zee =~ ©) ineseme Fundamentals training Session notespine dutta de. ee aR CA ee ei ee eR Session 1: ] Working with Projects Goals ae Opening and Organising Projects.. The Leapfrog Geo Main Window The Menu.., The Toolbar... The Scene Window .. The Scene List. ‘The Properties Panel The Project Tree and Processing Panel. Using the Mouse.. Centre of Rotatior Creating a Project. weww leapfrogsd.comSSSTSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSI FS FSSSSSESESSSSSESSESSSESLSSCHSSEGCSESHESCEUVE &@ leapfrog rastomwse GEOL OCA, MODELL Goals In this session, we will cover: ‘= The basic layout of the Leapfrog Geo screen * Using the menu and toolbar + Using the mouse ‘© Creating, opening and closing projects Opening and Organising Projects When you open Leapfrog, the Projects tab displays the last five projects ‘opened. Leapfrog also searches the last location you opened a project from Thumbnails are displayed forany | ae - “ projects found and you can opena project by clicking on the thumbnail. Hold the mouse over a thumbnail to see where the file is located. This provides easy access to your most recent projects. If, though, the project you want to open is not displayed, you can click the Open Project File button to browse for the project. There is a project file inthe data folder for this session. To open the project: 1. Inthe Projects tab, click Open Project Fi 2, Browse tothe folder for this session, 3, Open the Marvin - Complete folder. 4, Solect Marvin.aproj and click Open, This will open the completed project. Note: Only one project can be open at any time. @ARANZ Goo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 6Sires Siew | 1? wie is 87 Pres X fe X iser x Sime, Proc ese rest nconion @ 25d) The main menu in Leapfrog is rather short. Don't be fooled by this, as most of the functionality is revealed by right-clicking on the objects in the project tree. The Toolbar Leapfrog only has a few toolbar buttons. One example is the Clear Scene button: This removes everything from the scene window. The icon is a bucket splashing water onto the screen. Hold the mouse over each tool in the toolbar to see information about its function The Scene Window Tothe right of the project tree is the scene window. This is the area where objects appear when they are added from the project tree. To do this, dragand drop an object from the project tree into the scene. The Scene List The scene list below the scene window lists all objects that are active (visible) in the scene window. As soon as an object appears in the scene window, a Page 3 of 6 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 BRORSRSIRLRRRIRVERERCERRSTF Fe FTE EE EEE ESSE SSESELELEELELLY ist. If you click on one of the item: The Properties Panel : This shows the properties of the item selected in the scene selected in the scene list, this part of the screen will be empty. Drag and drop the collar object (under Drilthole Data) into the scene windo You can also right-click on the collar object and select View Object. Note how the data is displayed and how an object is added to the scer Click on the collar object inthe scene list and see what properties appear in the properties panel. ee The Project Tree and Processing Panel The lefthand panel contains the project tree and the processing panel. When you open any project, there will be a list of objects in the project tree. This top-level list of folders is the same for all projects. The way objects are organised in the project tree lets you reveal or hide information about an abject to focus on objects you are currently working with. The project tree is where you import and work with your data. In general, if you want to do anything with the objects in the project tree, right-click on an. object to see the options available, @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 0f 6Ifyou remove or change an object, it will affect any related objects that appear underneath it, : Click the triangle in front of Drillhole Data folder. When this is open, you see a Drillholes object that also has a triangle in front of it. Open the = Driltholes object to see the data tables that make up the drillhole data in thi Project. You can also open up some tables to see what data columns the tal contains. Below the project tree is the processing list, which shows all tasks that are currently running, Leapfrog automatically runsany tasks queued. You can pause this by toggling the play/pause button, Rotate (drag back & forward) Using the Mouse Rotating © Left-click on the mouse (index finger), © Move the mouse You can also rotate the scene by: + Pressing the arrow buttons on your keyboard Zooming © Right-click (middle finger) * Move the mouse around You can also zoom by: Using your scroll wheel ‘+ Pressing the Page Up and Page Down keys Panning + Press the scroll wheel while moving the mouse If you don't have a scroll wheel: + Press the Left and Right mouse buttons together. Centre of Rotation To centre on something in the view: Page 5 of 6 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 we pe oannennsneneannenine.FOSS SSS T STEFF SESE I TIA TEESE EESCT SIA ISSSSEHEEEEEEL 4ST FMAM GEOLOOICAL MODELL * Hover over it You will see some numbers at the bottom of the screen that indicate that cursor is on something in the scene window. When you move over empty space, the numbers disappear. * Click with both left and right buttons together on the item that you want the centre. faa This will then remain in the centre of the scene. When you rotate and when you zoom in, it z0oms in on that item. This can be very useful. Creating a Project This is the project we are going to be building, a simple one with just three rock types: © AvT = Andesite © GnD = Granodiorite © QzP = Quartz Porphyry We will set up a folder for all Leapfrog projects. 1. Click on the Projects tab. 2. Click the New Project button. Note: The project needs to be on your local disk rather than on a network drive to ensure the database operates consistently. © GSD, Map and Photos '¥ © dnthot Dts IH onithoes Planned Dnt 4, Make anew folder and call it Leapfrog Projects. 5, Click OK. 6. Name the new project Marvin. Leapfrog automatically creates a sub-folder Marvin that contains the Marvin.aproj project file and all supporting files. 7. Click OK and you will see we have a blank Leapfrog project called Marvin that is ready to go. @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 6Session 2: erg Drilthole Data Goals.. Importing Marvin M Campaign Dat The Collar Fi The Survey Fil Interval Tables Viewing the Data Fixing Errors www.leapfrog3d.comFas SST FSET ETE S ESSE SDT ISAS ISS SSSSEHSISIIISSSSASHSSESS SLE LX leapfrog rasromatec GEOLOGICAL MODELL Goals Inthis session, we will import and validate existing drillhole data for a p In these early sessions, we are focussing on lithological data. ‘At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: + Importing drilthole data i + Checking and labelling survey, collar and interval table data + Viewing the data Note: You can import additional data at any point during the modelling process. However, Leapfrog can have only one drillhole data set in a project. Therefore, additional drilthole data thatis imported will be added to or will modify the existing drillhole data set. Techniques for adding new drillholes or updating data down drillholes are covered in Session 7 — Dynamic Updating. Importing Marvin M Campaign Data To start, we need to get data into Leapfrog. The answer to most things in the project tree is to right-click. To import drilthole data: 1. Right-click on the Drillhole Data folder at the top of the project tree. 2. Select the Import Drillholes option. ere ators Wet Drilthole data import requires a minimum of three files: * aCollar file © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 9@ Survey file and an Interval Table file. You can also import additional columns, such as the date when measurements were taken, the name of the geologist who logged the drillt etc. c To add the collar, survey and interval tables to the Input Files list: Click the Browse button for Collar. Browse to where the Leapfrog Geo Training Data folder has been saved Open the data folder for this session. Open the Marvin folder. Open the Drilling folder. Open the M folder. Select the file M-Collar.csv Click Open. PNOnroON= Leapfrog looks for the otherfile types in the same folder as the collarfile and will usually add them to the Import Drillholes window. In some cases, though, you will need to select the additional files. For example, there may be an additional interval table. You can add this to the file list by clicking the Add button for Interval Tables and selecting the file. In this case, however, Leapfrog has added all the files and we can start importing them. LPETETTETEVe 9. Click Import. This opens the Import Tables window with a preview of the data Leapfrog has read from your collar table. When importing and previewing drillhole data, required columns are marked in green, and additional columns are marked in ‘orange. Page 3 0f9 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013FFF FFT T TUTTE TT EFFI PII SS EESEEAATISIIIIITSEL ES IEILG “Lé leapfrog ASMA GEOLOGICAL HOOD Leapfrog works through the files being imported one at a atthe top of the window. Tho filename in bold (collar.csv) is the being displayed. There are also survey, assay and geology files. The Collar File The collar file needs at least the following columns: East (X), North (Y), Elev (Z) and Hole ID. It is recommended that the collar file also has. a maximum depth column that specifies the length of the hole. This can be used to validate interval table data with the collar file. There are plenty of data column types to choose from. Leapfrog automatically selects East (X), North (¥), Elev (Z), Hole |D and Max Depth. We also want to import the Date column as we will need to use this data in later sessions. The date column, Completed, has not been marked for import. To import this column: 10. Click on the Not Imported heading above the column. 11, Select the type of data that is in the column, which in this case is “Completed” Date. @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 9The data types listed near the bottom of the dropdown list are the columns required for the collar table. For each type of table imported, the data columns required are listed in the dropdown list displayed when you click on a column heading. NOTE: When you import drillhote data, be careful not to get carried away with importing additional columns, When you later append other drillhole data, you will need to have exactly the same columns. 12, We have now selected all the columns we want to import. Click Next. The Survey File The survey file defines the orientation of the drillholes at given depths. The survey file must have columns for Hole 1D, Depth, Dip and Azimuth. For a straight drillhole, only one row needs to be specified, In this example, there are two columns that could have azimuth: Leapfrog has. highlighted the wrong column, the one with no results. We will need to change this. 13, Click on the Not Imported heading above the column that has data. 14, Select Azimuth. Page 6 of 9 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Pe RORaRePaeeeeOFF FFF TET T Tee ee ITI FARE REEESAADIAAISASERELESLD 15. Click Next to go to the assays table. Interval Tables Interval table data specifies segments down the drillhole with associated values like lithology codes or assay values. Interval table files must have columns for the Hole ID, From and To depth and ‘one or more columns of measurements. Measurements can include grade, lithology, date or any required numeric or textual values. ‘Toimport multiple data columns at once, itis easier to work in the Column Summary on the righthand side. 16. Click on the Cu column in the Column Summary. 