UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE LET REVIEW NOTES

Sibalom, Antique Fundamentals of Mathematics

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PART I – CONTENT UPDATE 3: Sum of the digits (digital root) is divisible

by 3
The Number System e.g. 216
4: Last two a digits form a number that is
divisible by 4
e.g. 1012
5: Last digit is 0 or 5
e.g. 340
6: Divisible by 2 and 3
e.g. 192
7: Difference obtained after subtracting
twice the last digit from the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible
Counting numbers – numbers that we use in by 7
counting; also called natural numbers. Using e.g. 364
the roster method, N={1,2,3,4,5,…} 8: Last three digits form a number that is
Whole numbers – union of the number zero divisible by 8
and the set of counting numbers. Again e.g. 1024
using the roster method, W={0,1,2,3,4,5,…} 9: Sum of the digit root is divisible by 9
Integers – the union of the set of counting e.g. 423
numbers, their negatives, and zero. Using 10: Last digit is 0
the roster method, In={…-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,…} e.g. 3540
11: Difference between the sum of the 1st,
Operations on Integers 3rd, 5th,… digits, and the sum of the 2nd,
I. Addition 4th, 6th,… digits is divisible by 11.
 Like Signs – add the absolute values, e.g. 90816
and prefix the negative sign if the 12: Divisible by both 3 and 4
addends are negative e.g. 4128
 Unlike Signs – get the absolute values of 13: The sum of four times the last digit and
the numbers and subtract the smaller the number formed by the remaining
absolute value from the other ad prefix digits is divisible by 13
the negative sign if the negative e.g. 182 is divisible by 13 since 4 times 2 is
addend has the larger absolute value 8, and 18+8=26 which is divisible by 13.
e.g. -4 + (-6) = -10 Note:
-2 + 7 = 7 – 2 = 5 Divisibility rules for two or more relatively prime
3 + (-9) = -(9 – 3)= -6 numbers (GCF is 1) may be combined to serve
as a divisibility rule for their product.
II.Subtraction – If the minuend and
e.g. The rules for 3, 4, and 13 may be combined
subtrahend are both positive and the to serve as the rule for their product – 156 since
minuend is greater than the subtrahend, 3, 4, and 13 are relatively prime.
proceed to subtract forthwith. Otherwise,
change the sign of the supposed Prime and Composite Numbers
subtrahend and proceed as in addition. Prime – counting number that has exactly
III.Multiplication (Division) – to multiply (or two factors
divide) two integers with e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,…
 Like Signs – get the product (or Composite – counting number that has
quotient) of their absolute values more than two factors
 Unlike Signs – get the negative of the e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15,…
product (or quotient) of their absolute *Note that 1 is neither prime nor composite and
values that 2 is the only even prime.
e.g. -5 x -4 = 20
-3 x 2 = -6 Prime Factorization
12 ÷ (-3) = -4 - refers to both the process as well as to the
result of the process of expressing a
Divisibility Rules counting number as the product of its
2: Number ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8, meaning prime factors
the number is even - if the counting number is already prime,
e.g. 512 its prime factorization is the number itself
e.g. 126: 2 x 32 x 7
Methods of getting the prime factorization of 1. Divide the larger number by the
numbers other.
Repeated division by primes
e.g. 28 ÷ 24 = 1, with a remainder of 4.
2 126 2. If there is a remainder, divide the
last divisor by this remainder. Repeat this
3 63
step until no remainder is left.
3 21
7
24 ÷ 4 = 6, with no remainder.
Thus, the prime factorization for 126 is 2 x 3
3. The GCF is the last divisor.
x3x7
Factor Tree The GCF is thus 4.
e.g. Again using 126:
Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or
more counting numbers – the smallest non-
zero number that is a multiple of the given
numbers. The LCM of two number, say a
and b, is denoted by [a,b].
e.g. The LCM of 5, 6 and 8 is 120
because it is the smallest non-zero number
that is a multiple of 5, 6 and
8.

Thus, again, the prime factorization for 126 is

2 x 3 x 3 x 7.

