaction involves genes on the same or different chromosomes interacting for expression. 3. Epistatic genes suppress the expression of other genes (hypostatic genes), and epistatic interactions can be classified as supplementary, complementary, inhibitory, duplicate, or dominant epistatic depending on how the genes influence each other.

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GENE INTERACTION

Dr. Narendra Kumar Sharma


Definition- The phenomenon of two or more genes affecting the expression
of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of an
organism is known as gene interaction

Ø Most of the characters of living organisms are controlled/ influenced/


governed by a collaboration of several different genes.

Ø Mendel and other workers assumed that characters are governed by


single genes but later it was discovered that many characters are
governed by two or more genes.

Ø Such genes affect the development of concerned characters in various


ways; this lead to the modification of the typical dihybrid ratio (9:3:3:1)
or trihybrid (27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1).

Ø In gene interaction, expression of one gene depends on expression


(presence or absence) of another gene.
👉 👈
ü There may be more than two alleles for a given locus within the population.

ü Dominance of one allele over another may not be complete.

ü Two or more genes may affect a single trait.

ü The expression of a trait may be dependent on the interaction of two or more


genes, on the interaction of genes with non genetic factors, or both.
• A character is dominant if it is seen in the homozygous and heterozygous
genotypes, and it is called recessive if it is observe in only in a single
homozygous genotype.

• The dominance of one allele over an another allele is determined by the


activity of protein products of allele by- the manner in which the protein
products of allele work to produce the phenotype.

• Wild-type allele are allele that encodes the phenotype most common in a
particular natural population. It is often designated, in genetic shorthand, as
"+".

• Mutant allele any form of that allele other than the wild type allele.
q Incomplete dominance (partial dominance)where dominance of an allele over
other is not complete .
q Third phenotype appear which are differ from parent homozygote phenotype
but are closer to one homozygous phenotype than the other.

Example
Mirabilis Jalapa (4 O’clock plant)
§ It is like to incomplete dominance, leads to a heterozygous phenotype different from the
phenotype of either homozygous parent.
§ Codominance is characterized by the detectable expression of both alleles in heterozygotes.
§ Codominance is most clearly identified when the protein products of both alleles are detectable in
heterozygous organisms .

Example
Types of Gene Interactions

• Gene interactions can be classified as

a) Allelic/ non epistatic gene interaction/ - This type of interaction


gives the classical ratio of 3:1 or 9:3:3:1

b) Non-allelic/ epistatic gene interaction- In this type of gene


interaction genes located on same or different chromosome interact
with each other for their expression

Discovery of non allelic gene interaction has been made after Mendel
and can be best understood by studying phenotypic trait of gene
Epistatic and Hypostatic gene

q Epistatic gene
When a gene or locus which suppress or mask the phenotypic
expression of another gene at another locus such gene is know as
epistatic gene.

q Hypostatic gene

The gene or locus which was suppressed by a epistatic gene was called
hypostatic gene
Classification of epistatic gene interaction

Gene is classified as follow on the basis manner by which concerned genes


influence the expression of each other

1. Supplementary gene action (Recessive epistasis) (9:3:4)

2. Complementary gene action (9:7)

3. Inhibitory gene action (13:3)

4. Duplicate gene interaction (15:1)

5. Masking gene action (Dominant epistasis) (12:3:1)

6. Polymeric gene action (9:6:1)


1. Supplementary gene action (9:3:4)

§ In supplementary gene interaction, the dominant allele of one of two gene


governing a character produces phenotypic effect.

§ However dominant allele of the other gene does not produce a phenotypic
effect on its own.

§ But when it is present with dominant allele of the first gene it modifies the
phenotypic effect produced by that gene.

§ For example development of agouty (gray) coat color in mice.


Dominant allele - C produces Coloured phenotype while dominant allele A
produces no phenotype (albino) but when dominant allele A present with C it
produces agouti (grey) phenotype

Phenotypic ratio-
9 Agouti : 3 coloured : 4 Albino
2. Complementary gene interaction

o If both gene loci have homozygous alleles and both of them produce
identical phenotypes the F2 ratio become 9:7 instead 9:3:3:1

o In such case, the genotype aaBB, aaBb, Aabb, aabb produce one
phenotype.

o Both dominant alleles when present together each other are called
complementary genes and produce a different phenotype.
In sweet pea Presence of genes CC, cc, PP and pp in homozygous condition
produces no color (white) because expression of chromogen doesn’t occur in
homozygous condition while expression of chromogen occurs when these two
genes present in heterozygous condition
3. Inhibitory gene action

vWhen dominant allele of one gene locus (B) in homozygous (BB) and
heterozygous (Bb) condition produce the same phenotype the F2 ratio
becomes 13:3 instead of 9:3:3:1

vWhile homozygous recessive (bb) condition produces different phenotype.

v Homozygous recessive (bb) condition inhibits phenotypic expression of other


genes so know as inhibitory gene action
The green colour of plants is governed by the gene I which is dominant over
purple colour. The purple colour is controlled by a dominant gene P. When a
cross was made between green (IIpp) and purple (iiPP) colour plants, the
F1 was green. Inter-mating of F1 plants produced green and purple plants in 13 :
3 ratio in F2
4. Duplicate gene interaction

Ø When dominant allele of both gene loci produce the same phenotype
without cumulative effect

Ø In that case the ratio becomes 15:1 instead of 9:3:3:1

Ø Duplicate gene interaction occurs in shepherds purse plant.


In shepherds purse plant seed capsule occurs in two shapes i.e. triangular and
ovoid shapes.
Ovoid shape seed capsule occurs when both genes are present in homozygous
recessive condition
6. Masking gene action (12:3:1)

ü When out of two genes, the dominant allele (e.g., A) of one gene masked the
activity of allele of another gene (e.g., B)
ü Then A gene locus is said to be epistatic to the B gene locus

ü Dominant allele A express itself only in the presence of either B or b so such


type of epistatic is know as dominant epistatic

ü The allele of hypostatic locus express only when the allele of epistatic locus
present in homozygous recessive condition

ü Fruit colour in summer squash. There are three types of fruit colours in this
cucumber, viz., white, yellow and green. White colour is controlled by
dominant gene W and yellow colour by dominant gene G. White is dominant
over both yellow and green.
The green fruits are produced in recessive condition (wwgg). A cross between
plants having white and yellow fruits produced F1 with white fruits. Inter-mating
of F1 plants produced plants with white, yellow and green coloured fruits in F2 in
12 : 3 : 1 ratio
7. Polymeric gene action (9:6:1)
squash fruit shape
Two dominant alleles have similar effect when they are separate,
but produce enhanced effect when they come together. Such gene
interaction is known as polymeric gene interaction.

A cross between disc shape (AABB) and long shape (aabb)


strains produced disc shape fruits in F1. Inter-mating of
F1 plants produced plants with disc, spherical and long shape
fruits in 9 : 6 : 1 ratio in F2
END

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