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Effect of Waste Glass on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

Effect of Waste Glass on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

Zaydoun T. Abu Salem1), Taisir S. Khedawi2), Musa Bani Baker 3) and Raed Abendeh4)
1),3),4)
Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
2)
Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.

ABSTRACT
With the rapid economy growth and continuously increased consumption, a large amount of glass waste
materials is generated. This study attends to study the performance of asphalt concrete mix, where some of
fractional fine aggregate is substituted with different percentages of crashed glass materials of 5%, 10%, 15%
and 20 %. The Marshall design was used to examine the influence of the Optimum Asphalt Content (O.A.C.)
at different fine glass percentages and the resistance against water. Asphalt-concrete mix properties can be
improved by using a hydrated lime admixture and other mixtures. It is expected that the recycling and use of
waste glass in asphalt mixes is feasible. Subsequently, by obtaining low price and economic mixes that will
reduce the O.A.C., increase the stability and the durability of the mix, in addition to increasing the skid
resistance of the road surface, this will reduce accidents and save a lot of money. By crushing and sieving,
waste glass materials can be used as fine aggregates in asphalt concrete, where this is called glassphalt.
Satisfactory performance of upper asphalt pavement layers can be achieved by adding glass waste with 10%
of the mix.

KEYWORDS: Glass waste, Water stability, Skid resistance, Optimum asphalt content (O.A.C.).

INTRODUCTION of glass use have been limited to test pavements or

specialty applications.
A large amount of glass waste from industry has In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a number of
been an urgent subject at both national and global studies and field demonstrations were undertaken in the
levels. Glass recycling can save energy and decrease United States to examine the potential of using waste
environmental waste. Nearly 10 million tons of glass glass as an aggregate substitute material in hot mix
waste have been generated every year around the asphalt. During this period, test-paving strips were
world. Hundreds of tons are generated in Jordan, placed at approximately 33 locations throughout the
amounting to around 3-5% of domestic waste. United States and Canada.
At the present time, the commercial use of waste From the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s, the
glass in asphalt paving applications has been limited to city of Baltimore made use of glass in its street
communities such as the city of New York in the USA, pavement program. At least 17 streets were paved with
where the quantity of waste glass produced and glass to produce a "sparkle" effect, resulting from the
collected provides a sufficient incentive to recycle it in reflection of sunlight or street lamp light off the glass
pavement applications. Most of the earlier applications pavement. In the mid-1980s research, activities were
undertaken on Long Island and a glass processing plant
Received on 17/8/2015. was designed and began operation, processing over
Accepted for Publication on 13/11/2016. 12,600 metric tons (14,000 tons) of mixed waste glass

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

for use as an aggregate substitute in paving to the poor design of the asphalt mixes and/or to the
applications. materials having been used. The existence of varied
More recently, numerous paving projects using properties for local materials requires different mix
waste glass have been undertaken around the world. designs to be used. One of the major concerns in mix
However, by far, the most aggressive program has been designing is the type and amount of filler used, which
undertaken by the city of New York's Department of is known to highly affect the mix design, especially the
Transportation, where from 1990 through 1995 a optimum asphalt content. The amount of filler used in
quantity of approximately 225,000 metric tons the plant mixes will be a factor in affecting the
(250,000 tons) of glass has been used in resurfacing properties of the mix produced. However, it is not
applications. possible to establish the exact amount of this filler due
Flat and elongated particles that could contribute to to the loss of fines in the form of dust from the plant.
pavement raveling, stripping, poor skid resistance, When filler is added to the asphalt, a marked change in
abnormally high tire wear and excessive glare were all the consistency of asphalt will result. This change can
identified by early researchers as potential problems. be clearly inspected by increasing the viscosity,
Since glass does not absorb any of the asphalt cement penetration and softening point of the asphalt filler
binder and since glass is also "hydrophilic", moisture mix. Various studies have been conducted to study the
damage (stripping) is a particular concern that has been properties of mineral filler, especially the material
identified, especially when high percentages and large passing 0.075 mm sieve (No. 200) and to evaluate its
gradations are introduced into a surface course mix. effect on the performance of asphalt paving mixtures in
Many of the early investigators recommended the terms of consistency, void filling, resistance to
addition of lime as an antistripping agent to reduce displacement, water susceptibility, Marshall stability
potential stripping problems. Early glassphalt projects and mix strength.
used high percentages of glass (greater than 25 percent Shafabakhsh and Sajed (2014) indicated that the
by weight of the mix) with coarse glass gradations dynamic properties of glass–asphalt concrete, the
(greater than 12.7 mm (1/2 in)). Current data suggest fatigue life, stiffness modulus and creep compliance are
that the use of high glass percentages and large improved in comparison with those of ordinary asphalt
particles of glass probably contributed to most of the concrete. Arabani (2011) found that the behavior of
stripping and raveling problems that were reported Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in different temperature
during the early test pavement demonstrations of the conditions, depending on the variation of the admixture
1960s and 1970s. contents and the gradation of the aggregates, is
The high angularity of cullet, compared with improved in comparison with that of HMA mixtures.
rounded sand, can enhance the stability of asphalt Al-Qaisi (1981) studied the effect of filler-asphalt
mixes, where properly sized cullet is used. Stabilities ratio on the properties of filler- mastic and asphalt
comparable and, in many cases, better than those of paving mixture, using five types of filler (Portland
conventional mixes have been reported. Other cement, lime dust stone, hydrated lime, powder of
beneficial characteristics include low absorption, low crushed gravel and sulfur). He stated that the range of
specific gravity and low thermal conductivity, which the filler-asphalt ratio required to produce the desired
reportedly offer enhanced heat retention in mixes with properties of paving mixtures is influenced by the type
glass. of filler used and that such range should be set
Proper mix design with suitable ingredients will accordingly. Also, he showed that several locally
ensure an improvement of the existing performance of available materials could be used to replace Portland
roads. It is anticipated that some failures are attributed cement as filler in asphalt paving mixtures.

