TITLE OF THE SEMINAR

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
of the Cochin University of Science and Technology

Submitted By

NAME OF STUDENT
(VIIth Semester, B.Tech.)

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PERUMON
2016
 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PERUMON
2016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this seminar report entitled “TITLE OF SEMINAR” is a bonafide
record of the seminar presented by Student under our guidance towards the partial ful-
fillment of the requirements for the award of B.tech degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of the Cochin University of Science and Technology during the year 2015 -
2016.

Guided By Seminar Coordinator

Name of the Teacher Ms. Sofiya A.

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Dept. of Electrical & Electronics
College of Engineering Perumon College of Engineering Perumon

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

Mr. Jijo Balakrishnan Ms. Bindu S. J.

Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Dept. of Electrical & Electronics
College of Engineering Perumon College of Engineering Perumon
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

You can acknowledge the efforts of all people who have helped you to prepare for the
project.
The Principal, College of Engineeering Perumon has to be acknowledged since she is
the facilitator of all facilities in the college.

NAME
 Abstract

A one paragraph abstract can be included here.

Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 This is a section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 second section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Literature Survey 2

3 Name Of Chapter 3
3.1 Power from wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.1 Betz Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Reliability of wind power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3 Types of wind turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.1 Horizontal Axis Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.2 Vertical Axis Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Selection of wind turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Conclusions and future scope 11

A Wind Speed - Actual data from site 13

i
List of Figures

3.1 Power (100% conversion) Vs. Wind Velocity - The ideal case . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Comparison of ideal power and practical power that can be harnessed. . . . 5
3.3 Actual wind profile for 12 hours at the site on a day in the month of July
2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine - Top View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ii
Chapter 1

Introduction

Introduction to the problem to which the project proposes a feasible solution.

1.1 This is a section

Include information, if required.

1.2 second section

1.2.1 hai

1
Chapter 2

Literature Survey

You must include details about existing literature which are related to the project work.

2
Chapter 3

Name Of Chapter

An example text is given below.

3.1 Power from wind

The power in the wind is proportional to the area of the wind turbine swept by the wind,
proportional to the cube of the velocity of the wind. A simple expression for the power
that can be harnessed from the wind is given by

denstiy of air × swept area × velocity3

P = (3.1)
2
1
= ρAV 3 (3.2)
2

where ρ is the density of air and is taken as 1.225kg/m3 .

3
CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.1: Power (100% conversion) Vs. Wind Velocity - The ideal case
.

A much more realistic relationship is given by [5]

1
P = ρAV 3 Cp ηg ηb (3.3)
2

where Cp is the coefficient of performance, ηg is the generator efficiency and ηb is the

efficiency of the gearbox or bearings. For simplicity, we take ηb = 1 and ηg = 0.9 as most
of the generators available have an efficiency greater than 0.9.

3.1.1 Betz Limit

Betz limit is the theoritical limit assigned to the efficiency of a wind turbine. It states that
no turbine can convert more than 59.3% of the wind kinetic energy into shaft mechanical
energy. Thus, the value of Cp is limited to Betz limit. For a well designed turbine, the
efficiency lies in the range of 35% − 45%.
In the absence of concrete data, the assumed values are A = 1,Cp = 0.2. The power P
now becomes
P = 0.11025V 3 (3.4)

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CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 5

A much more realistic relation will be

P = 0.2AV 3 (3.5)

Figure 3.2: Comparison of ideal power and practical power that can be harnessed.

From figure 3.2, it is clear that for the given design with A = 1, for a considerable
power to be harnessed, wind speed of at least 5m/s is required. This can be overcome to
an extend by increasing A, which is a future scope of this work.

3.2 Reliability of wind power

A common factor that is used for judging the reliability of any power source is to determine
its capacity factor. Capacity factor is the ratio between power produced over time to the
power that could have been produced if the generation source operated at maximum output,
at 100% of the time.
A conventional fossil fuel based power plant will have a larger capacity factor as it gives
power continuously, unless otherwise during maintenance period. For a wind power system,
it is more of a question of the availability of the wind, as the wind is random in speed and
direction. Thus a wind turbine will not always work at maximum output condition.

