.

INTRODUCTION TO TATA Tata Motors has auto manufacturing

MOTORS COMPANY and assembly plants in Jamshedpur,
Pathnanagar, Lucknow, Sanand,
Dharwad, and Pune in India, as well as
in Argentina, South Africa, Great
Britain and Thailand. It has research
and development centres in Pune,
Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad,
India and in South Korea, Great Britain
and Spain.
Established in 1945, Tata Motors’
presence indeed cuts across the
Tata Motors Limited (formerly TELCO, length and breadth of India. Over 9
short for Tata Engineering and million Tata vehicles ply on Indian
Locomotive Company) is an Indian roads, since the first rolled out in 1954.
multinational automotive That Supported by a nation-wide
manufacturing company dealership, sales, services and spare
headquartered in Mumbai, parts network comprising about
Maharashtra, India, and a subsidiary of 6,600sales and service points. The
the Tata Group. Tata Motors is India’s company also has strong auto finance
largest automobile company. Tata Operation, Tata Motor Finance.
Motors Group, a USD 42 billion
organisation, is a leading automobile
manufacturer with a portfolio that
includes a wide range of cars, sports
Subsidiaries and Associate
vehicles, trucks, buses and defence
Companies:
vehicles. Our marque can be found on
and off-road in over 175 countries  Concorde Motors (India)
around the globe. It is the world's 5th- Limited
largest motor vehicle manufacturing  Jaguar Land Rover
company, fourth-largest truck Automotive Plc
manufacturer, and second-largest bus  TAL Manufacturing Solutions
manufacturer by volume. Limited (TAL)

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 Tata Motors European

Technical Centre PLC
(TMETC)
 Tata Motors Insurance
Broking and Advisory
Services Limited (TMIBASL)
 TMF Holdings Limited
  TML Distribution Company
Limited (TDCL)
 Tata Hispano Motors
Carrocera S.A.
 TML Drivelines Ltd.
 TRILIX Srl 
 Tata Precision Industries Pte.
Limited.
 Tata Technologies Limited
 Tata Marcopolo Motors
Limited (TMML) 
 TML Holdings Pte. Limited
 Tata Daewoo Commercial
Vehicle Company Limited
 Tata Motors (Thailand)
Limited
 TATA Motors SA Proprietory
Ltd

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Pune CVBU assembly lines cope with the diverse

range of vehicles that roll out of the
plant, like HMCV, ILCV trucks, ICV bus
chassis, ICV Ultra range trucks and
bus chassis, UVs, pickups, Winger
vans, SUVs, etc. It can produce 730
vehicles per day, working in two shifts.
Tata Motors' range of Defence
vehicles are also produced here.

The ERC is equipped with state-of-the-

art testing facilities like:

 Outdoor testing
 Indoor testing (testing of
Fig.1. TATA MOTORS PUNE CVBU
individual components, sub-
assemblies, various vehicle
The Pune facility of Tata Motors is
systems like wipers, door locks,
located in the Pimpri-Chinchwad
window winding, etc.)
industrial belt of Maharashtra. The
state-of-the art R&D centre in this  Materials lab
facility sets the benchmark for  Homologation and product
automotive research and development evaluation
in India. The Pune facility also houses  Noise, vibration and harshness
some of the best manufacturing  Advanced engineering (hybrids,
facilities in the automotive industry; for EVs, etc.)
example, its Product Engineering  Electronics
Division has one of the biggest and the  Crash testing
most versatile tool-making divisions in  Environmental science and IPR
the country.  Climate control
 Engine development and testing
The most versatile of Tata Motors'  Prototyping
manufacturing plants, the Pune facility
 Styling studio
is a full range supplier of both
 Vehicle integration teams
commercial and passenger vehicles. It
boasts of delivering more value per Tata Motors' passenger vehicles plant
vehicle, since it is a highly vertically in Pune is one of the most advanced
integrated plant as regards to core manufacturing facilities in India. With
processes such as engines, gearbox, two flexible assembly lines, the plant
paint shop, etc. has a capacity of producing 1,000 cars
per day, working on a double shift. The
The facility's commercial vehicles plant
facility has introduced many popular
produces around 60 base models with
models like Indica, Indigo, Marina,
three or four variants each. Six
Vista Manza, Zest, Bolt, and Nexon.