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

Abrahams (1973) concluded that fillers containing between filler content and percent of air voids in the
large particles result in a more stable mortar than if the compacted mix.
large particles are not present. This phenomenon was Sadoon (2010) studied the effect of different filler
attributed to the fact that a large surface area of fine types on performance properties of asphalt paving
powder could adsorb more bitumen and the portion materials. Six different types of filler from five local
adsorbed was the asphaltenes, which are the most rigid sources in Iraq were used to evaluate the resistance to
particles. This resulted in lighter, more fluid oil plastic flow using Marshall stiffness test and low
between particles, increasing flow capabilities. Also, temperature cracking and temperature susceptibility
the large particles were believed to offer mechanical using indirect tensile strength test, in addition to
resistance to flow which was not present in the smaller studying moisture susceptibility by using retained
particles. The researcher concluded that the baghouse strength test and resistance to permanent deformation
fines can greatly affect the properties of the mix, such by using indirect tensile creep test. The results
as the optimum asphalt content, stability and stability indicated that filler type has a great effect on the
loss. cohesion of the mix, where such type of filler showed
Abdul-Raheem (2001) studied the effect of sulfur high indirect tensile strength values with respect to
(blowdown) and polyethylene wastes on rheological other types of filler at different test temperatures. He
properties and temperature susceptibility of virgin and concluded that the moisture damage also is affected by
aged asphalt cement, as well as on their mixture the type of filler, where one type showed high
properties and studied the effect of these wastes on the susceptibility to water attack with a higher value of
moisture susceptibility of asphalt-concrete mixtures index retained strength compared with other types.
and other performance properties. He concluded that Aschuri and Woodside (2007) investigated the
adding 9% polyethylene wastes by weight of (40-50) behavior of asphalt-concrete mix containing fly ash and
asphalt grade resulted in increasing ring and ball hydrated lime in binder. The fillers as modifier were
softening point by 28% than that of original asphalt and prepared with 3%, 6% and 9% by weight of bitumen,
increasing the absolute viscosity at 25˚C by 5% respectively. Marshall tests were carried out at
compared to that of original asphalt. The addition of optimum bitumen content to evaluate the effect of fly
polyethylene to asphalt-concrete mixtures at optimum ash and hydrated lime on the properties of asphalt
content resulted in decreasing unit weight, air voids concrete in terms of stability, unit weight, air void in
and Marshal flow, while increasing Marshal stability, mix, void in mineral aggregate and stripping resistance.
stiffness, VFB and expected theoretical stiffness Test results showed that the performance of bitumen
modulus. In addition, the results indicated that the mixes prepared using fly ash and hydrated lime as
stiffness determined from mechanical properties modifier was better than that of origin bitumen mixes.
(flexural strength test) resists the pavement Pinto et al. (2009) studied the performance changes
deformation forces. Therefore, polyethylene should be and fundamental material characteristics associated
used at truck stops and parking lots where standard with moisture damage due to various anti-stripping
loads cause extended periods of such deformation. additives in HMA mixtures through various
Salman (1983) investigated the effect of hydrated experimental approaches and a numerical solution.
limestone and silty-sized soil filler on the properties of Three additives (i.e., one reference additive, hydrated
asphalt and showed that lime and silty-sized soil could lime and two alternative additives: fly ash and cement)
be used as a satisfactory filler material when used in a were investigated by adding them into two types of
limited range. He also concluded that, at higher filler mixes, where two different asphalt binders were used.
percentage, some irregular relationship is observed Two asphalt concrete mixture scale performance tests