Greatest Common Factor (GCF) – largest

whole number divisor of the given numbers.
The GCF of two numbers, say a and b, is Methods of finding the LCM
denoted by (a,b). Intersection of Sets Method – for each of the
e.g. The GCF of 8 and 28 is 4. given numbers, list their multiples from least
to greatest, and pick out the smallest non-
Methods of finding the GCF zero multiple that is common to all lists.
e.g. Find [12,15,30]
Intersection of Sets Method – for each of the 12: {0,12, 24, 36, 48, 60,72, 84, 96, 108, 120,…}
given numbers, list their factors from least to 15: {0,15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 135,…}
greatest and pick out the greatest factor 30: {0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150,…}
that is common to all lists. Prime Factorization – write the prime
e.g. Find the GCF of 8 and 28. factorization for each of the given numbers
8: {1, 2, 4, 8} so that common, and only common, prime
28: {1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28} factors are in the same column. The LCM is
The GCF is thus 4. the product of the highest powers occurring
in a column of any of the prime
Prime factorization – write the prime factorizations.
factorization for each of the given numbers e.g. Again, for 12, 15, and 30, we have
so that common, and only common, prime 12: 22 x 3
factors are in the same column. The GCF is 15: 3 x 5
the product of the lowest powers occurring 30: 2 x 3 x 5
in columns common to all prime Euclidean Algorithm – the LCM of two
factorizations. numbers may be obtained by dividing their
e.g. Find the GCF of 12, 15 and 90. product by their GCF. In symbols,
12: 22 x 3
15: 3 x5 (𝑎𝑥𝑏)
𝑎, 𝑏 =
90: 2 x 32 x 5 (𝑎, 𝑏)
3 = 3 (GCF) e.g. Find the LCM of 12 and 15.
12𝑥15 180
12,15 = (12,15) = 3 = 60
Euclidean Algorithm (may be used if we are
looking for the GCF of only two numbers). Repeated Division – The task is to divide the
The procedures may be best understood two numbers by a common prime factor
through an illustration. and dividing the resulting quotients also by a
e.g. For 24 and 28 common prime factor. This step is repeated
until the resulting quotients are already
 3 2 5
relatively prime (GCF=1). The LCM is product e.g. 11 + 11 = 11
of the prime divisors and the relatively prime b. Dissimilar Fractions – use a
quotients. This may better understood common denominator (preferably
through an illustration. the least) to make the addends
e.g. 12 and 30 (minuend and subtrahend) similar
and do as in the preceding rule.
2 12 30 1 2 7 10 17
e.g. 5 + 7 = 35 + 35 = 35
3 6 15
2 5 Simplifying Fractions
The LCM is therefore 60. A fraction is in simplest form if the numerator
and the denominator are relatively prime
Fractions (their GCF is 1). Thus, to simplify fractions,
Meanings express both the numerator and the
a. part of a whole or group denominator as products of a number and
b. indicated division their GCF. The fraction is then decomposed
c. ration into two fractions one of which has the GCF
Kinds of Fractions both as its numerator and its denominator.
As to relation between the numerator and This fraction reduces to 1. The other fraction
the denominator thus is the desired simplest form.
a. Proper – the numerator is less than e.g. Simplify
3 16 4𝑥4 4 4 4
the denominator, e.g. = = 𝑥 =
4 28 4𝑥7 4 7 7
b. Improper – the numerator is equal to Ordering Fractions
or greater than the denominator, e.g. Two fractions are equivalent if their cross
5
3
products are equal. Otherwise, that fraction
As to relation of the denominators of two or the numerator of which was used to get the
more fractions greater of the two cross products is the
a. Similar – the denominators are equal, larger fraction.
2
e.g. 5 and 5
4 e.g.
3 15
b. Dissimilar – the denominators are not =
3 4 4 20
equal, e.g. 7 and 9 Since the two cross products 3(20) and 4(15)
are both 60 and therefore equal, the two
Other classes fractions are equivalent.
a. Equivalent – fractions having the
3
same value e.g. and
9 On the other hand, for the two fractions
7 21
below, the left cross product is 7(8) or 56
b. Mixed – composed of a whole
while the right cross-product is 66. Thus, the
number and a proper fraction (e.g.
