Waste Glass

Three different types of glass are produced: flat glass, hollow glass, and wool and glass yarn. The production of
hollow glass includes glass packaging (bottles, flasks, and demijohns), flamingos for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic
and perfumery industry, household articles; in Italy the production of hollow glass amounts to 3,656,582 tonnes/
year (Associazione Nazionale degli Industriali del Vetro – Assovetro 2017).In Western world, generally, glass
recycled crop is reused to produce new glass. However, not all glass scraps are suitable to produce new glass.
Different colours glass can be manufactured by adding in the mixture dies as FeO (green– blue), Fe2O3 (green),
Cu 2O (red), CuO (blue-green), Cr 2O3 (green-yellow), CoO (dark blue), AuCl 3 (ruby red). During the waste
collection processes, hollow glass, especially postconsumer beverage bottles, becomes broken, colour-mixed
and contaminated by paper labels or other substances that can highly affect the properties of the produced
new glass. Due to the high cost of cleaning and colour sorting, the recycling rate for glass bottles is only about 25%
and most waste glass is sent to landfill as residue (Ling et al. 2013); since glass is not biodegradable, landfills do
not provide an environmentally-friendly solution.
Other methods to recycle waste glass are the production of abrasives, rock wool, or means for water filtering;
however there is still a need to develop markets for mixed colours waste glass. In the construction sector, recycled
glass is used in concrete glass asphalt (glass-phalt), back-fill, substrate, tiles, masonry blocks, flooring and other
decorative purposes, but the practical applications of recycled glass in structural concrete is fairly limited (Kou and
Poon 2009).On the other hand, the extraction of sand and gravel as aggregates for mortars and concretes amounts
to 130 millions of cubic metres every year and represent the 59% of all materials excavated in Italy (Legambiente
2017).

Recycled Glass as Aggregate for Architectural Mortars

Francesca Tittarelli1,2* , Chiara Giosuè1 and Alessandra Mobili1

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40069-018-0290-3

Recycled Glass in Mortars and Concretes Using glass waste instead of virgin natural sand/aggregate in the
composition of mortars is feasible and the cost of replacement indicates an advantage (Ling et al. 2013). Additional
benefits are: (1) less use of natural aggregates resulting in minimal cost of quarrying, less invasiveness of the
extraction in the quarries, extension of the useful life of the quarry, less use of non-renewable natural resources. (2)
Recycle that part of glass that would otherwise end up in landfills and thus greater eco-sustainability throughout
the production cycle. (3) More architectural value of mortars/concretes since the visible coloured glass particles
will produce a pleasing visual effect on the surfaces where the mortar is applied (Ling and Poon 2014). These
mortars/concretes, due to their esthetical properties, can satisfy not only traditional properties but also decorative
functions for fair-faced concrete finishes, both in external and indoor applications.

Recycled glass aggregate is potentially able to improve resistance to freeze–thaw attack, drying shrinkage and
abrasion of mortars and concretes (Carsana et al. 2014), thanks to the low porosity and water absorption capacity.
Moreover, waste glass can also improve the resistance to high temperatures (Guo et al. 2015; Rashad 2014). Since
the increasing demands in construction as functional, aesthetic, economic and insulating criteria has to be fulfilled,
the use of cullet of different colours in cementitious materials is a good alternative.
Recycled Glass as Aggregate for Architectural Mortars

Francesca Tittarelli1,2* , Chiara Giosuè1 and Alessandra Mobili1

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40069-018-0290-3

Unfortunately, the presence of waste glass in cementitious composite may provoke the possibility of its expansion
and cracking. The amorphous silica can be dissolved in glass under alkaline conditions and form alkali–silica
reaction (ASR) gel which absorbs water and subsequently expands leading to tensile stresses. When tensile stress
exceeds the tensile strength of the material, irregular cracks will occur. This phenomenon may seriously affect the
durability of mortars and concretes (Rashad 2015; Bignozzi et al. 2015).

There is still no agreement regarding the ASR in mortars and concrete containing waste glass aggregate.
Occurrence of ASR is mainly related to the amount, particle size, and colour of waste glass. Studies show that the
ASR expansion increases with the increasing glass aggregate content (Sikora et al. 2016), whereas it decreases with
the increasing of glass sand fineness (Corinaldesi et al. 2005; Idir et al. 2011; Du and Tan 2014). The coarse glass
particles seem to be the most dangerous, and several authors have concluded that glass grains will not cause
cracking when the grain size is reduced to 300 µm or finer (Letelier et al. 2017). Green and brown glass sand
mortars proved to be innocuous, regardless of the replacement level, whereas clear glass can exhibit potential
deleterious properties (Sikora et al. 2016).

Supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly ash (FA) (Kou and Poon 2009; Parghi and Shahria Alam 2016),
metakaolin (MK) (Guo et al. 2015; Ling and Poon 2011), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) (Ling and
Poon 2014; Li et al. 2017) and nanosilica (Sikora et al. 2016; Aly et al. 2012) are well-known to be able in
reducing the alkali–silica reaction in concrete because the amount of alkali hydroxide can be reduced by the
pozzolanic reaction (Carsana et al. 2014; Shayan and Xu 2004; Topçu et al. 2008; Corinaldesi et al. 2016). Also
fine glass powder (d < 150 μm) is effective in suppressing ASR thanks to its pozzolanic activity (Bignozzi et al.
2015; Parghi and Shahria Alam 2016; Afshinnia and Rangaraju 2015; Nunes et al. 2013; Serpa et al. 2013). De
Azevedo et al. (2017) investigated the influence of wastes (85% of particles smaller then 100 µm) from the
wastewater treatment plant of the glass polishing process in the rheological properties of adhesive mortar with
partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate (up to 20%). In general waste glass increased the incorporated air
in mortars since the glass particles are grainy, thus causing their worst arrangement. This fact increases the mortar
retraction but also its fluidity, particularly required to settle ceramic coating, giving also higher availability of
empty spaces to accommodate the gel associated to the possible alkali–silica reaction.

Recycled Glass as Aggregate for Architectural Mortars

Francesca Tittarelli1,2* , Chiara Giosuè1 and Alessandra Mobili1

Et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2018) 12:57

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40069-018-0290-3

The glass waste used in this study was sourced from a local jalousie window fabricator. The glass waste was
washed, air-dried, and ground using a hammer mill. The ground glass waste was then sieved using an 850-μm
sieve. Glass particles passing an 850-μm sieve, referred to as G850, were used. The particle size was smaller than
1.18 mm to avoid ASRrelated issues (Maraghechi et al. 2012). G850 had a specific gravity of 2.50 and a fineness
modulus of 1.73. The particle size distribution of G850 is presented in Fig. 1.

The coarse aggregates (CA) used in this study were crushed river gravel with a specific gravity of 2.40, water
absorption of 2.31%, and a fineness modulus of 6.80. Fine aggregates (FA) were river sand with a specific gravity
of 2.46, water absorption of 2.31%, and a fineness modulus of 3.00. Particle size distributions of CA and FA are
also presented in Fig. 1. The cement used was a Type-1 Portland with a specific gravity of 3.11.

Use of Ground Glass Waste as Aggregate Filler in Concrete

A. S. Pasana*† , M. E. Loretero* and M. B. Giduquio*

*School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Talamban Campus, Cebu City 6000, Philippines

†Corresponding author: A .S. Pasana; aspasana16@gmail.com

Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech.

Website: www.neptjournal.com
Received: 27-05-2022

Revised: 19-07-2022

Accepted: 21-07-2022

https://1drv.ms/b/c/0d717a547f147336/Eb3XD3IO-3tAnYhtWhtDqBoBKg1qhWiYE_T7Jf6fwKPZrQ?e=bfTDzf

Geopolymer technology offers a promising solution for producing exterior building materials with desirable
physical properties while reducing environmental impact (Morsy et al. 2014). The term “geopolymer,” coined by
Davidovits, refers to a cementitious material that uses silica and alumina in a highly alkaline solution. Alkaline
activation of both oxides occurs during curing to develop an inorganic polymer with three-dimensional
aluminosilicates. The required oxides can be provided by waste materials ranging from raw kaolinitic clays to
industrial inorganic wastes. Natural kaolinitic clay is usually heat treated at high temperatures to obtain an alkaline
reactive metakaolin phase, whereas the inorganic waste can be used as is with minimal processing. Several studies
have been published elsewhere declaring the compatibility of the geopolymer binder with sand aggregates to
produce concrete-based products (Singh et al. 2015). Other inorganic wastes can fully or partially replace the
geopolymer binder’s components and aggregates.