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

and two local - scale mixture constituent tests were glass in asphalt mixtures to achieve economic
conducted to characterize the effect of binder-specific advantages and good performance.
anti-striping additives on the binder- aggregate bonding (2) To find the optimum percentage of waste glass
potential in mixtures. The test results showed that all which will give the best properties of the asphalt
treated mixtures performed well even after severe mix (stability, density AV% and VMA).
moisture-conditioning processes, while the untreated (3) To find the percentage of stability loss for samples
mixture did not pass the requirement with six cycles. with waste glass compared with others without
Many research works were published on the topic glass.
of adding waste glass to asphalt paving mixture as an (4) To find the skid resistance for the surface of the
alternative solution to reduce the generated bulk of pavement mix by using the O.A.C. with and
waste glass and to establish a ground for understanding without waste glass.
and examining the waste glass recycle process
(Abrahams, 1972; Chesner, 1992; Chesner and Materials Used
Petrarca, 1987; Flynn, 1993; Iraqi State Commission of The materials used in the research are:
Roads and Bridges, 2003; Jiang, 2003; Khedawi and
Al-Qadi, 2008; Leite and Young, 1971; Marti and Aggregate
Mielke, 2002; Transportation Research Board of One type of lime stone aggregate was used, which
National Academies, 2003; Molisch et al., 1975; was brought from Al-Hizam queries in the northeast of
Molisch et al., 1972; Nansu and Chen, 2002; Paker et Amman-Jordan .Gradation type was used according to
al., 1998; Petrarca, 1988; Prithvi, 1998; Samtur, 1974; the Jordanian Ministry of Public Works and Housing
Shafabakhsh and Sajed, 2014; Shaopeng et al., 2003; (MPWH) (2010) gradation specifications.
ASTM, 1994). Table (1) shows the gradation of aggregate and
Table (2) summarizes the properties of aggregate used
The main objectives of this research are as follows: in the research.
(1) To investigate the feasibility of using fine waste

Table 1. Gradation of aggregate

Specification limits Cumulative %
Sieve size % passing mid point % retained
% passing retained
3/4” (19.5 mm) 100 100 0 0
½”(12.5 mm) 80 – 100 90 10 10
3/8” (9.5 mm) 56 – 80 68 22 32
# 4 (4.76 mm) 35 – 56 45 23 55
# 8 (2.36 mm) 23 – 38 30 15 70
0.85 mm 13 – 27 20 10 80
0.425 mm 8 – 12 10 10 90
0.075 mm 2–8 5 5 95
pan 100

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

Table 2. The properties of aggregate used in the research

Aggregate type
ASTM test Bulk specific Apparent specific
(limestone) Al-Hizam quarries, Absorption %
designation gravity gravity
Amman - Jordan
Coarse C 127 2.5 2.52 4.5
Fine C 128 2.47 2.485 7
Mineral filler C 128 2.515 2.534

Asphalt Jordan, as it is widely used in flexible pavement

One penetration grade of asphalt cement (85-100) construction. Table (3) presents the physical properties
was used in this study and was obtained from the of this asphalt.
Jordanian Petroleum Refinery Company in Zarqa /

Table 3. Properties of the Jordanian petroleum refinery asphalt

Properties Methods Test results
Penetration @25oC ASTM D5 85 – 100
Ductility (cm) @ 25oC ASTM D113 100
Specific gravity @25oC ASTM D70 1.01
Softening point Co ASTM D36 49
Flash point Co ASTM D92 300
Fire point Co ASTM D92 315
Solubility in trichloroethylene % 99

Crushed Waste Glass in SG of waste glass was used. Table (4) presents the
Fine passing sieve # 8-2.36 mm with the graduation sieve analysis gradations of the crushed waste glass.

