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Chapter 1 Digital Design Concepts (Part 1)

This document provides an overview of digital electronics principles, including: 1) It describes analog and digital signals, with digital signals taking discrete values while analog signals are continuous. 2) It explains binary digits and logic levels in digital circuits, which use two voltage levels (HIGH and LOW) to represent the two values (1 and 0) of each binary digit. 3) It defines common timing parameters for digital signals and waveforms such as rise time, fall time, propagation delay, period, and duty cycle.

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Ashraf Yusof
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53 views21 pages

Chapter 1 Digital Design Concepts (Part 1)

This document provides an overview of digital electronics principles, including: 1) It describes analog and digital signals, with digital signals taking discrete values while analog signals are continuous. 2) It explains binary digits and logic levels in digital circuits, which use two voltage levels (HIGH and LOW) to represent the two values (1 and 0) of each binary digit. 3) It defines common timing parameters for digital signals and waveforms such as rise time, fall time, propagation delay, period, and duty cycle.

Uploaded by

Ashraf Yusof
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

EMT 235/3

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
PRINCIPLES II
Chapter 1: Digital Design Concepts
(Part 1)
2

Analog Quantities
• Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
• Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more
efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
3

Digital and Analog Signals


Analog signal – continuous values

Digital signal – discrete set of values


4

Digital and Analog Signals


Most natural quantities
that we see are analog and
vary continuously.

Sampled analog signal at a fixed interval – digital signal


5

Analog and Digital Systems


• Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to
take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts
digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog
signal for amplification.
6

Binary Digits and Logic Levels


Digital electronics uses circuits that have two possible
states. These states are represented by two different VH(max)
voltage levels: A HIGH and a LOW. The states can HIGH
also be represented by bits and bumps on a CD/DVD, VH(min)
current level, etc.
Invalid
The two-state number system – binary. In binary, a VL(max)
single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A bit LOW

can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if VL(min)


the voltage is HIGH or LOW.
• Positive logic  HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0
• Negative logic  HIGH = 0 and LOW = 1
7

Binary Digits and Logic Levels


Ideally, one voltage level represent a HIGH and another
voltage level represent a LOW. HIGH
In practical digital circuit, a HIGH can be any voltage
VH(min)
between a specified minimum value and a specified
maximum value. This applies the same for a LOW. Invalid
VL(max)
For example, the HIGH input values for a type of LOW
digital circuit technology may range from 2 V to 3.3 V
VL(min)
and LOW input values may range from 0 V to 0.8 V.
Voltage between 0.8 V to 2 V is considered invalid.
8

Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

Positive-edge Trigger vs Negative-edge Trigger

7
9

Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, fall time,
amplitude, and other characteristics.
The overshoot and ringing are sometimes produced by stray inductive
and capacitive effects.
The droop can be caused by stray capacitive and circuit resistance
10

Delay Definitions
Rise time (tr) – time required for a pulse to
go from its LOW level to HIGH level.
Fall time (tf) - time required for a pulse to go
from its HIGH level to LOW level.
In practice, it is common to measure
• rise time from 10% to 90 % of the pulse
amplitude
• fall time from 90% to 10 % of the pulse
amplitude
Pulse width (tw) – measure of the duration of
the pulse and it is defined as time interval
between the 50 % points on the rising and
falling edges
11

Propagation Definitions
Propagation is the interval of time required
after an input signal has been applied for
the resulting output change to occur.
Propagation delays measured at the
midpoint between the L and H values.
Propagation delay (tPLH) – measured from
the triggering edge of an input signal to the
LOW-to-HIGH transition of the output.
Definition 1 tPD= max (tPHL, tPLH)
Propagation delay (tPHL) – measured from
the triggering edge of an input signal to the Definition 2 tPD= average (tPHL, tPLH)
HIGH-to-LOW transition of the output.
12

Periodic Pulse Waveforms


Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the
rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a


periodic wave.
13

Pulse Definitions
• In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse
waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width
(tW) and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
14

Timing Diagrams

• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between


two or more digital waveforms,

• A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic


analyzer.
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel
transfer.

1
5
16

Basic Logic Functions


True only if all input conditions
are true.

True only if one or more input


conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.


17

Basic System Functions


And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:

Comparator
The comparison function: A> B
A
Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B

Basic arithmetic function: Adder


A
Σ Sum
Two
binary
numbers
Cout Carry out
B
Carry in Cin
18

Basic System Functions


The encoding function: HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

The decoding function: Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display
19

Basic System Functions


The data selection
function:

Example: Counters
(The counting
function)
20

Basic System Functions


One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and
stores data each time it is clocked.
21

Thank You

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