17. Click and choose Numeric. 48, Set the Au column to Numeric. 19. Click Next to proceed to the geology table. @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 920, Set the RockType and Simple RockType columns to Lithology and corre the Import Name error that occurs. eC 21. Set the Weathering Zone column to Category and correct the Import Name error. 22. Click Finish, Leapfrog will process the data, checking for errors in the database and desurveying the driltholes. Progress will be shown in the processing panel. Viewing the Data To view the imported data, drag and drop the individual tables into the scene window. Here, the collar table has been added to the scene in this way. ‘Witnn lone Pape Sees Om ty Poe ee Crinum || WYO RRS 7 ae) There is nothing to view in the survey data but you can add the assays and geology tables to the scene to view the data. You will see items listed in the scene list: tess Braise xicaie Page 7 of 9 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013FIT F FTF FTE ESTE ESE EA IIAID ASAE SSEESIISIFTSISGIFZATCSESE SELES £4 leapfrog If you select Edit Colours from the second dropdown list, a legend will be displayed showing the randomly-selected colours used to display the different values in the table. Click on a colour to open the colour chart and select your preferred colour. rast omsencceOLOICA MODELL There is an eye button for each item. Click the eye to hide it in the sce ‘The icon for each item indicates what sort of item itis. In this case, alli have the same icon because they are all tables. Next to the icon is the name of the item. The X allows you to remove the item from the scene. It does not delete the item from the project. The first dropdown list shows the attributes, giving you different option: displaying the item. For example, geology can be shown as rocktype or 201 The second dropdown list lets you edit colours or select colourmaps. Fixing Errors The assays table has a red X on it, which indicates that it has errors. In the project tree, click on the triangle next to the table to display the columns, which are also marked as having errors. Pires vireo oe Sew pete ccs | ha fc > Seen Oieedbce While you can continue to model with errors, it is best to examine what these errors are and fix them, @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 91. Right click on the assay table and select Fix Errors. — The following window will be displayed: 2. Click OK to dismiss the error. Because all of our assay columns have errors we will need to open and tick th ‘These rules have been reviewed checkbox for each column. 3. Right click on the Au column and select Open. 4. In the window that opens, tick the These rules have been reviewed checkbox. 5. Click OK. The red X disappears from the Au assay column in the project tree. 6. Repeat the same process for the Cu assay column. Once completed, this will clear the red X from the assay table. Page 9 of 9 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 20131@ Topography Points. Displaying Drillhole Data with the Topography. Setting the Clipping Boundary. Importing and Draping GIS Data. www.leapfrog3d.comSSIS SSE a ETE TEE EEE ESATA A ISSESELESIIDIIIIIVIL LL LLL Le leapfrog FAST.OMAMC GEOLOGICAL HOOELING. Goals In this session, we will import an image and GIS data and use it to create a topography. We will then import structural data that can be used in creatin, geological model. : ‘At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: Importing points that correspond to the topography Creating the topography Viewing drillhole data in the scene Constraining the model to a clipping boundary Importing a georeferenced image Draping an image on the topography Importing GIS data Displaying a custom topography view Importing Topography Points To select the topography points to import: 1. Open the project from Session 2. 2. Clearthe scene. 3. Right-click on the Locations folder in the project tree 4, Select import Locations. (© Stucurl Data ; | ones + impor Geophysical Dele | i Pobines New Contact Points } © strectral Trends New irrusion Vales | 5. Browse to the folder for this session and select the Marvin_topo.csv file. 6, ClickOpen. 7. Make sure all three columns X, Y and Z are selected for importing. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 98. Click Finish, There are a number of duplicate points in the imported table, which results ina red X on the points object. We could correct these errors by right-clicking, selecting Fix Errors and working through the errors. However, for this session we can work without correcting the duplicate points errors. 9. Add the points to the scene to view them by dragging the Marvin_topo object from the project tree into the scene. Bites Gmie FWNGRVES [testo 38 To create the topography: 1, Right click on the Topographies folder in the project tree. Page 3 of 9 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 PRASKKRSRSTRARSAERLEEERERLRSSSESISSELELEEEEERE TATA IFDISALAEEAAAATAIITLELLELELUELE £4 leapfrog st Oran GEOLOGICAL MODELLING 2. Select New Topography» From Points. 3, Select the Marvin. topo points and click OK. 4, Inthe window that appears, accept the default name for the topography by clicking OK. 5. Drag the new topography into the scene. 6. Remove the topography points from the scene by clicking the X for Marvin_topo object in the scene list. An alternative way to create a topography is from the collar points. To do this, simply follow the above steps but select the collar data instead of the Marvin-topo points. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 9oa leapfrog. FAST UNC CEOLOICAL MODELING: Displaying Drilthole Data with the Topography To add the drillhole data to the scene window: 1. Drag the geology table into the scene. 2, Rotate the scene to view the driliholes. Next, change the display options: 3. Click on Edit Colours in the scene list. You can change the colours used to display items and hide units in the scene. Allyour drillhole data should be below the topography, although it may not match if the drillhole data is older than the topography data. F RNG RRS Setting the Clipping Boundary With your topography and geology table displayed in the scene, you can see that the topography extends further than the drillhole data, To constrain our model to Page 5 of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 ALTVTUIVVTELTVLELURLELUTAUCLLULEYFFF Fee TIF FF eee EERE AIIIITSILESELLEIES & leapfrog FAST MUM GEOLOGICAL MODELLING the drillhole data (or any other area of interest), we need to set a clipping boundary. : a To set the clipping boundary: 41. Right click on the Topographies folder and select Set Clipping Boundary. 2, Select Enclose Objects and choose the geology segments item from the list. 3. Click OK. Importing and Draping GIS Data In this part, we will import a georeferenced image and GIS data and display the data in the scene draped on the topography. To import the image: Right click on GIS Data, Maps and Photos in the project tree. Select Import Map. Select the terrain_georef.tif image. Click Open. ‘A window will open allowing you to georeference your image. Because this file has already been georeferenced, click OK. gree @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 9fe Ron (Sa) To drape the image on the topography: 1. If the topography is not already in the scene, add it to the scene. 2. Inthe shape list, click on the GIS Data dropdown list and select the imported image. = Sterm oom aaa 3. The image will appear draped on the topography. Page 7 of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 ege5nn2n2 nan zee nan ea GTnaeaaneaeaneaenanngnregeegaenegteteaa?a26 leapfrog To import vector data: 1. Rightclick GIS Data, 2, Select Import Vector Dai 3. Select the fault.shp file, 4, Click Open. 5. Inthe window that appears, use the default nam 6. Now we will use the imported image and shape file to create a a topography view. To stat ne ._ Enter the name “Topography and Fault” and click the Create button. ._ In the window that appears, move the image from Available layers to Current layers. . Move the fault.shp file to Current layers. . Use the Raise and Lower arrows to make sure the fault.shp fil top of the list. er or Caretinee Sina (@hrce- aR —ah 2m Been pont 6. Click Close, © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 9 Ssaeaaaaaee eee EEEEDI IDA ASE SESESIIIGIIIIIIE TEESThe new topography view is displayed in the scene: © € © € € e € e e e e e e e e e e e e e + e e e e e e e e & e © e Page 9 of 9 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013Session4: __ Building an Intrusive Gec Setting the Surface Chronology Modelling AvT.. Generating Volum Saving a Scene Copying a Geological Mode! Changing the Resolution of a Geological Model. www.leapfrog3d.comPI a aT FFA DEE EERE ESI IIIT IS ASE SESSSIFTISSSESSESSSSILG & leapfrog astiomanc 620.00cn. mooel Ln Goals In this session, we will model a quartz porphyry intrusion that cuts an old granodiorite intrusion within an andesite country rock. These will be represented by the lithology codes QzP, GnD and AvT. At the end of this session, you will be familiar with: * Creating a geological model Defining intrusions + Using the moving plane to adjust a surface + Defining the chronological order of surfaces © Copying a geological model For this session, open the Marvin project from Session 3. Creating a New Geological Model To create a new geological model: 1. Right click on Geotogical Models in the project tree. 2. Select New Geological Model. ime ((F New Geological Model ] 3. Inthe window that appears, select the SimpleRockType column for the Base Lithology Column. You can change many geological model settings once the model has been created, but you cannot change the lithology column used to create the model, @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 16 | | i | }4. Select the geology segments from the Enclose Object dropdown list. 5. Click OK. The new geological model will appear in the project tree made up of several objects: 2 WV CStaspeshase vega | Patsy | etose Bim > Domnrlaone Modelling GzP To display QzP in the scene: 1. Clearthe scene. 2. Add the geology interval table to the scene. 3. Change the display to SimpleRockType: 2iete Rite I eatoon, i anes Rist Senet Reon 4, Inthe shape list, click Edit Colours. 5. Hide the Avi and GnD segments. ar | Beene 7 BNO DVB? c Wm Make $ Loe Page 3 of 16 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 FELETETTTEETETETLELUVLVLETEDFFF eee Ia Ida a eae aI ddI ITT aE hE TET ES & leapfrog Fast ORAMNC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING 6. Click OK to dismiss the legend. ‘The AvT and GnD lithologies will disappear from the scene, leaving only QzP_ and drilthole traces visible. Now we will use the Surface Chronology to create the QzP intrusion. To start: «Right-click on the Surface Chronology and select New Intrusion > From Base Lithology. | cet vier If there are younger intrusions that cut the intrusion you are creating, you can drag those to the Ignore box. In this case, though, QzP is the youngest intrusion. * Click OK. @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 16The new intrusion appears in the project tree as part of the Surface Chronology. You can expand it in the project tree to see the objects used to create it. To view the new QzP intrusion surface: * Drag the QzP surface into the scene. panel Ges ie F BNO WRB? Refining QzP We are going to examine the modelled intrusion critically from a geological Perspective. QzP has come from depth and intruded toward the surface, and 50 we would expect that its body is connected, unless there is some sort of. fault. Clearly, the intrusion surface we have just created has two bodies that are not connected To exan ine the relationship between the two bodies: 1. Hide the intrusion in the scene by clicking on the eye button. 