Table 4. Sieve analysis gradations of the crushed waste glass

Sieve size % passing mid-point % retained cumulative % retained

3/4” (19.5 mm) 100 0 0
½”(12.5 mm) 95 5 5
3/8” (9.5 mm) 88 7 12
# 4 (4.76 mm) 51 37 49
# 8 (2.36 mm) 31 20 69
0.85 mm 11 20 89
0.425 mm 6 5 94
0.075 mm 2 4 98
pan 2 100

Chemical Properties of the Waste Glass converted into glass when combined with oxygen.
Glass-formers are those elements that can be Silicon dioxide (SiO2), used in the form of sand, is by

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

far the most common glass-former. Common glass lime glass, which accounts for approximately 90% of
contains about 70% SiO2. Soda ash (anhydrous sodium the glass produced in the United States. Lead-alkali-
carbonate, Na2CO3) acts as a fluxing agent in the melt. silicate glasses are used in the manufacturing light
It lowers the melting point and the viscosity of the bulbs, neon signs, as well as crystal and optical
formed glass, releases carbon dioxide and helps stir the glassware.
melt. Other additives are also introduced into glass to Borosilicate glasses, which have extraordinary
achieve specific properties. For example, either chemical resistance and high temperature softening
limestone or dolomites are sometimes used in lieu of points, are used in manufacturing cooking and
soda ash. Alumina, lead and cadmium are used to laboratory ware (Aschuri and Woodside, 2007). Table
increase the strength of glass and increase resistance to (5) lists the typical chemical compositions of these
chemical attack. glasses. These compositions interact with the asphalt
Various iron compounds, chromium compounds, mix to produce better properties and enhance the
carbon and sulfur are used as coloring agents. Most properties of the mix.
glass bottles and window glass are made from soda-

Table 5. Typical chemical composition of glass types

Constituent Borosilicate Lead Soda-Lime

SiO2 60 - 80 60 - 70 70 - 73

Al2O3a 1-4 -- 1.7 - 2.0

Fe2O3 -- -- 0.06 - 0.24

Cr2O3b -- -- 0.1

CaO -- 1 9.1 - 9.8

MgO -- -- 1.1 - 1.7

BaO -- -- 0.14 - 0.18

Na2O 45 7 - 10 13.8 - 14.4

K2O -- 7 0.55 - 0.68

PbO -- 15 - 25 --

B2O3 10 - 25 -- --

a. Higher levels for amber-colored glass. b. Only present in green glass.

Glass is generally considered an inert material. if glass is used in Portland cement concrete structures.
However, it is not chemically resistant to hydrofluoric
acid and alkalis. Expansive reactions between RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
amorphous silica (glass) and alkalis (such as sodium
and potassium found in high concentrations in high Mix Design
alkali Portland cement) could have deleterious effects Asphalt mixes containing crushed glass were

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

designed using standard laboratory procedures. Most data at the present time indicate that larger
Conventional fine hot mix aggregate gradations, as gravel-sized glass particles will reduce pavement
specified in AASHTO M29 (ASTM, 1994), were used. performance and that optimum performance can be
It is recommended that mix design testing includes achieved by using crushed glass as a sand or fine
stripping potential evaluations as outlined in AASHTO aggregate substitute (less than 4.75 mm, or No. 4 size
T283. sieve). When waste glass is used as a fine aggregate
Currently, most highway departments allow the use substitute material, glass performance in hot mix
of 5% to 10% glass in their asphalt mixes. Although asphalt should be comparable to that of conventional
some areas use 6.4 mm to 12.7 mm (1/4 in to 1/2 in) mixes. Where larger gravel-sized glass particles are
and larger gradations, many users are taking a more used, raveling and stripping in particular could be a
conservative approach to gradation size. The city of problem (User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct
New York has lowered its specified gradation top size Materials in Pavement Construction, Internet).
in its mix design to 9.5 mm (3/8 in) from 15.3 mm (5/8 The introduction of an anti-stripping agent such as
in). Los Angeles has specified the use of 9.5 mm (3/8 hydrated lime (approximately 2% by weight of
in) glass. Studies in Virginia and Florida also have aggregate) could be beneficial, but performance should
recommended the use of 9.5 mm (3/8 in) gradation be satisfactory if only fine-grained 4.75 mm (No. 4
(User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in sieve) glass is used and substitution rates do not exceed
Pavement Construction, Internet). 15%.