1 fraction on the right is greater.
54 e.g.
Rules involving Zero 7 3
<
a. Zero numerator and non-zero 22 8
denominator – the value is zero Decimals
b. Zero denominator – no value, The place value chart
undefined
c. Zero value – the numerator is zero
Operations on Fractions
1. Multiplication – multiply numerator by
numerator and denominator by
denominator to get the numerator
and denominator respectively of the
product Operations on decimals
3 1 3 Addition (Subtraction)
e.g. 5 𝑥 4 = 20
Addition of decimals is facilitated by writing
2. Division – multiply te supposed
them in a column so that their decimal
dividend by the reciprocal of the
points are aligned. Thus aligned, digits with
supposed divisor.
4 3 4 7 28 the same place values would be in the
e.g. ÷ = 𝑥 = same column, and the addends (or
5 7 5 3 15
3. Addition (Subtraction) minuend and the subtrahend) are added
a. Similar Fractions – add (subtract) (or subtracted) as if they were whole
the numerators and copy the numbers, the decimal point in the sum
common denominator (difference) in the same position as the
addends (minuend and subtrahend).
Multiplication repaeating portion next to the
Multiply the numbers as if they were whole decimal point.
and so place the decimal point in the result 10x=1.6
as to have as may decimal places in it as 3. Subtract the result of step 2 from
there are in the factors combined. that of step 1.
e.g. To multiply 4. Simplify
21.4 x 0.32, we write 15 1
𝑥= =
214 x 32 = 6848 90 6
Since there are a total of 3 decimal places Ratio and Proportion
in the factors, we place the decimal point Ratio – comparison of two numbers a and b,
between 6 and 8 to have als 3 decimal where b≠0, and expressed as “a to b” or
𝑎
places in the result. Thus, 21.4 x 0.32 = 6.848. “a:b” or " 𝑏 "

Division Proportion – a statement of equality

To divide a between two ratios
a. decimal by a whole number, do as in Given two equal ratios, one
dividing whole numbers but writing comparing a to b and another comparing c
the decimal point directly above that to d, the proportion may be expressed thus:
of the dividend 𝑎 𝑐
a:b::c:d, or alternatively, 𝑏 = 𝑑 .
b. number by a decimal, multiply both
In either of the above forms, a and d are
dividend and divisor by that power of
referred to as extremes, while b and c are
ten such that the divisor becomes the
referred to as the means
least whole number, and then 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
proceed as in (a) above. Note: if 𝑏 = 𝑑 , its alternative 𝑏 = 𝑑 and
𝑏 𝑑
Conversion inversion = are both true provided a, b,
𝑎 𝑐
1. Fractions to Decimals c, d ≠0.
Divide the numerator by the denominator
5
e.g. 8 = 0.625 Finding the missing term of a proportion – As
2. Decimals to Percents ratios may be treated as fractions, and
Multiply by 100%. The same result may be proportions as equations relating two
had by moving the decimal point two equivalent fractions, then a missing term of
places to the right and prefixing the % sign. a proportion may be found by equating the
e.g. 0.625 = 0.625x100% = 62.5% cross products and solving for the unknown.
3. Percents to Decimals Stated differently, the product of the means
Divide by 100%. The same result may be had equals the product of the extrems. In
by removing the % sign and moving the symbols, given the proportion a : b : : c : d,
decimal point two places to the left. ad = bc
e.g. 62.5% = 62.5%÷100%=.625 e.g. Find k in 3:5 :: k:30.
4. Decimals to Fractions Solution: ad=bc
3(30)=5k
a. Terminating Decimals K=18
Multiply the decimal by a fraction the
numerator and the denominator of Word Problems Involving
which are both equal to such power Direct Proportion – the ratios of two
of ten with as many zeroes as there quantities being compared is constant.
are decimal places in the given e.g. Five bananas weigh as much as 3 star
decimal, and then simplify. apples. At this rate, how many star apples
e.g. will weigh as much as 30 bananas?