Glass waste is another type of inorganic waste, mainly rich in silica and minor oxides. Most of this waste comes
from mass-produced glass, known as industrial glass, and a small percentage comes from non-industrial glass such
as that used in medical, automotive, optical, and electronic applications. Industrial glass accounts for 95% of glass
production volume and includes flat glass, container glass, fiberglass, and utility glass. On the other hand, non-
industrial glasses tend to be expensive because they are melted with high-purity precursors in very small quantities
to provide specific properties for a demanding application. It is worth noting that most types of glass are highly
resistant to chemical attack by chemical substances. Despite the chemical durability of glass, it is still susceptible
to attack by strong acid and alkaline solutions with different modes and degrees of corrosion (Douglas and El-
Shamy 1967), depending on its chemical composition. This corrosion behavior is required in the geopolymer
reaction, which mainly involves the dissolution of aluminosilicate precursors in highly alkaline solutions. It has
been reported that the amorphous silica in glass waste is readily dissolved in a strong alkaline solution at pH above
10.7 to form leachable silicate (Conradt 2008). For faster geopolymerization, the glass-loaded geopaste is usually
heated to a high temperature of about 80 °C to increase the solubility of the glass (Goto 1955). Some promising
studies on the use of non-industrial glasses in geopolymers have been described in the literature (Gao et al. 2022;
Novais et al. 2016; Lo et al. 2018). However, industrial glasses in the form of container glasses represent potential
waste resources.

Container glass refers to all types of glass bottles and jars used to store beer, wine, beverages, pharmaceuticals,
perfumes, and food products. This type of glass is transparent and colored, depending on the product to be
contained. The colored glasses are usually obtained by adding essential colorants such as iron oxide, sulfate, and
carbon, which protect the product from deterioration due to ultraviolet radiation. With such a wide range of bottled
products, glass bottle waste accounts for approximately 80% of the total glass waste generated. As little as 10–30%
of the recycled glass is used as feedstock for the production of new glass bottles, leaving large surpluses for other
alternative uses (Siddika et al. 2021). Recycling of glass bottles has been reported elsewhere as a primary or partial
component of aluminosilicate precursors in geopolymer pastes for concrete applications (Hamzah et al. 2021;
Maraghechi et al. 2014). The powdered form of this glass has been successfully blended with slag, fly ash, and
metakaolin to form geopolymer products (Manikandan and Vasugi 2022), but the combination with other
aluminosilicate waste resources has not provided a viable forming route.

Philippine Journal of Science

153 (4): 1329-1343, August 2024

ISSN 0031 – 7683

Date Received: 16 Aug 2023

Fabrication of a Concrete Roof Tile by Geopolymerization of Red Clay with Container Glass Wastes

Keith T. Bulaybulay1, Jessel Grace L. Orpeza2, and Ruben L. Menchavez3*

Mactan Export Processing Zone, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, 6016 Philippines 2Ceramic Wafer Process, TECDIA Cebu
Inc.,
Mactan Export Processing Zone, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, 6016 Philippines

3Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology,

College of Engineering, Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology,

Tibanga, Iligan City, 9200 Philippines

https://1drv.ms/b/c/0d717a547f147336/EYG-IOoHPfdJhP2OpCl4274BoekvTZAcUkzWDedl5ASOoQ?e=jmebcw
This experimental research focuses on the effect of using recycled bottles as concrete material for mass housing
projects. This research aims to determine the effect of using recycled bottles on the properties of hardened concrete
namely: compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Also included, are the effect of recycled bottles on
watercement ratio, quality and size of aggregates and consistency of the mix. Experiments shall be conducted to
acquire the necessary data needed in the analysis. Each experiment shall be conducted in accordance with the
standards which are applicable in our country, in which in our case, specified by ASTM requirements.

Bottles from junkshops are used in this study. These bottles are crushed and use as a replacement for fine
aggregates for concrete mixture. The researcher used manually crushed and clean bottles and chosen bottles with
the same property for uniformity. The crushed samples were passed through sieve analysis to ensure that the size of
the cullet will be less than 2.0 mm but greater than 0.0625 mm with accordance to ASTM standards.

The Effect of Waste Glass Bottles as an Alternative Coarse

Aggregate in Concrete Mixture

College of Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland City College of Architecture, Qassim
University, Buraidah City tomasuganironjr@gmail.com

The research concentrates on the effect of using recycled bottles as fine aggregate and not on its properties as an
aggregate. The researchers used only Portland Pozzolanic Cement (Type IP), which are commonly used in the field
at present, for the specimens. This type of cement has low hardening characteristics [6,7]. It will also cover the
difference between the common concrete cement and concrete recycled glass bottles in terms of its properties as a
fine aggregate. The specimens are tested for compressive strength using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) on its
7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of curing. This will be the basis for the data.

The study focuses on compressive strength and elastic modulus. This study also gives emphasis on the
environmental concerns and not on its economic aspect. In addition, study is also delimited to durability,
creep, shrinkage and water tightness. These four properties of hardened concrete are time-dependent properties
which will entail so much time to determine

Use of Recycled Glass Bottles as Fine Aggregates in Concrete Mixture

Tomas U. Ganiron Jr
College of Architecture, Qassim University, Buraidah City

Graduate School, Adamson University, Manila tomasuganironjr@gmail.com

https://d.docs.live.net/0d717a547f147336/Documents/Journal_Paper_Format%20(1).docx