Figure (1): Specimens ready for testing Figure (2): Specimen testing

Determination of Optimum Asphalt Content optimum stability, maximum unit weight and 4% air
To determine the optimum asphalt content for the voids, was determined as follows.
mixture, the procedure indicated by the standard By using different percentages of glass waste of
American Institute MS-2 Manual (2008) and ASTM 5%,10%,15% and 20%, the optimum binder content
D1559 (2008) was followed as part of this study. was found to be 5.75% for 0%, 5.615% for 5%, 5.35%
Three specimens at each asphalt content (4, 5, 6 and for 10%, 5.65% for 15% and 5.68% for 20% of
7%) were tested for stability, flow and air voids in glassphalt, as indicated in Tables 6 through 10 and
mineral aggregate. The optimum asphalt content, Figures 3 through 7.
which was the average of asphalt contents that meet

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

Table 6. 0% glass content of asphalt

0% Glass
PHA AC Density Stability AV VMA VFA FLOW
-3
% % g cm kg % % % in
4 3.85 2.174 8492 8.36 16.68 50.02 13.04
5 4.76 2.2019 9999 6.04 16.45 63.09 15.60
6 5.67 2.214 10439 4.31 16.72 73.80 16.86
7 6.54 2.2025 10229 3.58 17.91 80.01 19.26

27 90
25
23 80
FLOW (in)

VFA (%)
21 70
19
17 60
15
50
13
11 40
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

9 12000
8 11500
11000
7
stability (kg)

10500
AV (%)

6 10000
5 9500
9000
4
8500
3 8000
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

2.22 20
2.22
2.21 19
density (g/cm3)

2.21 18
2.20
VMA (%)

2.20 17
2.19
2.19 16
2.18 15
2.18
2.17 14
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%) Asphalt Content‐PHA

Figure (3): Experimental results for mixes with 0% glass powder

The optimum asphalt content for the mixture with 0% glass powder; OBC = (5.7+5.65+5.9)/3 = 5.75%.

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

Table 7. 5% glass content of asphalt

5% Glass
PHA AC Density Stability AV VMA VFA FLOW
% % g cm-3 kg % % % in
4 3.85 2.123 10641 10.28 18.39 44.10 14.50
5 4.76 2.172 11008 7.67 17.87 57.11 16.45
6 5.67 2.251 12949 2.74 15.36 82.18 17.50
7 6.54 2.237 9707 2.13 16.63 87.21 26.00

27 90
25
80
23
FLOW (in)

21

VFA (%)
70
19
17 60
15 50
13
11 40
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

12 14000
10 13000
stability (kg)

8 12000
AV (%)

6 11000
4 10000
2 9000
0 8000
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

2.26 20
2.24
19
2.22
density (g/cm3)

2.2 18
VMA (%)

2.18 17
2.16
16
2.14
2.12 15
2.1 14
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%) Asphalt Content‐PHA

Figure (4): Experimental results for mixes with 5% glass powder

The optimum asphalt content for the mixture with 5% glass powder; OBC = (5.65+5.4+5.8)/3=5.615%.

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

Table 8. 10% glass content of asphalt

10% Glass
PHA AC Density Stability AV VMA VFA FLOW
-3
% % g cm kg % % % in
4 3.85 2.137 10471 10.32 18.45 44.22 12.99
5 4.76 2.174 11696 7.58 17.83 57.51 15.00
6 5.67 2.247 9627 3.30 15.89 79.28 17.00
7 6.54 2.241 8153 2.37 16.89 85.96 19.10

27 90
25
80
23
FLOW (in)

21

VFA (%)
70
19
17 60
15
50
13
11 40
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

12 12000
11500
10
11000
stability (kg)

8 10500
AV (%)

6 10000
9500
4
9000
2 8500
0 8000
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

2.26 20
2.24
19
density (g/cm3)

2.22
18
VMA (%)

2.2
17
2.18
2.16 16
2.14 15
2.12 14
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 
(%) Asphalt Content‐PHA 

Figure (5): Experimental results for mixes with 10% glass powder

The optimum asphalt content for the mixture with 10% glass powder; OBC= (4.75+5.5+5.8)/3=5.35%.

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

Table 9. 15% glass content of asphalt

15% Glass
PHA AC Density Stability AV VMA VFA FLOW
-3
% % g cm kg % % % in
4 3.85 2.133 5813 10.18 18.30 44.38 16.06
5 4.76 2.203 9498 6.04 16.42 63.27 16.46
6 5.67 2.241 10992 3.54 16.05 77.97 18.82
7 6.54 2.234 8901 2.01 16.53 87.83 22.85

27 90
25
23 80
FLOW (in)

21

VFA (%)
70
19
17 60
15
50
13
11 40
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

11 12000
9 10000
stability (kg)

7 8000
AV (%)

6000
5
4000
3
2000
1 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

2.26 20
2.24 19
density (g/cm3)

2.22
18
VMA (%)

2.2
17
2.18
2.16 16

2.14 15
2.12 14
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%) Asphalt Content‐PHA 

Figure (6): Experimental results for mixes with 15% glass powder

The optimum asphalt content for the mixture with 15% glass powder; OBC= (5.65+5.5+5.8)/3=5.65%.