1000 625 5 The ratio of the weight of bananas to that of
0.625 = 0.625𝑥 = =
1000 10000 8 apples is 5:3. We thus have
b. Repeating Decimals b1:a1=b2:a2
The procedure is outlined below 5:3=30:a2
together with an example to illustrate 5a2=3(30)
each step. a2=18
To convert x=0.16 Inverse Proportion – the product of two
1. Multiply the number by such quantities being compared is constant.
power of 10 as would move one e.g. If 10 of a certain car model running for 3
repeating portion across the hours use up 150 liters of gas, how many of
decimal point. the same car model running for 6 hours will
100x=16.6 use up the same amount of gas?
2. Multiply the number by such a=rxt
power of 10 as would move the r1xt1=r2xt2
10x3=r2x6 C. 36 km
5=r2 D. 42 km
Partitive Proportion 5. Margo paid P400 for a blouse. If the
If a quantity q is to be partitioned into blouse was sold at 20% discount, what
p1,p2,p3,…,pn , so that the partitions are in was its original price?
the ratio a1:a2:a3:…:an, then the size of the A. P80
kth partition may be computed as follows: B. P480
e.g. If 24 hours is to be partitioned into 3 C. P500
parts so that the parts are in the ratio 1:2:5, D. P540
how many hours would the third part be? 6. In a sequence of starts and stops, an
5 5 elevator travels from the first floor to the
𝑝3 = 𝑥 24 = 𝑥 24 = 15
1+2+5 8 fifth floor and then to the second floor.
Per Cent– literally meaning “per hundred”, it From there, the elevator travels to the
is one way of writing fractions in which the fourth floor and then to the third floor. If
denominator which is required to be 100 is the floors are 4 meters apart, how far has
written as “%”, and read as “per cent.” the elevator traveled?
3 75
e.g. = = 75% A. 24m
4 100
B. 36m
Percentage, Base and Rate– In the C. 40m
statement 15 is 30% of 50, three quantities D. 60m
are involved –Percentage (P), Rate (R), and 7. Which of the following has the greatest
Base (B). value?
Percentage is that which bear to the base in A. 0.351
35
the same ratio as the rate. B. 100
The statement “15 IS 30% of 50”, is telling us C.
3
10
that 15 (the percentage) bears to 50 (the 3
base) in the same ratio as 30% (the rate). In D. 9
symbols, 15=30%x50. The basic formula 8. Which of the following numbers is greater
𝑃 3
P=RxB, has two other useful forms: 𝑅 = 𝐵 and than − 2?
𝑃 4
𝐵 = 𝑅. A. − 3
B. −3
7
C. − 4
D. −2
PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS 1 2 2
1 5 9. Simplify 3 + 5 − 6.
1. How many are there in 2 ? 1
16 8 A.
A. 42 14
1
B. 44 B. 5
2
C. 46 C. 3
D. 48 2
D.
2. A blue neon light blinks every 4 seconds. 5
1 5 2
A red one blinks every 5 seconds while a 10. Find the product: 2 2 7 5
green one blinks every 6 seconds. How A. 0
many times will they blink together in half 5
B.
an hour? 14
2
A. 1 C. 3
B. 5 2
D. 5
C. 10
11. Simplify: 2 −3 2 − −4 −5 − 2
D. 30
A. -4
3. Which of the following is divisible by 3,
B. 14
but not by 9?
C. 28
A. 11,070
D. 10
B. 40,206
12. What is the least common multiple of 9, 8
C. 45,072
and 18?