2. Rotate the model to find the alignment in the QzP sections and line them up in the scene Page 5 of 16 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 PETTITT RTTRTTTATTTTLAETULLULTTTTETTETAAATE EESSIFT F FFF I AI SSE EEE SESSISSISSIISESESESESE £4 leapfrog oWNG WN? Now we will use the moving plane tool to apply a trend to the intrusion surface s0 that it is more geologically realistic. To use the moving plane: 3. Click on the Draw plane line button in the toolbar. 4, Drawa line in the scene across the GzP segments. 5. Ifyou are not satisfied that the line drawn reflects the alignment, click the Draw plane line button and try again. © ARANZ G Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 166. Click on the plane you have drawn in the scene. You may need to rotate the scene slightly to see the plane properly. 7. Using the handles that appear, adjust the plane to fine tune it. ‘Use the red, yellow and blue handles to fine-tune the plane, ‘+ Use the orange handle to move the centre of the plane, + Use the green handle to adjust the pitch of the plane. You can also adjust the plane using the controls in the lower righthand corner. Biren Gow PF BNO BNF ¥ pore % Rimoae | tatoo % Gin Next, we will use this plane to apply a global trend to the QzP surface. To do this 8. Right-click on the QzP surface in the project tree and select Adjust Surface. Page 7 of 16 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 RISRTTRCRRSCRAERARATARCARATAEERAERAARRESL ESGas SS SS SSESESESCESEASAIFAGIAISSESSESSESSIFSISSSESESSESSESEBE £2 leapfrog ast nate GEOLOGA MODELLING ass reece ee ere mieeieel co | NIN 8 7 a swan 9. Inthe Adjust Surface window, click the Set From Plane button to apply the values from the moving plane to the surface. 10. We will use the default Along Pitch and Out of Plane settings. Along Pitch is the axis along the green line of pitch. This is equivalent to Maximum in Leapfrog Mining. Perpendicular to Along Pitch is the Intermediate axis, which is locked at 1 in Leapfrog Geo. Out of Plane is the axis pointing directly out of the plane. This is equivalent to Minimum in Leapfrog Mining. This still allows for the same flexibility as in Leapfrog Mining, but settings must be adjusted so that the intermediate ratio is 1 11. Click OK. 12, Remove the moving plane from the scene. 13. Show the surface in the scene to view changes. @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 16re Ome FBVNGF RV It should now appear asa single object. Modelling GnD To model GnD: Remove the GzP surface from the scene. Click Edit Colours. Hide AvT and QzP and make GnD visible in the scene. 4. Click OK. Page 9 of 16 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 B@eneneeaeeeOeePheORGRaA BRA GREER PRanvwee ee @SOT TT Te TT EE EET IAAI SESE EESIDAIIFIASASESCELELEDS £4 leapfrog FASTonMONC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING hen | Pine 7 WN a Ve 5. Right-click on the Surface Chronology and select New Intrusion > From Base Lithology. 6. Select GnO as the interior lithology. 7. Move the younger intrusion (QzP) to the Ignore list. = | ee 8. Click OK to create the surface. Setting the Surface Chronology Now that you have more than one lithology, you can set the chronological order, which is represented in the geological model by the Surface Chronology object. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 10 of 16To set the surface chronology: 1. Double click on Surface Chronology. 2. Position GnD soit is “older” than Qa? in the list, Le. furth 3. Click OK. At this point, we are simply setting the chronology and have not added the surfaces to the model. Modelling AvT AyT can be modelled as groundmass, distinguishing the contrasting surface from the oldest intrusion, as AvT will make the space around the other two intrusions. To model AvT: 1. Add the GnD surface to the scene. 2, Double click on the GnD surface in the project tree. 3. Set the Second Lithology to AvT. Page 11 of 16 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 FERTITTTETTRTeFFF FFT TTT EET IDI A SESE EEE AAAS IASSESESEEELEDS £4 leapfrog FAST OMANCGEELOCICA. MODELLING (rae @ oie FWNe NSF e Mis tke $ seo Notice that the colour on the outside of the GnD surface changes to indicate that it is AVT. Click OK Double-click on the QzP surface. Set the Second Lithology to AvT. Click OK. Nese Generating Volumes To generate the volumes: 1. Double click on Surface Chronology. 2. Tick the boxes for each surface. 3. Click OK. 4. Clearthe scene. The volumes will be processed. 5. View the volumes by either + Dragging the geological model into the scene. + Right-clicking on Output Volumes and select View All. 6. Once the model is in the Scene, press the D key to view the model from above. ‘Add the collar and geology tables to the scene. Use the Draw slicer line tool to draw a slice along some of the drillholes. Rotate the scene to view the sliced surfaces. ean @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 12 of 1610. Use the tools in the scene list to change the display of the model so itis similar to that shown below. Sirs Bee eo wNa Ne Hints: * Inspect how the scene list options shown in the image above affect how ‘each object appears in the scene. ‘+ Click on an object in the scene list and change the Slice mode to change how the object is displayed in the scene. + Click on the volumes in the scene list to change how the volumes are displayed. + Drillhotes can be displayed as lines or cylinders. Click on the geology table in the scene list to change these options. Saving a Scene When you have a scene set up to display information in a particular way, you can save the scene so that it can be restored later. To do this: 1. Right-click on the Saved Scenes and Movies folder and select Save Current Scene. 2, Inthe window that appears, enter aname for the scene. 3. Click OK. When you want to view the scene again, simply drag the saved scene into the scene window Saving a scene does not save copies of the objects in the scene, it simply saves settings relating to how the objects are displayed, Deleting objects from the project will not preserve those objects in any saved scenes. Page 13 of 16 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013(Lieapfrog Fasr,mec GECLOGICA Copying a Geological Model Now we will make a copy of the geological model. 2. Enter a name for the new geological model. 3. Click OK. The new copy will be processed and will appear in the project tree, along with the original geological model: Ero ‘Crew =) pace este vor Patent Making a copy of a geological model is useful when you wish to experiment with different techniques. Changing the Resolution of a Geological Model The resolution of a geological model controls the size of the triangles used to create the surfaces. A lower number means a finer resolution and a higher number means a coarser resolution. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 14 of 16 FSSSTFSSSFESCEECEEESCE EAA AIFF SC SSE ESA SIFIIASISCLSOSS£2 leapfrog rastonwe eOLoGCK MOpELNG When you create a geological model, Leapfrog automatically sets a resolution based on the data available in the project. You can set a lower value (smaller triangles), but calculations will take longer. The advantage of Leapfrog over many other geological modelling products is: that the surface resolution can be easily changed. Once the model has been created, you can change the Surface Resolution by double-clicking onthe model in the project tree. 1. Double-click on the original geological model in the project tree, the one that is currently displayed in the scene. 2, Set the Surface resolution to 25. 3. Click OK. Once the changes have been processed, note the difference in the size of triangles in the surfaces displayed in the scene. For example, here the resolution is 25: Page 15 of 16 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 PRARAIRARRATRARRRARAERTRVUUARAARTARD| £4 leapfrog Here the resolution is 50: 4. Double-click on the geological model again and restore the original resolution setting. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 16 of 16 Sas F Ea a Aaa aah IIIS SITET SDCoolie! Model Creating a New Geological Modi Creating Contact Surfaces. Adding the Layers to the Surface Chronology . wwwaleapfrog3d.comSIs da aaa, SEER EEDA AIDA AAAESESEESSISIIIIIIELESS oo Goals The intrusive geological model we built in Session 4 was based on a column of simplified lithology data. In this session, we will create a depositional geological model using the RockType column, For this session, we will use the project from Session 4. Creating a New Geological Model To start: ‘1. Open the project from Session 4. 2. Clear the scene, 3. Right-click on the Geological Models folder and select New Geological Model. Select RockType for the Base Lithology Column. For Enclose Object select the geology segments. oF Bite | | Wim Gatien, ees Phin Amat 6. Name the model RockType and click OK. Creating Contact Surfaces 1. Add the geology table to the scene. 2, Inthe shape list, select RockType. 3. Click Edit Colours. @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 5& irae] ewer) [FP WNe ere ee We can see that there are five depositional lithologies, D1 to D5. D5is the lowest (oldest) layer, so we will build the deposits starting with D1. 4. Click OK to dismiss the legend. 5. Clear the scene. 6. Right-click on the Surface Chronotogy for the RockType model and select New Deposit > From Base Lithology. reas Fate Othe Serene > Omaege DE Reoms Omen here Netedine A erm poe hemes Fre ieematy 7. Select D5 for the First Lithology and untick the box for the intrusive lithology. Page 3 of 5 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013SSSSSFEFSEEESESEEEESIAIISGEBSEEESIFSFIFIISSOSSESSSSD 8, Click OK. 9. Create depositional contact surfaces for the remaining depositional lithologies. . 10. Using the techniques from Session 4, create intrusions for lithologies I1 and 12, with 12 being the most recent intrusion. ‘Adding the Layers to the Surface Chronology. 1, Double-click on the Surface Chronology. 2. Tick the Contact surface box to enable all contact surfaces. 3. Reorder the surfaces, if necessary, so the youngest is at the top. Hue Kim Sx 4. Click OK. | 5. Once the model has been processed, add it to the scene: @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013, Page 4 of 5Page 5 of 5 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 SSERPETIRETRETLUDUTATAUARLALTATADDSession 6: Stratigraphic Modelling Goals. www.leapfrog3d.comSSS ST SSS TTSESSESCSCSC SESE SI SSSSSESSESSESSSSASSSSVSSESSESC VEE Le leapfrog AST OME GEOLOOICN HOLLING Goals : q For this session, we will work with the depositional geological model from Session 5 and model the depositional layers using a stratigraphic sequenc Copying a Geological Model Tostart: Open the project from Session 5. Clear the scene. Right-click on the RockType geological model and select Copy. Enter the name RockType with Stratigraphy and click OK. PoN> Defining the Stratigraphic Sequence First, we will disable the depositional layers created for the original geological model. 4. Double-click on the Surface Chronology for the RockType with Stratigraphy model. 