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Fact File

 Commercial vehicles plant

started in 1964 TML Mission and Vision
 Passenger vehicles plant
started in 1998  Mission: We innovate mobility
 Sprawls over an area of 930 solutions with passion to
acres enhance quality of life.
 Asia's first anechoic chamber
 India's biggest engine  Vision: As a High Performance
development facility Organization, we are by
 India's first full vehicle crash test FY2019 
facility  Amongst top 3 in global
 India's only full climate test CV and domestic PV.
facility  Achieving sustainable
 India's only pedestrian test
financial performance.
facility
 Facilities include world-class  Delivering exciting
press shop technology, state-of- innovations.
the-art CED painting facility,
 CULTURE:
robotic flexible welding cell,
 Accountability
conveyorised vehicle assembly
lines, steering robots, BUZZ  Customer and product
testing, full environment testing, focus
and suspension parameter
 Excellence
measuring machine
 Over 11,000 permanent  Speed
employees
 VALUES:
Milestones
Tata Motors Values are now
 The first commercial vehicle more focused on desired
that rolled out from Pune plant
behaviour and aligned to some
was in 1977
 The first passenger vehicle that of the Tata Group Values.
rolled out from Pune plant was
 Integrity: We bring the
in 1998 (Indica)
best of ourselves to our
work, our customers and
the community of which
we are a part.

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 Teamwork: We value IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS :

collaboration and cross-
functional working and  Gross Combined Weight
hold ourselves (GCW): The total weight of a
responsible for our vehicle, including all its cargo,
teammates’ success. plus the weight of a trailer and
 Accountability: We are its entire contents.
accountable for our
actions and  Gross Combined Weight
commitments. We will Rating (GCWR): The maximum
never shirk our allowable weight of the GCW as
responsibilities. specified by the manufacturer.
 Customer Focus: We Exceeding this limit
show respect, compromises safety. What you
compassion and need to know: Vehicles that
humanity for our operate above the GCWR are a
customers and make potential safety hazard because
their delight our goal. the engine, frame, suspension,
 Excellence: We are brakes and tires are not
passionate in our pursuit designed for weight above the
of the best possible rating the manufacturer has set.
outcomes for our
customers, colleagues  Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW):
and our communities. Maximum legal weight at which
 Speed: We are decisive a vehicle can be operated. The
and recognize that total weight of a vehicle with
success in our business driver and passengers, cargo,
requires innovation and fuel, coolant. Any dealer or
collaboration with speed. after-market installed
accessories, and tongue weight
if towing.

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 Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

(GVWR): It is the maximum ABOUT VEHICLE
permissible total weight of the CLASSIFICATION
vehicle that may not be
In the Commercial Vehicle Business
exceeded, as designated by the
Unit. The models are classified on the
manufacturer. GVWR is
basis of GVW as under:
identified on the manufacturer's
LCV: Low Commercial Vehicle.
label, which is usually located
MCV: Medium Commercial
on the driver's door or door jam.
Vehicle
What you need to know.
HCV: High Commercial Vehicle.
Vehicles that operate above the
The HCV segment can be further
GVWR are a potential safety
classified into three segments based
hazard because the engine,
on gross vehicle weight as follows:
frame, suspension, brakes and
tires are not designed for weight  ICV: Intermediate
above the rating the Commercial Vehicle with GVW
manufacturer has set. of 8 to10 ton.
 MCV: Medium Commercial
 Curb Weight: The weight of an Vehicle with GVW of 10 to15
empty vehicle, without cargo ton.
and driver and passengers, but  HCV: Heavy Commercial
including maximum amounts of Vehicle with GVW of 16 ton and
fuel, oil, coolant and standard above.
equipment including the spare
tire and tools. MCV& HCVs are also classified into
two categories depending on their
 Payload: The maximum usage as Trucks and Buses. Buses
amount of weight, including are passenger carriers. Trucks include
driver and passengers that goods carriers along with specialized
can be carried in the truck’s bed vehicles like dumpers, tractor-trailers
and cabin. Basically, the etc. The ICVs fall in the load category
payload is the GVWR minus the of 8 to 10 ton GVW& are often
Curb Weight. substituted for medium or heavy

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commercial vehicles in trunk routes or car body's sheet metal components

cities. have been welded together - but
before moving parts (doors, hoods,
NAMING CONVENTIONS:
and deck lids as well as fenders) the
Any bus or truck will always be named motor, chassis sub- assemblies, or
by its classification. The last two digits trim (glass, seats, upholstery,
multiplied by indicates the Brake Horse electronics, etc.) have been added and
Power (BHP) rating of the engine. painting has been done.