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

Table 10. 20% glass content of asphalt

20% Glass
PHA AC Density Stability AV VMA VFA FLOW
-3
% % g cm Kg % % % in
4 3.85 2.119 8103 10.75 18.82 42.93 11.48
5 4.76 2.178 9701 7.26 17.51 58.71 14.78
6 5.67 2.246 11349 2.65 15.29 83.31 16.28
7 6.54 2.244 9080 2.37 16.84 85.98 17.79

27 90
25
23 80
21
FLOW (in

VFA (%)
70
19
17 60
15
50
13
11 40
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

12000
14
11500
12
11000
stability (kg)

10 10500
AV (%)

8 10000
6 9500
4 9000
2 8500
0 8000
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA 

2.26 20
2.24 19
2.22
density (g/cm3)

18
2.2
VMA (%)

2.18 17
2.16 16
2.14
15
2.12
2.1 14
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
(%)  Asphalt Content‐PHA  (%) Asphalt Content‐PHA 

Figure (7): Experimental results for mixes with 20% glass powder

The optimum asphalt content for the mixture with Table 11 indicates the percentage of waste glass
20% glass powder; OBC= (5.65+6+5.4)/3=5.68%. and the optimum binder content as well as the results

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017

of the effect of adding waste glass on the properties of particles do not absorb water. Glassphalt surfaces are
asphalt-concrete mixtures. The optimum binder content also more reflective than conventional asphalt and may
(OBC) was found to be 5.35% for the 10% of improve nighttime road visibility.
glassphalt which satisfied all the requirements as per By using different percentages of glass waste of
the specification limits and gave a lower OBC of 7.2% 5%,10%,15% and 20%, the optimum binder content
than the 0% of glassphalt. was found to be 5.75% for 0% and 5.35% for 10%
glassphalt which satisfied all the requirements as per
Analysis of Results the specification limits. The specification limits are as
Glassphalt surfaces appear to dry faster than follows: Stability (>550 kg), Flow (0.08 in-0.16 in),
traditional pavings after rain, because the glass AV (3%-5%), VMA (>14 %), VFA (65%-78%).

Table 11. Properties of asphalt-concrete mixtures with the addition of waste glass

Properties % waste glass by weight of fine aggregate

0 5 10 15 20
Marshall stability, kg 1075 1110 1195 1100 1153
Flow 0.01" 17 17.5 16 18 16.2
Unit weight, g cm-3 2.213 2.248 2.225 2.24 2.247
Voids in mineral aggregate, % 16.5 15.35 16.35 16 15.2
Air voids, % 4.2 2.8 4.4 3.5 2.5
Voids filled with asphalt, % 73.5 81 72.5 77 83.5
Marshall stiffness, kg/in 68.8 69.2 53.77 60.1 71.17
Retained stability, % 69.5 78.5 84.7 87.2 90.2
Optimum Binder Content (O.B.C.), % 5.75 5.615 5.35 5.65 5.68

Use Limitations: Most installations of glassphalt following conclusions can be drawn:

have been designed to meet the standards of the 1. Waste broken glass can be used in asphalt concrete
Asphalt Institute for medium traffic asphalt, which with the maximal size of 2.36 mm and the optimal
specify a maximum speed limit of 40 mph. These replacement ratio of 10%.
standards include requirements for stability, flow, 2. The performances, such as strength index, high
voids in mineral aggregate, percentage of air voids in temperature stability and water stability achieve the
the mix and unit weight. standards of the asphalt mix design.
The most common applications are as surface 3. The water stability of glassphalt can be improved
pavement (surface coarse) for residential streets, by introducing hydrated lime or liquid anti-
secondary roads, parking lots, sidewalks and curbing. stripping agent. Liquid anti-stripping agent is more
effective in improving the water stability of
CONCLUSIONS glassphalt than hydrated lime.
4. Using waste glass in hot mixed asphalt will
Based on the results obtained in this study, the decrease pollution and environmental problems.

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Effect of Waste Glass… Zaydoun T. Abu Salem, Taisir S. Khedawi, Musa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh

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