2. Disable the depositional contact surfaces, but leave the intrusive contact. surfaces enabl 3, Click OK. In Leapfrog, you can use the stratigraphic sequence tool to quickly model stratified lithological sequences such as iron ore. This tool builds surfaces for the defined lithologies based on a defined continuous sequence. The stratigraphic sequence tool is suitable when: + There are two or more surfaces. + The sequence is continuous. + Surfaces do not touch one another or pinch out (although they can vary in thickness). + Contact data is followed. Layers can change thickness. If the data suggest that one of these things is not being followed, it will show. up asan error, The most common errors a pinch-out error. If you are struggling to produce a geologically reasonable model using the stratigraphic sequence tool, you should either define each surface individually or only use it for part of your model, We know the stratigraphic sequence from Session 5, so can begin creating the stratigraphy. @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 4|) vet roanpenn mar | l] om eeecay | | tty |e Otmope | a FL tr 5. In the New Stratigraphic Sequence window, set the Lithology Above to D1. 6. Set the Lithology Below to 05. 7. Click the Add Lithologies button. 8. Tick the boxes for D2, D3 and D4. Ciermne a 9. Click OK. 10. Inthe New Stratigraphic Sequence window, click OK. The stratigraphic sequence is processed without producing any errors, so we: can enable it in the model. 111, Double-click on the Surface Chronology. 12, Organi¢e the intrusive contacts and the stratigraphy in the chronology. 1. Tick the box to enable the stratigraphy. Page 3 of 4 @ ARANZ Goo Ltd 2013SSS TSS T TEESE S SSE ESTES AAI ISSEESESESISIIFGISSSSSSESESESSEG & leapfrog 14, Click OK. 16. Add the model to the scene and compare the model with the stratigraphic sequence to the original model. Giana Por fet te tees eae @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 4Session 7: Dynamic Updating Goals. Appending Drillhole Data Updating the Geological Model Extents Examining the Geological Model Evaluating the New Model Against the Original. www.leapfrog3d.com‘leapfrog FSF TTT T TTT TEETER ES TIF TTS EEE ESSIISSIISSSSESSESESED {ASTM GEOLOGICAL NOEL Goals e In this session, we will append drillhole data by adding in anew drilling campaign. We will create an updated geological model and check the updated model against the original. ‘At the end of this seasion, you will be familiar with: + Appending drilthote data * Using a query filter * Copying a geological model + Evaluating a new model against the original For this session, open the Marvin model project from Session 6 and clear the scene, The data to append is in the folder for Session 2, Appending Drilthole Data First, we will import the data from the new drilling campaign. 1. Right click on the Drillholes object in the project tree, 2, Select Append Drillholes. FE ae 6 te 3, Click Browse to locate the collar file for the Mar campaign. (Marvin>DrillingyMar), 4, Select the Mar-Collar.cay file and click Opon, @ ARANZ Goo Ltd 2019 Pago 20f95. Click Import to start working through the files, checking that the new data aligns with the existing data tables. In the Column Summary part of each import window, notice that each file will be importing the same columns as the original drillhole campaign, You are unable to add any “new” columns at this stage. eto: [te ad oar rp bt 6. Work through the files, then select Finish. Your drillhole data will now contain information from both drilling campaigns. Because Leapfrog works in a top-down manner, the geological model depends. on the drilthole data and will also be updated when the drillhole datais appended, Updating the Geological Model Extents Although the geological models in the project have boon updated with the new drilihole data, the geological model extents remain those st when the models wore created, We will change tho extents for the intrusive geological model created in Session 4, Page 3 of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CRITTER ITEVIVIYFFT Tee FFF IF FFF E AAAI SESETEEELELIGS £4 leapfrog AST OMAN GEOLOGICAL HODELL Clear the scene. Add the intrusive geological model from Session 4 to the scene. Expand the geological model in the project tree. Double-click on the Boundary object. Pons The Boundary window will appear. You can also view the model's boundary information by double-clicking on the model in the project tree, then clicking on the Boundary tab. 5. Select the geology extents from the Enclose Object dropdown list. Note how the model extents change to enclose the new extents for the geological table. ‘Sieeey- oe Pee 6. Click OK. Examining the Geological Model While Leapfrog automatically updates models, it doesn't do the same for the geological interpretation. Once the project has updated, we need to examine that the updated model still fits our original interpretation. To examine your QzP unit: 1. Clear the scene, 2. Add the geology table to the scene. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013, Page 4 of 92s leapfrog FAST.DMUBNCCEOLOGICN. MODELL 3. Display the SimpleRockType column. Brien Wire or F BNO LEP ‘Add the QzP unit to the scene from the intrusive geological model. ‘Add the QzP output volume to the scene. . Examine the surface and volume to ensure they still honour the drillhole data and any surface edits you may have made (e.g. the surface. adjustment). 7. Do the same for GnD. 8. Clear the scene. oor Evaluating the New Model Against the Original Auseful feature when appending drillhole data is being able to evaluate a new model against the original. This helps you gain a better understanding of the. difference any new drilling has made. The first step of this process is being able to distinguish the original drilling campaign from the new one. To do this we need to create a query filter, which we will base on dates. The M drilling campaign was conducted in 1996 and the Mar campaign throughout 1997. To evaluate our original data (M campaign) we will filter all drillhole data before the 31 of Dec 1996. To create a query filter: 1. Right click on the collar table and select New Query Filter. Page 5 of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CERISE TLCTLRIRTALTLATLTATLCAURAAAAAAETCTRAEE LE ETFFF FTF TTT ETT TTF T TFT EEE EEESEADHSSFSESSESSESESE 2. Inthe window that appears, type in the following query: Completed < '1996-12-31" Make sure you use the single quotation marks and have no spaces between your dates: year-month-day. 3. Name the query filter M Campaign. BB Query Filter Select rows from collar Query: (Completed < 1056121" 4, Click OK. 5. Add the geology table to the scene and set it to use the M campaign query filter: © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 9ree Biro FS WN\GRYVSZ . tim Walaa FE The drillhole traces for all driltholes will still be visible, but only the intervals from the original M campaign are displayed. You can display the whole drillhole dataset by selecting ‘None’ from the Query filter dropdown list in the properties panel. Next, we will make a copy of the geological model. 6. Make a copy of the geological model by right-clicking on it and selecting Copy. 7. Name the new model M Campaign GM. Page 7 of 9 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CERRRRRAETTRAERATCATARLRARAERRRRRDADRAREA ELE ©FOOTE HHSHSSSSESEEEEE FSIS ASFSEESESESSISISSASSSSSESSSSHESE £4 leapfrog stonencofoLoocA HEMEL 8. Click OK. Next, we will use the query filter to define the new geological model. 9. Double-click on the M Campaign GM. 10. Tiekthe Filter Data option. The Query Filter defautt should be the M Campaign. 11. Click OK. To compare the new and original geological models: 42.Clearthe scene. 13. Add the GzP volume from the original model the scene. 14, Add the QzP volume from the M Campaign GM. 15. Differentiate the GM model volume from the original volume by turning on the show edges option for one of the volumes, @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 9& leapfrog raST.onveacGEOLOON MODELLING rear Bieter FWY RRS 16. Zoom in to the edges of the volumes. 7 WNe gdRVe/ ohh et ——— > You can see that both QzP volumes are different, based on the drillhole data used for each model. Page 9 of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CECT IICITTITesgce_c_aa_vUr_ract_rtart_aiwtaiwt_aiswt_i¢t@¢rteSession 8: Building from a Map Using — Structural Data Goals.. Creating a New Project. Importing a Non Georeferenced Map Creating the Topography from Points Adding Structural Data... Importing Structural Data for the Contact Surfaces. Creating the Geological Model for the Western Sid Adding the Fault to the Geological Model Defining the Lithologies. Defining the Sedimentary Sequence. Activating the Fault in the Model.... Adding an Erosion Surface from a GIS Line. Exercise: Build the Eastern GM ... www.leapfrog3d.comLe leapfrog SHOTS RSHESTESSEEREDTIIADITAIFSSESESSISIFSTSSSSSSSSLES ILE FAST OMNAMCLOLOGICA DELL Goals In this session we will build a geological model from a map and structural data, Creating a New Project To start, we are going to create a new project. 1, Click on the Projects tab. 2, Click the New Project button. 3, Enter the name Sagean Valley for the project and click OK. Importing a Non Georeferenced Map For this project, we will import a non georeferenced map. 1. Right-click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and select Import Map. 2, Navigate to the folder for this session and select the Sagean Valley Map.jpg, file. 3. Click Open, The Import Image window will appear. In this window, you enter georeferencing information using three points of reference, These reference points are positioned in the image and then assigned their real world coordinates. 4, Click on the yellow marker and position it in the scene, as shown below. @ARANZ Goo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 165. Enter the coordinates for the yellow marker, read from the map. 6. Repeat the process for the green and blue markers. Itis also a good idea to crop the map to remove the white outer boundaries that contain the coordinates, 7. Click the Crop image button. 8. Click and drag the mouse to select the relevant map area. 9. Click OK. 10. Add the image to the scene and press the D key to view it from above. If the image appears skewed in the scene, you may have entered one or more of the co-ordinates incorrectly. To edit the georeference markers, double- click on the image in the project tree. Creating the Topography from Points Right click on the Locations folder and select Import Locations. Select the file Sagean_Valley Topography.csv and click Open. Click Finish, Right-click on the Topographies folder and select New Topography > From Points. 5. Select the topography points and click OK. Pers Page 3 of 16 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 SCeReeeeeeregerrTTesSoa e eR A AAA AASEAAEASIIFGISISSELES ELLE & leapfrog at NAME CEELOOCA HOELING 6, Click OK to accept the default name for the topography. Adding Structural Data We can now start defining the structural measurements on the topography. ‘There are two ways of adding structural data to a model. The first is to add it manually using data within our scene and the second is to import We will create the structural data we will use to control the fault. 1. Clear the scene. 2. Add the topography to the scene. 3, Select the imported map for the GIS data view. 4, Press D to view the scene from above. jae ean Ss 5. Right-click on the Structural Data folder and select New Structural Data. 6. Enter “Fault” as the name for the new structural data table. 7. Click OK. The Structural Data window will appear and new icons will appears in the toolbar above the scene. Anew structural data table will appear in the project tree and will be added to the scene ready to be edited. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 168. Zoom in to one of the structural data points on the map. 9. Rotate the scene so that you are looking in the direction of the dip. 10. Change the plunge until itis about the same as the dip. ‘11. Click on the structural data point button and draw the data point in the scene by clicking on the centre of the strike and dip, and draggingto the right By always drawing structural data points in the same direction, it ‘ensures the polarities remain consistent. 12. In the Structural Data window, manually enter the Dip value from the map. hee es Bee Gene ene | PBNeLLESN Ss Gx BB core 2) | | | 13. Draw the second structural data point that occurs along the fault. 14, Click the Save button. Page 5 of 16 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013SISFSFHSSFHTHESCSCECSCETSSIDSAISTSO SPSS SSSIFITISSSESSESSEVELE Importing Structural Data for the Contact Surfaces The structural data for the contact surfaces will be imported from a. .s. You could, however, create a table for each contact surface usi information on the map. _ : The units we will be modelling are illustrated below: 1. Clear the scene. 2. Right-click on the Structural Data folder and select Import Structural Data. 3. Navigate to the folder for this session. 4. Select the file A_B_west.csv. 5. Click Finish. The new structural data table will appear in the project tree. 6. Add the topography to the scene, 7. Press the D key to view the scene from above. 8. Add the A_B_west structural data table to the scene. @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 16Seren Binet ase keen See E ies httnsen 82d Creating the Geological Model for the Western Side At this point, we have the data necessary to build the geological model for the western side of the fault. 1. Right-click on the Geological Models folder in the project tree and select New Geological Model. 2, Use the controls in the scene to set the model extents to enclose the map. Page 7 of 16 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013PAARHAHDHAHHFESFE HSER FEDIIDID ASDF SFIESIFSGIFIIISTIISFS SESE LSE & leapfrog 3. In the New Geological Model window, set the Z (Elev) values to -60 and 760. 4, Set the Surface Resolution to 80. 5. ClickOK. ‘Adding the Fault to the Geological Model Now we will draw the fault in the scene and use it and the structural data to define the fault in the geological model. 1. Drag the topography with surface map into the scene. 2. Right click on GIS Data, Maps and Photos and select New GIS Lines. Name the GIS line “Fault” and click OK. Aset of drawing tools will appear in the scene. Select the Draw lines tool and trace the fault on the map. Click the Save button Right click on the Fault System for the new geological model and select New Fault > From GIS Vector Data. 7. Change the fault type to Surface. Pane ‘An option to select the GIS vector data projected onto the topography appears in the list. 8, Select the Fault (On Topography) object and click OK. The GIS line has now been draped on the topography. 9, Expand the Fault System in the project tree to see the new fault. 10. Right click on the fault and select Add > Structural Data. © ARANZ.Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 1612. Click OK. Defining the Lithologies As we have no drillhole data in the project, we need to define the lithologies for the geological model manually. 4. Double-click on the Litholo, 2. Inthe window that appears, first lithology, A: 98 object for the geological model. click the Add button and enter aname for the Page 9 of 16 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 « = & e & © e & e e & e & e e e & « aCeO SS SCOSESESESEESESC COO EHEESELOCC COC COTO COC Ce 3. Ifyou like, click on the colour chip to change the colour used. 18s for lithologies B to F. 4, Repeat the proce: Defining the Sedimentary Sequence We will define the sedimentary sequence by building from oldest (A) to youngest (F). 4, Clearthe scene. 2. Right-click on the Surface Chronology object and select New Deposit > From Structural Data. @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 10 of 163. Inthe window that appears, select the A _B_west structural data and assign the lithologies according to their relative age: Click OK. ‘Add the topography to the scene. eee oriented. One of the more difficult tasks in building geological models is identifying the sides of contact surfaces, especially in a complex environment where the geology may be overturned. Leapfrog Geo labels surfaces as having older and younger sides, which is the “younging” direction. Here, the contact surfaces are displayed in the scene. Two surfaces use the younging direction display the older side (brown) and the younger side (green), while the third surface is displaying using the lithologies on each side of the surface: Page 11 0f 16 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Repeat the process for the B_C_west and C_D_west structural data tables. Add the new contact surfaces to the scene to confirm that they are correctly CTUUTITUTTETTTtitt& leapfrog rasrionW9C EDLOGCAL MOUELLING rane PF VNORDRVZ Biatenean § istetd This provides a way of checking that the younging direction has been correctly set in the model. 8. Double-click on the Surface Chronology. 9. Make sure the contact surfaces are in the correct chronological order. 10. Enable the contact surfaces and click OK. 11. Clear the scene and add the geological model to the scene. gael Bre % BNo Nas © ARANZGeo Ltd 2013, Page 12 of 16& leapfro: FAST onuecc£0L08H MODELLING Activating the Fault in the Model 1. Double-click on the Fault System. 2. Tick the box for the fault and click OK. 3. Add the geological model to the scene. hen Gee FWNO VLE Note that the model east of the fault has no lithologies defined. 4. Determine which GM unit is east and which is west by vi Boundaries and rename the units. jing the Unit ari vie Adding an Erosion Surface from a GIS Line Next, we will add two erosions to the model, lithologies E and F. They will both be built from imported GIS lines. Page 13 of 16 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013GIS OSS SSFESESEEEEED AAD ADE SEEASSIFSGIFSTIIIISE SLES LS SED: 4. Right-click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and sele Vector Data. 2. Navigate to the folder for this session and select the file E Outlin 3. Click Open. : 4, Inthe window that appears, click OK. 5. 6 When asked whether or not to filter data, select Don’t Filter Data, . Right-click on the Surface Chronology for the western side of the geologic model and select New Erosion > From GIS Vector Data: cena | haben eaten (deen at) res estan > emai Bene > Somtvine | Bheclen Geni Dan Dheepeoe Brectetgty — Aofonto ret Seenroiee peo. P Feb Select E_Outline (On Topography) for the GIS Vector Data. Select E for the First Lithology. 9. Because the older side of the unconformity has more than one lithology contacting it, leave the Second Lithology as Unknown: 10. Click OK. 11. Use the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder to import the F_Outline_west.shp file. ight-click on the Surface Chronology for the western side of the geological. model and select New Erosion > From GIS Vector Data. 13, Select F_Outline_west (On Topography) for the GIS Vector Data. 14. Select F for the First Lithology 15. Because this side of the unconformity has only one lithology contacting it, we can change the Second Lithology to E. 16.Click OK. 17.. Activate the surfaces for both the E and F lithologies under the Surface Chronology object, making sure the surfaces are in the correct chronological order, 18, Click OK. 19. Clear the scene and add the model to the scene: 12. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 14 of 16Ta oa fo ei woproer eo ee ‘e~ sum som oa Exercise: Build the Eastern GM Use the techniques outlined above to model the eastern side of the fault. 4. Import the structural data for the eastern side of the fault. Z. Use ths structural data to define the deposit contact surfaces for the eastern side. You will need to delete the contact surfaces that were copied for the eastern side of the fault when the fault was enabled for the geological model Enable the contact surfaces in the Surface Chronology and add the model to the scene: Page 15 of 16 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 re REREERTTAEETERERTEARULETARTTT TG <FIDO SSSEAREEERER ERD AAAS SAD EADASIAIII SISSIES LELEDS 4. Use the imported GIS line to add an erosion for E. 5. View the model in the scene: @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 iret] Page 16 of 16‘Session 9. Goals Modelling Approac! Iterative Refinement Creating an Interpolant of AU: Examining the Initial Interpolant .. Refining the Interpolant Using a Geological M Modelling Au Within QzP Using a Filter Setting the Interpolation Parameters .. Setting a Trend Transforming and Clipping Values. Bounding the Isosurfaces... Calculating Mineral Volumes jodel as a Lateral Extent. we leapfrog3d.comFIPSSSESESFEEREREEEESASIISTESESIESIISFIFSFISISSES SS SELSESEE Goals Creating an interpolant in Leapfrog Geo uses assay data, temperature values or even geophysical data sparsely distributed in space and interpolates ‘across a region. Interpolation in Leapfrog is fast and flexible, and the shells produced to represent mineralisation are smoother than traditional hand- drawn meshes. This session contains a relatively large amount of theoretical background. To understand somewhat how Leapfrog creates interpolants, we will need to introduce basic interpolation and geo-statistics concepts. For this session we will be using project used for Session 7. Modelling Approach An interpolant can be built in four steps from a variety of data. Any data that contains points with X,Y,Z coordinates and an associated value can be used for interpolation. 1. The first step is to clean the drillhole data by removing inconsistencies in the data. This can be a time consuming process with some data sets, but itis. critical as the quality of any model ultimately depends on the quality of the data. In this example, however, we are using clean data and can skip directly tothe second step. 2. The next step is to select the numeric values. An interpolant estimates the values over a region from an initial set of point values. The numeric values { can be selected directly as points if they have been imported into the Locations folder. If you are creating your interpolant from drillhole data, ; Leapfrog will allow you to select the segments from which points are i generated. When you are adjusting the interpolant later on, you can work directly with point values. 3. The next step is to apply a trend. A trend allows the directions and strength. i of mineralisation to be defined to ensure the resulting interpolant is geologically reasonable. Altering the global trend will alter the isosurfaces. It f should be adjusted to ensure these honour the expected mineralisation \ patterns. This is where we will initially direct our focus in this session. 4. The final step is to determine how the isosurfaces are bounded and calculate the volume of mineral within each isosurface. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013, Page 20f 14Iterative Refinement Building an interpolant is a process of successive refinement. This involves ‘+ Defining the interpolant and basic structures. This usually corresponds to defining the topography and boundar ‘+ Refining the internal structure. This involves setting the proper trends and making manual corrections to the point and value data until the resulting surfaces are geologically realistic. Creating an Interpolant of Au To create an initial interpolant for Au: 1, Open the project from Session 7. 2, Clear the scene. 3. Right click on the Interpolants folder and select New Interpolant. 