The digits in the prior to last two digits

indicates the Gross Vehicle Weight The name derives from manufacturing

(GVW) practices before steel unibody or

monocoque bodies when automobile
GVW= PAYLOAD+ VEHICLE
bodies were made by outside firms on
WEIGHT
a separate chassis with an engine,
That is: suspension, and fenders attached. The
manufacturers built or purchased
607: GVW= 6 Tonnes, 7*10= 70 BHP
wooden bodies (with thin, non-
LP stands for full forward control bus
structural metal sheets on the outside)
model.
to bolt onto the frame. The bodies
LPT stands for full forward control
were painted white prior to the final
truck model.
colour.
LPK stands for full forward control
tipper.
A folk etymology for Body in White
LPO stands for full forward control with suggests the term derives from the
extra overhang.
appearance of a car body after it is
SFC stands for semi forward control. dipped into a white bath of primer
BIW (BODY IN WHITE) (undercoat paint) despite the primer's
SHOP actual grey colour.

What is Body in White? In car design, the Body in White phase

refers to the phase in which the final
Body in white or BIW refers to the contours of the car body are worked
stage in automotive design or out, in preparation for ordering of the
automobile manufacturing in which a expensive production stamp die.

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Extensive computer simulations of

crashworthiness, manufacturability,
and automotive aerodynamics are
required before a clay model from the
design studio can be converted into a
Body in White ready for production.
Types of Fixture:

 Geostationary Fixtures (Geo

Fixtures)
 Respot Fixtures
 Inspection Fixtures
 Hemming Fixtures(ROBOT)
Other devices in BIW line:
Gripper, Deposits, Racks, Pallets,
Conveyers, Skids, Trolley, Gun stand,
Gripper
Stand, Tip dresser, Sealant stand etc.

BIW AT TATA MOTORS, PUNE

Infrastructure:

 Three bays are being

developed in the current phase,
one bay is kept for
 Width of each bay:
 Length of each bay:
 Total shop floor area:

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BIW SHOP

COWL LINE
CAB LINE

N R W
SL O E I
IP N G T
P - U H
E S L

As can
be seen
from the above flowchart, the BIW shop at
TATA Motors, Pune is composed of two
main parts.
On one side of the shop is the CAB line
and on the other side is COWL line.
Both of these are further sub-divided into
catogories, as mentioned in the above
flowchart.

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CAB LINE: make and model of the lorry or

truckeven though the
The closed pilot cabins are known as
differences are only minor.
CABs. The CAB line is almost 25years
old.
It was first commissioned at Pune
plant.
The cab comes in three models:
1) Slipper: This CAB comes with
a berth box in which the driver
can sleep.
Generally customers who have
to nmove large distances prefer
the sleeper
model.
Layout
2) Non-slipper: This CAB comes of E6 BIW
without a berth box and is thus F/wall to structure Assy SFC door Assy line
smaller as compared to the
Sleeper model.
RH Door Assy
stn.2: Grill Fixture
Assy no.1: RH door
& step inner & outer Assy
panel
3) Regular: This cab looks exactly spotting Fixture no. 2: RH door spotting
like a Non-slipper cabonly the LH Door Assy
difference is in design and in Fixture no.1: LH door inner & outer Assy
some functions. Stn.3: PartialFixture no.2: LH door spotting
body Assy
Bonnet Assy
Fixture no.1: RH Side bonnet Assy
Unlike COWLs, CABs remain the Stn.5: Roof &Fixture no.2:fitment
dashboard LH side bonnet Assy
Fixture no.1: Bonnet centre spotting
same irrespective of the model and Fixture no.2: Bonnet centre welding
make of the overall truck or lorry I.e.
there is no difference between CAB of Stn.4: Door aperture & underbody
spotting
one model and that of another model.
LPT door Assy line
Stn.6: Roof & R/w spotting
COWL line: RH Door Assy

