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Settlement Analysis: - Settlement: - Type of Settlement

This document discusses various methods for analyzing settlement of structures due to soil loading, including: 1. The Janbu & Bjerrum method, which uses influence factors I1 and I2 to calculate immediate/elastic settlement of flexible footings based on elastic soil theory. 2. The Schmertmann method, which calculates total settlement of spread footings on granular soils using strain influence factors, the footing contact pressure, soil modulus, and other parameters determined from in-situ tests like CPT. 3. The Timoshenko & Goodier method, which modifies the general elastic theory equation to calculate elastic settlement of mat foundations using depth factors, influence factors, soil modulus, and other parameters

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Gulraiz Arshad
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314 views15 pages

Settlement Analysis: - Settlement: - Type of Settlement

This document discusses various methods for analyzing settlement of structures due to soil loading, including: 1. The Janbu & Bjerrum method, which uses influence factors I1 and I2 to calculate immediate/elastic settlement of flexible footings based on elastic soil theory. 2. The Schmertmann method, which calculates total settlement of spread footings on granular soils using strain influence factors, the footing contact pressure, soil modulus, and other parameters determined from in-situ tests like CPT. 3. The Timoshenko & Goodier method, which modifies the general elastic theory equation to calculate elastic settlement of mat foundations using depth factors, influence factors, soil modulus, and other parameters

Uploaded by

Gulraiz Arshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Settlement Analysis

• Settlement: Total vertical downward deformation at the surface resulting


from the load is termed as settlement
• Type of settlement
• -Elastic or temporary
• Settlement du to elastic compression of soil solid and plastic flow of soil are
usually reversible and recoverable on load release, immediate settlement
fall in this category.
• Permanent Settlement:
• Settlement caused by distortion brought about sliding and rolling of soil
particles under the action of applied stresses.
• Types of Settlement w.r.t Occurrence
• 1. Primary consolidation settlement
• 2. Secondary consolidation settlement
• 3. Immediate or elastic settlement
• Types of Settlement w.r.t uniformity
• 1. Uniform settlement
• 2. Differential Settlement
JANBU & BJERRUM METHOD
FOR ELASTIC SETTLEMENT UNDER UNDRAINED
CONDITIONS
Based on elastic theory, the immediate/elastic settlement of flexible surface footing may be written as

(1  u 2 )
i  qB If
Es
For u=0.5, Janbu & Bjerrum modify the above equation and adding I1 & I2 for If
qn B
i  I1 I 2
Es
i = Elastic or immediate settlement
qn= net footing pressure
B = width of footing
E = elastic modulus of soil
I1, I2 = Influence factors (from figures)

For clays E = 300 to 500 Su


Factors I1 & I2 for Janbu Method
Settlement by Schmertmann method
Schmertmaan (1970, 1978) developed settlement method for spread footings on granular soils
The method is very useful when
•CPT data along the depth of subsoil is available for evaluation of Es of subsoil.
•Can be used with reasonable accuracy for other in-situ test data like SPT or others to give Es

Iz
s  C1C2 q '  z
Es
 o'
C1 = embedment factor or depth factor = 1  0 .5 '
q
C2 = time factor = 1 + 0.2 log (t/0.1)

q '  net contact pressure at footing base

 o'  effective overburden pressure at footing depth

Iz = strain influence factor at depth z below the footing base


Es = modulus of elasticity of soil

Es = 2.5~3.5 qc
Es = 2.5qc (for axisymtric case, i.e., for square or circular footing
Es = 3.5qc (for plane strain case, i.e., for strip footing, L/B>10)
Strain Influence Factor, Iz
Df
Iz
B 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0
0 zc
I z  0 .1 
B
I peak  0 . 1 1
2
2
 q  '
0.5B Iz  0.5  0.1 
peak   ' 
I z  0.2 
zc
I peak  0.2
Square footing  vp 
1B B
zc

Strip footing  vp'  effective overburden pressure


at a depth of 0.5B (for square
2B 2  z  footing) and
Iz  I peak  2  c 
3  B  at depth B for strip footing

1  z 
Iz  I peak  4  c 
3B 3  B

4B
Example: The figure shows the results of CPT sounding at a site. The subsoil at the site consists of young
NC sand with some interbedded silts. The GWT is at 2 m below the surface. A strip footing (2.5x30 m) is to be
funded at 2 m depth below the surface and will be loaded with gross bearing pressure of 200 kPa. Compute
the settlement of the footing. (i) soon after construction (ii) after 5 years (iii) after 50 years of construction

=17 kn/m3 above w/t


=20 kn/m3 below w/t
Formulae to find stress for various footings
Timoshinko & Goodier Method
1  2
H  qo B' Ii (General Equation based on theory of elasticity)
Es
Timoshinko & Goodier (1951) modify the above equation as below:

1  2
H  qo B' mI s I F
Es
q = contact pressure
B’ = least lateral footing dimension of contributing base area
m = number of corners contributing to settlement, for corner
m = 1, for centre m=4
Es & u = elastic soil parameters
1  2
I s  I1  I2 For I1 & I2 see table
1 
IF=Depth factor, see figure
Depth Factor, IF
Example: A raft 33.5x39.5 m in plan is founded at 3 m depth, the contact pressure on the mat
and the soil profile is shown in the figure below. Estimate elastic settlement by Timoshinko and
Goodier method.

NSL
0m
q = 134 kPa

Raft, 33.5x39.5m
-3 m

silty Clay, Es= 42.5 MPa

-6 m

silty Clay, Es= 60 MPa

-14 m
Sand Stone, Es= 500 MPa
General Range of Es
Poisson’s Ratio

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