6, The Numeric values option is automatically set to Au. Click OK. Examining the Initial Interpolant We now have an initial interpolant that we will examine to see how we can refine it, 1. Add the interpolant to the scene. Page 3 of 14 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CRRA RsECReaKCTTEeECaREARAaReagaaegFFSFFFFEPEEEEEEELE SS AISIAIASASSAIFGIIFTTIIII~A SE SFE SLEESHS & leapfrog AST, ONAMC CEOLOGICA, Hope LNG CASO ea 2m Miainiee $i 2. Expand the interpolant in the project tree. 3, Add the Au values object to the scene. irae Been 7 UNe rey At this point, we want to decide whether or not this is a geologically reasonable model. We will view it with the geologically reasonable model we created in Session 7 and see how the materialization aligns with the lithologies in the region. 4, Add the M Campaign QzP volume from Session 7 to the scene. 5, Hide the larger isosurfaces in the scene, leaving only the 0.69 surtace visible © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 14ome Most of the higher-grade gold is within the QzP volume. We will assume, therefore, that the golds generally contained within the quartz porphyry unit and model Au within the QzP volume. Refining the Interpolant Using a Geological Model as a Lateral Extent When modelling Au in QzP, you can create the isosurfaces based on all the Au data within the model boundary, or you can create the isosurfaces based only on the Au data from within QzP. We will do both and compare the results. The isosurface we just created was produced using all the Au data within the model boundary. The next step is to clip the gradeshells to QzP. 1. Right click on the boundary tab under your Au interpolant and select New Lateral Extent > From Geological Model. |vomeee ramet, |p onres | Bae ented Someee Siete | Scone Fanivcirton: Conia Sromenon | 2. Inthe Select Boundary window, select the M campaign GM QzP mesh: Page 5 of 14 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CERRTERCACECECETCTCKTKKCKARACEKKKKKKKRAAELEC LCEFFT EEE ee aI AIST EOE I AAI ISSA ESET TEATS & leapfrog 3. Click OK. 4, Clear the scene. 5. Add the interpolant to the scene. The Au gradeshells are now clipped to the QzP uni FUNa Vey This does not align well within the QzP. We will see if using only the data in the QzP produces a better alignment. Modelling Au Within QzP Using a Filter Although our first interpolant was clipped to the QzP volume, it still used the Au data collected in the drillholes outside the QzP region. As we are interested in materialization inside the QzP region, we will create a new interpolant and limit the data used to that inside QzP. 1. Clear the scene. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 14FAST OMAMCEEOLOGIEN MOORING 2. Right click on the Interpolants folder and select New Interpolant. 8. Change the Surface Filter option to Other. 4. Select the M campaign QzP mesh from the dropdown list. 5, For Enclose Object, select the M campaign GM extents, 6, Change the name of the interpolant to “Au in QzP". 7. Click OK. 8. Expand the new interpolant in the project tree. 9. Add the Au in QzP values to the scene. Only the Au data from inside QzP has been extracted. 10. Clip the gradeshells to inside the Q2P mesh in the same manner used for the Au interpolant. Although this interpolant is created using only the Au intervals inside the QzP. region, it still fails to align well within the QzP. We will try to correct this by applyinga trend along the plane of QzP mineralisation, but first we will look at the interpolation parameters. Setting the Interpolation Parameters When you are producing grade shells, you need to establish if they are geologically reasonable, Currently we have clipped out gradeshells to QzP, but we have not yet set a trend to support this. First, we will examine the interpolant parameters in more detail. We recommend you use a Spheroidal interpolant when you are interpolating a grade, The Sill should be set to the Variance value shown on the screen, Unless you have geostatistical information that means it should be different. Page 7 of 14 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 REREETECKETETTTTETCTVLAT TCT CTT ET EAESISASPISFSEEPEEEEEESASISSIFSASESIASISIALESELILESE 8be & leapfrog FAG;IMMMICCEELOGAL MODELLING The Nugget is a smoothing parameter that helps to average out t uncertainty in the data. This is an absolute parameter r percentage and should be set relative to the Sill value. For example, ‘was set to 2.0 and a 10% Nugget was required, the eee bes 0.2. ‘The Range needs to be large enough to reach between the drilthol range is not large enough you will get clusters of information around th drilthotes. An approximate rule of thumb is to double the distance between drillholes. To work out a good value for the range, measure an approximati distance between adjacent dritholes, and then double the distance to produce the range. Clear the scene. Double-click on the Au in Qazi Click on the Interpolant tab. Set the Range to 200. Set the Sill to the Variance value shown on the screen. Set the Nugget value to 10% of the Variance. terpolant. Por eN> bis eres | Reel 7. Click on the Isosurfaces and Volumes tab. determined by the 85", 90 and 95" percentile. You can adjust the values by By default, three isosurfaces are created. The isosurface values are double clicking on the current value and typing anew one. 8. Change the Iso Value settings to 0.45, 0.65 and 0.75. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 149. Click OK. 10. Expand the Output Volumes folder and add the > 0.75 grade shell to the scene. BND Set hance 9 ie Setting a Trend You can seta global trend or structural trend for an interpolant from the Trend tab. To set a global trend: 1. Clear the scene 2. Add the interpolant’s values object to the scene 3. Use the Values filter (shape properties panel) to display only the higher values. Page 9 of 14 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 TCRAITKEETTTTETTETETTURATLETETETEFOSS SFT FF Fee eee ee ATS SFT TATU TUE 4. Draw a plane line through the higher values, taking care to look down the line that the deposits are plunging down. 5. Double-click on the Au in QzP interpolant. 6. Click on the Trend tab. 7. Click Set From Plane to copy the plane settings: | 8. Click OK to make the changes. 9. Clear the scene 10. Add the interpolant to the scene and examine the effects of applying the trend. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 10 of 14Using the moving plane basically stretches the surfaces in the direction of the trend, along the axes defined by the green arrow on the moving plane. The amount of stretching is controlled by the Ellipsoid Ratios, whet ‘= The Maximum value stretches more (or less) along the green arrow. © The Intermediate value stretches in the direction of the second axis (red arrow). + The Minimum value stretches in the direction perpendicular to the moving plane (blue arrow). If we view the result of applying this trend to the Au interpolant within the QzP, we see it still aligns poorly within the GzP. This indicates our initial assumption that the gold mineralisation occurred within the QzP unitis incorrect. 7 RNODLeF Sas vaca Although this means we do not yet have a geological reasonable model of gold grade in the region, our work has not been wasted as we now have a greater geological understanding of the region, which we can use to produce a better interpolant in the future. Transforming and Clipping Values In the Value Transform tab, you can adjust the grade value distribution by clipping data and applying a grade transformation: Page 11 of 14 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 = Se e = = = = — = <= os - es = os om veFPISSSISIIFTESEEEEEEIDIIDSIESAFASIIFDISIISLSLAAITGE Yer fone en in os aro Dereon cee ey You can clip the data by ticking the Do pre-transform clipping box, then selecting the Lower and Upper bounds. Setting the Upper bound toa very large number causes it to revert to the maximum for the distribution. The Log transform uses the logarithm to compress the data values toa smaller range. This may be useful if the data range spans orders of magnitude. In order to avoid issues with taking the logarithm of zero or negative numbers, a constant is added to the data to make the minimum value positive, which is set in the Pre-log shift field. Afterthe logarithm is taken, a constant is added so the minimum (after clipping) value is transformed to 0.0. Flexibility in choosing the pre-log shift is provided since increasing this value away from zero can be used to reduce the effect of the logarithmic transformation on the resultant isosurfaces. Data transforms are a powerful tool that can be used to drastically improve the quality of poor models. They should be applied if blobby models with ballooning of high value grade shells around high values are observed. Bounding the Isosurfaces In the Isosurfaces and Volumes tab, the Volumes enclose setting determines how the output volumes will be calculated: @ ARANZGeo Ltd 2013 Page 12 of 14jonem Gx den Keane ts plas Ruoncs os mwa You can have: * Individual volumes between two thresholds (Intervals) oe ‘* Separate volumes for everything above the thresholds (Higher Values) © Separate volumes for everything below the thresholds (Lower Valu Calculating Mineral Volumes To estimate the amount of deposit from the grade shells, examine the grade shell properties. There are two ways to do this: If the grade shell is in the scene, click on it. The Volume is displayed in the: ‘Scene Selection window: «Right-click on the volume in the project tree and select Properties. The Volume is displayed in the General tab: Page 13 of 14 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013Page 14 of 14 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013Exercise 1: Marvin Weathering Goals. Create the Geological Model.. Building the Contact Surface: ‘the Model in the Scene www.feapfrog3d.com| Pas leapfrog FAST OMWEC GEOLOGICAL MODELLING Goals ee For this exercise, we will use the Marvin project used in the sessions and create a geological model based on weathering data. Create the Geological Model 1, Open the Marvin project from the session. 2. Clearthe scene. : 3. Create a new geological model, using the WeatheringZone column for the. Base Lithology Column. 3 4, Select the geology segments from the Enclose Object list. 5. Enter thename “Weather Zone” and click OK. Building the Contact Surfaces 1. Build MXas an intrusion: @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 5 FS Sa eae TTT TEE FTES ET EEE SEES TF AISSAESCLUSESHAEELE4. Enable the surfaces in the geological model and arrange them in chronological order: Viewing the Model in the Scene 1. Add the model to the scene and draw a slice across it: Page 3 of 5 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 20132, , Add the drillholes and surfaces used to build the model and examine the scene: [nore | Wet 7 WNBRVES 3. Experiment with the resolution setting to see what difference it makes to the model: @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 40f 5 etiecofog a =mir me owe ras Page 5 of 5 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013Exercise 2: Simple Map Setting Up the Project Creating the Geological Model Creating the Fault. Adding the Fault to the Geological Model Modelling the Contacts. ‘Modelling the Western Side of the Fault www .leapfrog3d.comSOPIPIFSISSSESEEER EEA AAS A AAAAAAASAIIIISIFAEEE LAI £4 leapfrog FASTOMANIC GEELOGCA MODEL LBS Goals For this exercise, we will create a geological model from an imported map. Data Folder Additional Exercises > 2. Simple Map Setting Up the Project 1, Create anew project. 