Tht open pilot cabins are known as Fixture no.1: RH Door outer Assy
Stn.7: Under body CO2 welding
COWLs. The COWL line was first Fixture no.2: RH Door hemming
commissioned in Pune plant. Fixture no.3: Hinge fitment & Sandering
Fixture no.4: Hinge torquing & finishing
1) FaceCOWLs: These are the Fixture
Stn.8: W/s bottom no.5: RH Door inspection
spotting
most prominent type Of COWLs
LH Door Assy
produced in BIW Shop. Face
COWLs differ depending on the Stn.9: Cab unloading
Fixture no.1: LH Door outer Assy
Fixture no.2: LH Door hemming
Fixture no.3: Hinge fitment
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Stn.10: Full welding Page 10 & Sandering
Fixture no.4: Hinge torquing & finishing
Stn.10.1: Sealant Application
Fixture no.5: LH Door inspection
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The following is the basic process

flow diagram for the production of a
CAB:

DETAILED STUDY OF CAB

line:
• Station no: 01 (Gear
stationary table)

• Station no: 03(Stationary

Rack)

• Station no: 02(Snap Ring,

spacer stationary table)
• Station no: 04 (Bearing press
machine)

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• Station no: 05 (Reading

parameter)

• Station no: 07(Main shaft

Assembly Table)

• Station no: 06(Bush

heating Machine)

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• Station no: 08(W/S bottom

& Rear wall spotting)

• Station no:09(Cab
unloading)

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• Station no: 10(Full welding) Assignment No.1

Design
of G76 Main Shaft
Assembly Conveyor

1.1 Project objective

 To increase the production of G76
main shafts.
 To increase the MOP of operators.
 To decrease the effort required by
the operators.
 To reduce the manpower and time
required for the sub-assembly.

• Station no: 11(Door fitment)

1.2 Introduction

Organization
produce the gearbox, main shaft is
an important part of gearbox. There
are 5 different types of main shafts
which are being used. Assembly of
main shafts is an important and it
takes place in organization by
• Station: Passing operators.

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Assembly of shafts  It was being hard to move the shaft

takes place on stationary tables. 5 from one station to another and to
different types of main shafts are assemble them for operators.
being assembled on stationary  Their target was easily achieved by
tables at 3 different stations. It is them but in that case minor errors
taking more time in moving and used to occur.
assembling the shafts as  And in the remaining time they
synchromesh mechanism is present used to do nothing .
on the main shafts.  Cause of this productivity loss was
It is taking happening by 4.5 hrs.
more time to achieve that day's
required target. so we designed the
conveyor to move the shafts from
one station to another. It did help to
save and utilize the time of
operator which eventually helped
to raise the productivity of main
1.5 Solution to the issue
shafts.  Designing of conveyor.
 by designing the conveyor all
essential components to assembly
will be easily available to the
operators and it will be easy to do
all the operations on conveyor than
1.3 Problem statement doing it at different places. e.g.
Bearing Pressing , snapping, 2
 Current setup is not efficient in mm ball mounting .
terms of productivity.  all operations will be easily
 Time of the operators not being available on the conveyor.
utilized properly.
 It is being hard to move the
shafts from one station to 1.6 Main Shaft Process
another.
 It was being hard to achieve per  Important part of a gearbox.
day's target by the operators.  Gears on the main shaft are free to
 Loss of productivity was 4.5 hrs. rotate.
 Synchromesh mechanism lies on
the main shaft.
 Sub-assembly consist of 31
1.4 Root Cause Analysis process

 Five different type of shafts are

being assembled at three different
stations.
 Stationary tables are being used to
assemble the shafts.

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Gantt Chart for various

processes on each of the
Stations.

Station-1

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Station-2

1.7 Methodology

Why conveyor ?
To save the time and to increase the
productivity.
By designing the conveyor, work process
will be fasten and the maximum no of
products will be produced.
To testify the idea , we used the old
Station-3 conveyor which was almost scrap. By
designing the conveyor it will be easy to
move and assemble the 5 different types of
shafts.

At three different stations Cause of automatic work , less errors will

various processes has been be occurred.
followed. But as we can see that in
the above charts how much time is
essential for the one operation
which takes place at stations. As
we can see, to move the main
shafts from one station to another
and from one operation to another,
it is taking more time than other
operations. Here it is described
more specifically in above charts.