D. 19,386
A. 36
4. The distance between two towns on
3 1 B. 54
given map is 2 cm. If cm represents C. 72
4 2
6km, what is the distance between the D. 144
two towns? 13. What are the two digits which when
A. 18 km inserted in the blank spaces will make
B. 33 km 234__ __ divisible by 8?
 A. 3 and 2 22. On board an inter-island ship, 25% of the
B. 5 and 6 passengers travel 1st class, 30% travel 2nd
C. 0 and 0 class, and 729 travel 3rd class. How many
D. all of the above passengers are there?
14. Which of the following is NOT true about A. 1,254
the sum of two consecutive odd B. 1,480
integers? C. 1,560
A. it is even D. 1,620
B. it is divisible by 4 23. The introductory price of a certain item
C. it is divisible only by 12 was P12. What is the percent increase in
D. it is always divisible by 1 the price of the item if two years later its
15. The ratio of the number of boys to the price reaches P42?
number of girls in a class is 2:3. If there A. 150%
are 40 students in the class, how many B. 200%
boys are these? C. 250%
A. 8 D. 300%
B. 16 24. Which of the following gives the prime
C. 18 factorization of 54?
D. 24 A. 22x32
1
16. Mrs. Jimenez paid P94.50 for 3 2 dozens of B. 2x33
eggs. How much would 2 dozens of such C. 23x33
eggs cost? D. 23x3
A. 50.50 25. A boat travels 8kph in still water. If it can
B. 54.00 travel a given distance upstream in 5
C. 55.00 hours and the same distance
D. 56.00 downstream in 3 hours, what is the rate
17. Arthur divides his day into leisure, sleep of the current?
and work in the ratio 1:2:3. How many A. 2 kph
hours does he spend working? B. 5 kph
A. 4 C. 6 kph
B. 8 D. 9 kph
C. 10 26. What is the value of x – 6 if 2(x –
D. 12 3)+5=19?
18. It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 A. -1
days. How many men will be needed to B. 4
build one in only 15 days? C. 16
A. 5 D. 20
B. 80 27. Apo weighs one third as much as her
C. 100 mother Angela. If Apo weighs 43.5 lbs.,
D. 120 how much does Angela weigh?
19. How much larger than 20% of 950 is 40% A. 62.5 lbs.
of 600? B. 95.7 lbs.
A. 50 C. 130.5 lbs.
B. 54 D. 150 lbs.
C. 60 28. Lucille is 4 times as old as Nicole. Six years
D. 68 from now, she will be twice as old as
20. In a class of 40 students, 40% are boys. Nicole. How old are they now?
How many are girls? A. Lucille 12; Nicole 3
A. 16 B. Lucille 16; Nicole 4
B. 18 C. Lucille 3; Nicole 12
C. 22 D. Lucille 4; Nicole 16
D. 24 29. The sum of two numbers is 52 and their
21. In an examination, 24% of the students difference is 20. What is the larger
failed in math and 33% in Science. If 9% number?
of the students failed in both subjects, A. 16
find the percent of students who passed B. 26
in both subjects. C. 36
A. 43% D. 46
B. 48% 30. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:3. What
C. 52% are the numbers if their sum is 84?
D. 81% A. 36 and 48
B. 36 and 24
 C. 24 and 63 8. Jason buys a refrigerator for P7,920. She
1
D. 12 and 36 pays 3 of the price in cash and the
balance in 12 equal monthly
PART III – ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS installments. How much will he pay each
1. If the sum of a certain number and 8 is month?
divided by 5, the quotient is 5. What is A. P300
the number? B. P350
A. 5 C. P400
B. 6 D. P440
C. 15 9. Mang Pedro delivers 210 kg of
D. 17 2
vegetables to two distributions. If 5 of the
2. The product of 0.4x0.04x0.004 is
A. 0.64 vegetables goes to Manang Jo, how
B. 0.064 many kilograms of vegetables does the
C. 0.0064 other distributor receive?
D. 0.000064 A. 84
3. Jeepney fares are computed as follows: B. 116
P7.50 for the first four klometers plus P0.50 C. 126
for every additional kilometer thereafter. D. 132
3
How much should Mikey pay for a ride 10. A 210-cm stick is cut so that one part is 4
that covers 11 kilometers? of the other. How many cm is the shorter
A. P10.00 part?
B. P11.00 A. 120
C. P11.50 B. 90
D. P12.00 C. 80
4. Which of these is greater than 1? D. 70
1 1
A. 3 − 4 11. Find the GCF of 12, 32 and 56.
B.