2. Import the map, which is called “Simple fault and sediments.png”: Om ca | ten (int names © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 9._ Use the controls in the scene to set the clipping boundary to th imported map. i Import the file topo.msh. Create a topography from the imported mesh. xe Creating the Geological Model 1. Create anew geological model. 2. Double-click on the geological model's Lithologies object and create the lithologies represented in the map, naming them Red, Blue and Green: 3, Set the colour of each lithology to match those in the map by clicking on the colour chip, then using the eyedropper to pick the colour from the map displayed in the scene. Page 3 of 9 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013FSIFSIASAPAEERER ESA ID SISAAAAADSAIAIIIISIIILEELAFIIGE Creating the Fault We will create the fault by drawing a GIS line and structural data points in the scene. 1. Create anew GIS line and name it “Fault”. [pie nee tree fre ois Yee: FCN 2, Trace the fault in the scene: @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 9Bares) @enie ig wNa one Wins Bfdnden $ rd 3. Right-click to end the drawing of the fault, then click the Save button. 4. Right-click on the Structural Data folder and select New Structural Data. 5. Enter the name “Fault Structural Measurments” for the new table. A set of structural data tools will appear in the scene. 6. Draw the two structural data points for the fault, as described in Session 8. 7. Click the Save button. Adding the Fault to the Geological Model 1. In the geological model, create a fault from the GIS line. VS caste vor Sse a Ota 2 uaa score 2. Make sure Fault Type is Surface and select Fault (On Topography); Page 5of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013SCAFSFISFSTFSESSEC ECE SS SSSSSSEPSSSESSSIESSSSSEVCSESSESSLSCE 4, Enable the fault in the geological model by double-clicking on the Fault System and ticking the box. {At this point, we have a geological model divided into two units, Clear the scene. ‘Add GM unit 1 to the scene. Rename GM unit 1 to East or West. Rename GM unit 2, 2xoe Modelling the Contacts The contacts will be created by drawing a GIS line and structural data point for each contact, then creatinga mesh. To start, clear the scene, then add the topography to the scene with the map displayed. For each boundary on the map: 1, Create a GIS line, selecting a name that will help you distinguish between the GIS lines later, e.g. red_blue_east. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 92, Adda structural data point, creating a separate table for ‘Again, choose names that will help you distinguish between tables. 5 jght-click on the Meshes folder and select New Mesh > From Data. elect the required GIS line and enter a name for the mes! 6. Select the structural data corresponding to the GIS line. Repeat these steps for each contact. Modelling the Western Side of the Fault We will create the contacts for the western side of the fault using the meshes and the younging information on the map. 1. Right-click on the Surface Chronology for the West unit and select New Deposit > From Surface. 2. Select the Surface, then set the First Lithology and the Second Lithology. Page 7 of 9 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 20134, Double-click on the Surface Chronology and set the chronological order for the surfaces: 5. Enable the surfaces and click OK. 6. Clear the scene and add the West unit to the scene: © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 9Repeat the steps above for the East unit. Page 9 of 9 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 CSsteergrreaegeeeeegt Reese REArRTRRaeeeeeenaesExercise 3: Stratigraphy Setting Up the Project Creating the Geological Model and Adding the Faults.. Defining the Stratigraphic Sequence. Alternative Workflow: Creating a Single Stratigraphy wwew.leapfrog3d.com_ £@ leapfrog FAST Onn GOLOCAL HODELLNG Goals ee For this exercise, we will create a faulted geological model and use. stratigraphic sequences to model the layers in each fault block. Data Folder Additional Exercises > 3. Stratigraphy. Setting Up the Project 1. Create anew project. 2. Import the drillhols data. Leapfrog should setect the survey and interval tables correctly. If Leapfrog does not, click on Browse for each of the file types and add the files to the. Import Driltholes window one by one. Next, we will create the topography from an imported mesh. We will also import three meshes that represent faults. 3. Import the file topo.msh. 5. Add the topography and the geology table to the scene. @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 7Pas leapfrog. FAST-OMUUACGEOLOGICA MOOELLING Binws| Geri FUNG RAF = Steno iN ty «Choe section 3 Aig =) tre 6. Use the Meshes folder to import the three fault meshes. Creating the Geological Model and Adding the Faults 1. Create anew geological model, selecting the geology segments for Enclose Objects. ray a ley ce ay 2. Use the imported meshes to define the faults. Page 3 of 7 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 f CTVURTTRITTATTTTETTETULATEEE RTEFXO aes aE TREE EE ERE EEDA EDS ESESASSSSSSHSEVSSSSE & leapfrog FAST OMAMCCEDLOGICA MODELLING AS tame. PSI vim | fone | Me teteeeee Se ei 3. Add the Fault System object to the scene to view the faults. 4. Double-click on the Fault System object and set the fault interactions. a pee Same es 2 ag) ace X fac = Dol 2 Feo 8 Za a 2 a oe © ori atcentn $ Zak 5, Activate the faults by ticking the boxes and clicking OK. This will create a series of geological model units, which will appear in the project tree under the geological model. Defining the Stratigraphic Sequence For this model, the oldest lithology is Granite and the youngest is Gravel. We will use this for the lower and upper layers in the stratigraphic sequence. 1. Create a stratigraphic sequence for the first unit in the model: © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 73. Select Granite for Lithology Below. 4. Add all other lithologies to the Stratigraphic Lithologies list: Page 5 of 7 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 QQCgagagtegtgttgaTRTRAHaAn®:FFF FTF U eee AAAS EAR DAE EAST ISESSELLES SELIG & leapfrog FAS.MUN EDLOGICA MODELL 5. Enable the stratigraphic sequence in the Surface Chronology for the first unit, 6. Clear the scene. 7. Add the unit to the scene. 8. Define stratigraphic sequences for the remaining fault blocks. For some fault blocks, creating the stratigraphic sequence will result in an error, indicated by a red X over the stratigraphic sequence. To view the information, right-click on the stratigraphic sequence and select List Errors. A window will appear describing the errors: [nn tren oe Bete Tos umes Sines ome a eNOS ee ene 9 steno See |) vee rere Cheers ion tr than $d Add the drillholes to the scene and use the information in the window to fix the stratigraphic sequence. 9. Once each stratigraphic sequence is error-free, enable it, then view the complete model in the scene: © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 7Alternative Workflow: Creating a Single Stratigraphy If the stratigraphic sequer is continuous throughout the model, “a create a single stratigraphic sequence before enabling the fault system. 1, Create a new geological model in the same manner as before Use the imported meshes to create the faults, but do not enable the fau ‘the Fault System, : * . Define a single stratigraphy for the whole model. . Enable the stratigraphic sequence in the Surface Chronology. , Enable the Fault System, . Correct any errors that occur. Page 7 of 7 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013Exercise 4: Wolf Pass Goals. Setting Up the Project Grouping the Lithologi Differentiating the Veins. Modelling the Veins Extending the Vein Boundaries Modelling the Other Lithologies.. www. leapfrog3d.comFFSSSOSFASHSEEEELESGSH444555535338380858888888 80588858) & leapfrog AST OME GEDLOGIEAL MODELLING Goals : For this exercise, we will import a set of drillhole data and model lithologies for the Wolf Pass area. Tools used for this exercise include: = Grouping lithologies + Interval selection + Vein modelling Setting Up the Project 1. Create a new project and call it “Wolf Pass. 2. Import the topography.csv file and use it to create a topography. 3. Import the drillholes, making sure to import all columns in all tables. 4. Set the clipping boundary to the lithology segments. §. Double-click on the Topography and set its resolution to 20. Grouping the Lithologies Often data comes from multiple sources and different geologists use different terminology. When building a model, you may also have specific reasons for treating multiple lithologies asa single group. In these cases, you can group lithologies in Leapfrog without altering the original data source. Grouping lithologies adds a new column to the lithology table, so that you can model with the original data or with the grouped data, 4. Clear the scene. 2. Add the lithology table to the scene. 3. Right-click on the lithology table and select Group Lithologies. 4. Inthe window that appears, leave ROCK as the base column and enter the name Grouped_ROCK for the new lithology column. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 105, Click OK. In the window that appears, we will create new groups and add lithologies to. these groups: wrrsggeoregeg i 6. Click on ASH, then click New Group: ears cour o im 1 I | boone Gost om Row | eo 7. Enter the name “Recent” for the new group. 8, Drag the lithologies COLLV and SAPR to the “Recent” group. Expand the group to see the ungrouped lithologies that belong to it: Page 3 of 10 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 TVTITTTTe_stTyPFISSSSSSAREFEEEREEEAHAAAAAAAAHASISIFOISSSSESLESISSVES 9. Repeat the process to create the following new grol Basement: H, SBX + Dacite: DA ° Early Diorite: £1, £2, £3, EBX1, EBX2 e Intermineral Diorite: 11,12, IBX ate Ret Soe Leave the SGNCRLSS lithology in the Ungrouped Lithologies list. 10. Click OK. The scene will be updated to display the new lithology group: @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 4 of 10(arc | we FVNADKNES =the Meera] thcaan Gam . wats Biratcaens etki | fe a Differentiating the Veins The Dacite lithology is made up of two veins that appear as a single lithology. 1. Click on Edit Colours in the shape list. 2. Hide all but the Dacite lithology in the scene and increase the Line width to make the segments easier to see: FWNG RE 3. Rotate the scene so you are looking down at two veins. Page 5 of 10 © ARANZGeo Ltd 2013 ; e e € e € e e e € € S e ° = - e C e . . e = = - . ° e °SSSSSISHFFEEEEEEEEEIE54455845455398998980508 08098 EF08G & leapfrog FASTMWWMICGEOLOGICN MODELLING Dismiss the Legend by clicking OK. Right-click on the lithology table and select interval Selection. Select Grouped _ROCK for the Base Column. Enter the name “Grouped_ROCK Veins” and click OK. eae The Interval Selection table will appear, together with a set of tools for selecting intervalsin the scene: ‘Stree sneer PF WNE RAS 8. Click on the Select intervals tool (#7) and draw across segments for the first. vein 9. Inthe Interval Selection window, click Assign to, then Create New Lithology. 10. In the window that appears, enter the name “Dacite Vein 1°, then click OK: @ ARANZGeo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 10ire Berm PWN INEZ ies ratte $ 25ses The selected segments will be assigned as the new vein. 11. Continue selecting segments for the first vein. 12, Select segments for the second vein and create anew category for it. 13. When you have finished, click the Save button in the toolbar. 14. Close the Interval Selection window. Modelling the Veins 1. Create a new geological model with * Grouped_ROCK Veins set as the Base Lithology Column © The lithology segments as extents + The resolution set to 20 + The name GM Grouped_ROCK_Veins. 