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and arranged them in square shape

by first finishing the surface by
grinding and then we drilled those
plates and rods by 5mm and then
tapped the holes and then adjusted
by the nut and bolts.
 To mount the main shaft on the
square shaped pallet we fixed the
plate to the centre of height 50 mm
and width 95 mm wit the help of
nut and bolts.
 After that we drill the centre plate
to fit the bush.

Station 1

Station 2
 To use the old conveyor we took
the measurement of that conveyor.
 On the basis of that measurement
we designed the pallets which can
be set on the conveyor.
 While designing the pallets we
considered the 5 different types of
main shafts and designed the
pallets.
 We took the plate of mild steel and
cut it into 50*50 and took the rod
of mild steel and cut it by 20*20

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 On the stationary tables while

assembling the main shaft it is used
to assemble in two parts cause it is
used to set the in such manner that
some portion of main is under the
table through the hole and some
part above the surface of table.
 While assembling in two parts after
assembling the above part after
pressing the taper bearing we used
to reverse the main shaft on the
table and then the height of the
remaining main shafts portion is
220 mm and then we used
assemble it.
 After designing the pallet we
mounted the main shaft on the
pallet then we drilled the pallet and
fixed the bush and after that we
mounted the main shaft.
 While mounting the main shaft on
the conveyor we have to consider
the weight of the main shaft so we
designed the rod to support the
pallet on the conveyor and we
made it in c shape on the conveyor
vertically .
 Distance between the c shape rod
and the pallet is 90 mm in which
main shaft can be adjusted easily.
 By subtracting that 90 mm by the
220 mm height main shaft we
designed the bush of remaining
height on the pallet which helped in
load to main shaft.
 Mncr5 material is used to design
the bush at the temp.
 Heating process cycle of bush takes
time of 1 day. After that by
grinding and drilling the bush by 6
mm we fixed the bush on the pallet.

Station 3

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As we took the old conveyor which was in

no use so we took that conveyor and
designed the essential components of
conveyor.

• Mounting of pallet on
conveyor

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• Lifter

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 Cost

Material Quantity Cost

 50×50 Plate 8 320
 20×20 plate 4 160
 Plate 2 480
 Nut 30 1500
 bush 4 800
 Lifter 2 50,000

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Assignment No.02
Safety improvement

2.1 Problem statement:

 Earlier while the conveyor is moving, if the operator tries to cross the
conveyor unknowingly which is unsafe and may lead to the major incident.

2.2 Proposed Solution

 With the help of Lift & Carrey operator unloads the Assy body from the last
station and load it on a fixture and then starts to work.
 After completing the work, both side operators press the authorization button
provided on the control panels and the Assy body is ready to shift to the next
station.
 While the conveyor is moving, if the operator tries to cross the conveyor
unknowingly which is unsafe and may lead to the major incident.
 To eliminate this problem and to increase the safety Photo sensors are
provided on L&C conveyor at both sides of station.

Fig 2.1. Photo sensor

provided on L&C conveyor

 So, when operator tries to cross the conveyor after authorization light of
photo sensors brakes & conveyor will stop immediately.

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 When the conveyor stops it indicates red light on the board.

(image)
 To restart the conveyor, an operator has to repress the button provided on a
control panel.

2.3 Advantages:
 Safety Ensured
 Unsafe condition eliminated

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Assignment No.03

Automotive Applications of Welding Technology – A Study

Introduction:

A wide variety of automobile body components are joined together using welding
techniques. The necessity for development of new welding techniques for
automotive applications is ever growing to meet the new material combinations for
auto body parts. The requirement for innovative welding processes is felt strongly in
the recent days with automotive manufactures focusing on lighter yet strong and
fuel-efficient vehicles employing lightweight alternative materials.

The most commonly used welding methods for automotive applications include

1) Resistance Spot Welding (RSW)

2) Resistance Seam Welding (RSEW)
3) Metal Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
4) Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
5) Laser Beam Welding (LBW)
6) Friction Welding (FW)

3.1 Resistance spot welding

The conventional steel body of a cab, on an average, contains 4500 spot weld
joints. Resistance spot welding is the principle joining method used in automotive
industries & has been for many years. In this method, the joint is produced by the
heat generated due to the resistance of work pieces to the flow of current and
application of pressure. The weld is limited to the spots on overlapped work pieces
and hence not continuous. The pointed copper electrodes conduct the welding
current to the work spot and also serve to apply pressure to form the strong joint.