1
+
1 A. 2
3
1 1
4 B. 4
C. 𝑥
3 4 C. 6
1 1
D. ÷4 D. 56
3
5. Which is a set of equivalent fractions? 12. Two bells ring at 8 A.M. For the rest of the
2 4 8 day, one bell rings every half hour
A. , ,
3 6 12 whereas the other rings every 45 minutes.
2 4 7
B. , ,
3 6 10
What time will both bells ring at the same
C.
4 3 7
, , time again?
5 4 10 A. 9:00 AM
3 7 4
D. , ,
4 10 5 B. 9:45 AM
3
6. Robert left 4 pan of cake on the table. C. 9:30 AM
2 D. 10:00 AM
Karen ate 3 of it. How much cake was
13. What digit can be inserted in the blank
left? so that so that the number 59__172
1
A. would be divisible by 3?
5
1
B.4 A. 1
1 B. 2
C. 3 C. 3
1
D. 2 D. 7
7. The distance from C to D is 24 km. The 14. Jeff had fewer than 100 blocks. When he
2
distance from B to C is 3 of the distance laid them out into four equal rows, he
3 had three blocks left, but when he laid
from C to D. The distance from A to B is 8 them out into nine equal rows, he had
of the distance from B to C. What is the none left. How many blocks did Jeff
distance from A to B? have?
A. 4 km A. 54
B. 5 km B. 63
C. 6 km C. 72
D. 8 km D. 91
15. One prime factor of 42 is 3. What are its
other prime factors?
A. 2 and 3
B. 3 and 5
C. 2 and 7
 D. 3 and 7 D. 15%
16. If there are 18 mangoes and 45 24. A particular model of a cell phone sold
bananas in a fruit basket, what is the for P4,000 in 2010. Two years later, the
ratio of the number of mangoes to the same model sold for only P2,800. What
number of bananas? was the percent decrease in the price?
A. 2:5 A. 15%
B. 4:7 B. 20%
C. 2:3 C. 30%
D. 3:7 D. 35%
1
17. A 3 meter ribbon is cut into four pieces 25. Based on the graph, how much of the
2
in the ratio 1:2:3:4. Find the length of the P25,000 monthly income of the Faria
longest piece. family goes to food?
A. 35 cm A. P6,250
B. 70 cm B. P11,250
C. 100 cm C. P10,050
D. 140 cm D. P12,050
18. What number can replace x in the
proportion 1:x=x:64?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6 26. When a certain number is subtracted
D. 8 from 176, the result is the same as when
19. In a certain municipality the real estate 21 is added to 4 times the number. What
tax is P5.00 for every P1,000 of the is the number?
assessed value of the property. Find the A. 11
assessed value of a property if a tax of B. 22
P1,250 is levied on it. C. 31
A. P62.50 D. 52
B. P6,250 27. Which property of real numbers does
C. P250,000 the statement (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
D. P500,000 illustrate?
20. A tank of water supplies the needs of 5 A. Associate
children for 6 days. How many days’ B. Closure
need for water will the tank of water C. Commutative
supply if there were only 3 children? D. Distributive
A. 3.6 28. Arman is 5 years older than An. Three
B. 5 years ago, he was twice as old as An.
C. 8 How old is An now?
D. 10 A. 6
21. A man gives 10% of his monthly earnings B. 8
to the church. Another 70% is spent on C. 13
food, electricity, water and other bills. D. 15
After paying all these, he still has P2,000. 29. Andrea can encode a 100-page thesis in
How much does he earn in a month? 24 hours, while Ani can do the same task
A. P5,000 in 16 hours. How many hours will it take
B. P8,000 them to finish the job if they work
C. P10,000 together?
3
D. P12,000 A. 9 5
22. Raffy deposited P10,000 at 5% annual B. 10
1
interest. How much will it gain in 2 2 C. 11
years? D. 20
A. P1,250 30. If Justine can run 3 km in an hour, how
B. P1,350 far can she run in 45 mins?
C. P1,500 A. 1.75 km
D. P1,750 B. 2.15 km
23. In a candy jar are 15 lemons, 12 C. 2.5 km
chocolates, and 3 mints. What percent D. 2.25 km
of the candies are mints?
A. 10%
B. 12%
C. 12.5%