2. From the Surface Chronology, create veins for Dacite Vein 1 and Dacite Vein By [ane fine | Rims Soe L 3. Add the veins to the scene to examine them: Page 7 of 10 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 TACTAE TERERRERERTSETRTETERTEAUARLCEREREER®A:ee eee eee ee eee ee eee oe eee eee ee now ii cae tartare aaa aia & leapfrog FAST OMUMAE GEOLOGICAL MODELLING FWNG RN? 4. Expand the Boundary object and add the GM extents to the scene. If the veins appear distorted or have holes in them, it may be that segments have been assigned to the wrong vein. Correct this by opening the Interval Selection window and reassigning segments that appear to be distorting the modelled veins. Another way to edit a vein is to edit the vein segment orientations. To do this, expand the vein in the project tree and right-click on the vein segments and select Edit In Scene: The vein segments will be displayed in the scene as red and blue intervals that represent the hangingwall and footwall. You can then click on a segment in the scene and swap the hangingwall and footwall or exclude the segment from | the vein: @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 10To edit vein segments in this way, untick the Auto box for a pointand select the required option. Extending the Vein Boundaries Notice also that the veins do not extend to the edges of the model: To correct this: 1. Hide the smaller vein. 2. Rotate the scene to look at the surface of the vein. 3. Right-click on the vein in the project tree and select Edit Vein Boundary. The vein boundary will appear in the scene, together with the drawing tools. 4. Draw a new vein boundary, extending it around all driltholes: Page 9 of 10 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 STURIVBPRITIVPRRELAERVTRTCAARABABARAAD&% leapfrog rc wie FUNG WHS 2 9 eax Mees) eats XG AOL X Gina ma 2 Qiong - Rt Xe a 5. Click the Save button Modelling the Other Lithologies Model the other lithologies using the techniques from the sessions and add the lithologies to the surface chronology. The model should appear similar to this: © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 10 of 10Exercise 9: . Geothermal System , Setting Up the Project and Creating the Topography. Importing the Drilthole: Creating the Geological Model Creating the Intrusions. Refining the Intrusion: ‘Adding Sedimentary Surfaces Setting the Surface Chronology... ‘Adding Faults to the Model. www.leapfrog3d.comFPIPISIASPISEEESCEE EEF 3353935333899 9888F809800 9800" & leapfrog FAST. OMAN ECOLOGICAL MODELLN Goals For this exercise, we will create a geological model of a geothermal system from imported drillhole data. Data Folder Additional Exercises > 5. Geothermal System Setting Up the Project and Creating the Topography First, we will create a new project and import a map, GIS data and a DEM and use them to create a topography. 1. Create anew project and call it “Geothermal System. 2. Right-click on the Topographies folder and select New Topography > Import Elevation Grid. Import the file DEM.asc. ‘Add the topography to the scene To emphasise the height of the topography, click on the Z-Scale button at the bottom of the screen and set the scale to 2.5: gee 7 WNQ RV + fos rtd [8 aS Next we will import a map and GIS data and create a new topography view. 8. Right-click on the GIS Data, Maps and Images folder and select Import Map. 7. Import the file “Geological Map.ipg” © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 2 of 139. Click OK to import the map. 10. Import the following GIS data files: + lakes.shp + rivers.shp + roads.shp 11. When asked whether or not to filter data, select Don't Filter Data. 12. Create a new topography view, as described in Session 3. Page 3 of 13 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 KTVTUTIEVUTCITTEVTUPEcerrareeeFISSTISDSSEEEEEEELE SA EAE EEEEEEE EFAS IFEDIHHEEEEOD © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Importing the Driltholes The drillhole data for this project is made up of four files, which can be found in the Data > Drillholes folder: collar.csv geology.csv survey.csv ClayAlteration.csv 1. Right-click on the Drilthole Data folder and select Import Driltholes. 2. Add the collar table. 3. You will need to manually add the ClayA\teration,csv file to the Interval Tables list. 4, Click Import to begin processing the files. 5. When processing the files: «Set the Geology_Group column (geology.csv) to Lithology. «Set the Clay column (ClayAlteration.csv) to Lithology. Creating the Geological Model The techniques for building the geological model are similar to those used in the sessions, but the intrusive system we will model is slightly more complex. 1. Create the geological model based on the Geology_Group column. 2, Set the resolution to 100, 2. Set the extents to geology segments. Page 4 of 13Creating the Intrusions When bi intrusions, it's best to work from youngest Be ol of the intrusions for this model Dacite (youngest) Old Dome Andesite Rhyolite (oldest) | Right-click on the Surface Chronology and select New Intrusion Base Lithology. Choose Dacite from the dropdown list. By nature, intrusive formations usually contact multiple units. When d an intrusion, move younger intrusions to the Ignore list. 3. Click OK. 4, Clear the scene and display the contact surface. The surface is not geologically realistic, but for now we will focus on getting the intrusions in the right order. 5. Create the Old Dome, Andesite and Rhyolite intrusions, being sure to add younger intrusions to the Ignore list. 6. Add the intrusion contact surfaces to the scene: Page 5 of 13 @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013SISSIDSSIDETEEEER ED IDIDSADAAAAAISIDIIIDIDS ODDS HOS & leapfrog rae FUNG RIBS ae # Sees The surfaces are grey on the outside and use the assigned lithology colour on the inside. The grey colour corresponds to “Unknown”, which is used because the intrusions contact multiple other formations and cannot be labelled witha specific intrusion without being ambiguous. The surfaces also have jagged edges. This is a display feature that Is not relevant to the model we are building. Refining the Intrusions Leapfrog has several tools for refining surfaces. One is using the moving plane, as described in Session 4. Another is to add data to the surface. We are going to use both techniques to modify the intrusions. 1, Adjust the Andesite and Rhyolite surfaces using the moving plane and the Adjust Surface option. 2, Clearthe scene. 3. Add the topography to the scene and set the imported map as the viewing option. 4. Press D to view the topography from above: @ ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 6 of 13The Dacite and Old Dome intrusions are visible on the surface, and we can draw the boundaries for these intrusions and use them to modify the surfaces created in the geological model. We will do this by drawing GIS lines for each boundary. To do this: 5. ht-click on the GIS Data, Maps and Photos folder and select New GIS €, Name the line *Dacito boundary” The drawing toolbar will appear. 7. Use the Draw lines tool to trace the Dacite boundary in the scene: 70" - ae x 8 seme x ees Saco eee 2 a MOURA C8 oe 2. Span ee aot eee ee 8, When you have finished, right-click with the mouse, then click the Save button in the drawing toolbar. 9. Create another GIS line for the Old Dome boundary. Page 7 of 13 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 TCRUPRAERTTETTTRLIERCELTRERATCTRTELATERAREFxssFAFTTEEEEE EE EEE EEF b4E 4884859895 FFHDZEEEHEDESEDE & leapfrog {FAST OAMICGTOLOECN MODELLING 10. Right-click on the Dacite intrusion in the project tree and select Add Vector Data. 14. In the window that appears, select the Dacite boundary (On Topography) object: 12. Click OK. 13, Add the Old Dome boundary to the Old Dome intrusion. Adding Sedimentary Surfaces We are going to model sedimentary surfaces by creating depositional contact surfaces. 1. Create the sedimentary contact surfaces, working from oldest to youngest: © Basement (oldest) * Lake sediments © ignimbrite 1 © Sediments © Ignimbrite 2 + Superficial deposits (youngest) When defining the deposits, untick the box for any intrusive lithologies, 2. Add all surfaces to the scene: @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 8 of 13Le leapfrog {aSy onULAC GEOLOGIC MODELLING aren Bim PF WNG QA Notice that the contact surfaces pass through all of the intrusional surfaces. This is because it is assumed that at the time the sedimentary layer was deposited, the intrusion did not exist and so does not affect the surface direction. Setting the Surface Chronology The chronological order of all units is: Dacite (Youngest) Old Dome Andesite Superficial Deposits ignimbrite 2 Sediments ignimbrite 1 Rhyolite Lake Sediments Basement (Oldest) . Clearthe scene. Double-click on the Surface Chronology and set the surfaces in chronological order. Page 9 of 13 @ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 ; TRARLALBUIBIETERIERAREREVRATLERAERALRRARRAek 488d TEE THEEEEHEH SS £4 leapfrog Wieser | comenmee nate 0 Kone | Se) 3. Enable all surfaces and click OK. 4, Add the model to the scene. 7 BNO RNET is eirthcimees $s Adding Faults to the Model Now we will add series of faults to the model to divide it into units. The lithological layers in the original model will be replication in the units. Itis generally a good idea to model the surfaces before adding faults, as modelling surfaces in the different fault blocks can be time-consuming. © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 10 of 13We will start by making a copy of the geological model to work in so that we. will have an unfaulted model to refer to. 1. Right-click on the original geological model and select Rename. 2. Enter the name “Unfaulted GM” and click OK. 3, Make a copy of the geological model and name it “Faulted GM”. There are several ways of creating faults in Leapfrog. For this model, we will. import meshes and use them to define the faults. First we will import the fault. meshes 4. Use the Meshes folder to import the faults: + Fault1.msh © Fault2.msh = Fault3.msh Faulté.msh 5. Right-click on the Fault System for the Faulted GM and select New Fault > From Surface. 6. Select the Fault! mesh and click OK. 7. Repeat the process for the other three faults. 8. Add each fault to the scene. elo FRNA BBS S05 sateen & Zits The geological model has not been updated to reflect the addition of the faults. This is because faults are not automatically enabled in the Fault ‘System when they are created as: Their interactions need to be set. * Adding the faults to the model prematurely can result in time-consuming re~ processing of the model, Page 11 0f 13 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013eee TUF E REESE EFSSESEHEEEEEEEEE &é leapfrog FAST oOMAMECCEOLOGCNL MODELLING To set the fault interactions: 9. Double-click on Fault3 and click the Add button to add an interaction. 10. Set the Interaction Type to Terminates against, the Fault to Fault2 and the Side to South East: sot 8 Fit tne ; te Kos x 11. Click OK. 12. Double-click on Fault and set it to terminate against Fault1 on the northwest side: $| — | 13. Add the Fault System to view the effects of the changes: The older faults should now tert remains now to enable the fault inate against the younger faults. It only the model and view the results. 14. Clear the scene. 15. Double-click on the Fault System. 16. Enable all faults and arrange them from youngest (Fault!) to oldest (Fault4): © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 Page 12 of 1317, Click OK. 18. When the changes have been processed, add the model to the scene. Him Wiathededen $2 heis Page 13 of 13 © ARANZ Geo Ltd 2013 re RAARATTTTTTTUTATTTANRTLEGTUCTERARDIAD