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RSW is automated and used in the form of robotic spot welding in automotive
industries to weld the sheet metals to form cab body.

• Structural integrity of the Vehicle depends on the Spot Weld Quality

• The spot weld has to with stand the impacts during a crash

• Resistance welding consists of the joining of two or more pieces of metal by

the application of heat and pressure. The heat is generated by the ‘resistance’
offered by these parts to the passage of current.

P
i
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
Resistance Temperature
Fig 3.1. Resistance spot welding

• A spot welding is made by pressing two or more overlapping piece together

while an electrical current is passed through a localized contact area. The
heat in the welding zone should be generated rapidly so that only minimum
heat is dissipated by conduction to cooler area.

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Fig3.2.RSW Process

 Squeeze time: time set to ensure predetermined welding force before current
flow

 Weld time: time for which welding current is switched on

 Hold time: time electrodes are held together under pressure after weld time

 Cool time: current off time between successive current pulses in pulsation or
seam welding

Fig3.3: spot welding gun and types of

Weld Defects:

• Good weld

• Small nugget

• Stick weld

• No weld

• Thin weld

• Flaws (porosity) in nugget

• Burnt spot

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Nugget Testing:

Non-Destructive Chisel Testing Destructive Testing

Chisel

Hammer

Fig 3.5: Non-Destructive testing

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3.2 Resistance seam welding

Seam welding is a resistance welding process in which the overlapping Workpieces
held under pressure are joined together by a series of spot welds made
progressively along the joint utilizing the heat generated by the electrical resistance
of the workpieces.
Seam welding is similar to spot welding process, but, instead of pointed electrodes,
mechanically driven wheel shaped electrodes are used to produce a continuous
weld.

Fig 3.7. Principle of resistance seam welding Fig 3.8. RSEW producing continuous joint

3.3 Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG):

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Metal Inert Gas Welding (Gas Metal Arc Welding) is the arc welding process, in
which the weld is shielded by an external gas (argon, helium, CO2, argon + oxygen
or other gas mixtures). Consumable electrode wire, having chemical composition
similar to that of the parent material, is continuously fed from a spool to the arc zone.
The arc heats and melts both the work pieces edges and the electrode wire. The
fused electrode material is supplied to the surfaces of the work pieces, fills the weld
pool and forms joint. Due to automatic feeding of the filling wire (electrode) the
process is referred to as a semi-automatic. The operator controls only the torch
positioning and speed.

Fig 3.9: setup of MIG welding

The MIG Welding in Tata Motors uses a mixture of C02 and Argon with a Copper
coated Mild Steel wire:

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Fig 3.10: MIG welding & MIG welded joint

3.4 Friction welding

In solid state welding the joint is produced by the application of pressure without
significant melting any of the work parts. Friction welding is a form of solid-state
welding where the heat is obtained from the mechanically induced sliding motion
between the parts to be welded. The weld parts are held together under pressure.
Generally, the frictional heat is generated by rotating one part against the other.
When certain temperature is reached, the rotational motion is seized and the
pressure applied welds the parts together. The two shafts joined by FW process is
depicted in Fig. This welding process can be controlled by regulating the time,
rotational speed and pressure.

Fig 3.11 Shafts joined by friction welding process

The metallic materials possessing certain degrees of plasticity at high temperature

and thermal stability can easily be friction welded. Although all common engineering
alloys can be friction welded, cast iron is an exception. In automotive industries, the
FW is used to fabricate a wide range of components including half shafts, axle
cases, steering columns, hydraulic cylinders, pistons rods and engine valves etc.
The Fig. shows few frictions welded automotive components.

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Fig3.12 Friction welded automotive component (Engine valves)

3.5 Projection Welding

Projection Welding is a type of resistance welding in which only the projected portion
of the metal is melted and joined to the base metal. Projection welding is a
modification of spot welding. In this process, the weld is localized by means of raised
section, or projections, on one or both of the workpieces to be joined.

Fig3.13: Projection welding

In Tata Motors, Pune projection welding is used for welding of nut in a hole on frame
LH side. Nut is kept on the tower fork of the projection welding machine manually.
The alignment of the nut and the hole on the frame must be proper. Pushing the foot
lever forces the 2 forks of the projection welding machine to come together and do
the welding.

Fig 3.14. Projection welding machine

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4. Conclusions

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5. Reference

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