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CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 6

Figure 3.3: Actual wind profile for 12 hours at the site on a day in the month of July 2012.

As seen in the figure 3.3, the maximum average wind speed is available between 2p.m.
and 4p.m.. It is during this time that the Earths surface is at its maximum temperature.
Since one among the causes of wind is the temperature difference, more is the wind velocity
during this time.

3.3 Types of wind turbines

There are basically two types of wind turbine designs, based on the axis in which the
turbines rotates.

1. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

2. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

Both these arrangements has got its own advantages and disadvantages.

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CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 7

3.3.1 Horizontal Axis Turbine

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) get their name from the fact that their axis of
rotation is horizontal. They have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top
of a tower, and are pointed into the wind.

Figure 3.4: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

The variability of wind distribution and speed brings up the requirement of a gear
system connected to the rotor and the generator. The gear system enables a constant
speed of rotation to the generator thus enabling constant frequency generation. Turbine
blades are made stiff in order to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by
high winds. A typical arrangement of a HAWT is shown in figure 3.4.

Advantages

1. As wind energy increases with height, the tall tower in the HAWT gives access to
higher wind speed. In some cases increase of even 10m height leads to increase in
wind speed by 20%.

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CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 8

2. In HAWTs the blades move horizontally that is perpendicular to the wind and hence
have minimum drag and they receive power throughout the rotation.

3. Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack.
Changing the angle of attack provides greater control over power generated and
enables maximum efficiency.

Disadvantages

1. HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the blades toward the
wind.

2. In case of downwind, the regular turbulence produced can lead to structural failure.

3. The total cost of construction and erection are higher [7].

3.3.2 Vertical Axis Turbine

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically as
the plane of rotation is vertical. Blades are also vertical in this arrangement. The biggest
advantage of VAWTs is they dont require a yaw control mechanism to be pointed into the
wind. Thus these are useful in sites where wind direction is random or there is presence of
large obstacles like trees, houses etc. Also VAWTs dont require a tower structure and can
be placed nearby a ground enabling access to electrical components. Some drawbacks are
the low efficiency of wind production and the fact that large drag is created for rotating
the blades in a vertical axis.

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CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 9

Figure 3.5: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Advantages

1. They dont require yaw mechanisms.

2. These are located closer to the ground and hence easier to maintain.

3. These have lower startup speeds than their horizontal counterparts.

4. These have a lower noise signature.

Disadvantages

1. VAWTs have lower efficiency as compared to HAWTs because of the additional drag
produced due to rotation of blades.

2. Because of their low height they cannot capture the wind energy stored in higher
altitudes.

3.4 Selection of wind turbine

For the purpose of the project implementation we prefer to use the vertical axis turbine as
the complexity of yaw control is avoided. It is also planned that the system be placed on

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CHAPTER 3. NAME OF CHAPTER 10

top of the Computer Science block. The use of HAWT configuration proves a risk for us
in the case of breaking of blades due to turbulent flow. The main attraction of VAWT is
its capability to capture wind from any direction.

Figure 3.6: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine - Top View

3.5 Concluding Remarks

The basics of power conversion from the kinetic energy of the wind along with the equations
for calculating the maximum power that can be harnessed was described in detail with
sample calculations using the actual data taken from the project site. The different types of
turbine arrangements and generators was also compared and the choice of the configuration
to be used is fixed as vertical turbine coupled to a synchronous alternator.

A Micro Hybrid Power Plant 2016 College of Engineering, Perumon

Chapter 4

Conclusions and future scope

The inclusion of an additional power source (wind power) has brought down the rating
of the solar panel. This has helped in the dependence of the system on a single power
source and has increased the reliability. Systems of much higher capacity can be built by
extending (scaling) this design.
Small standalone systems like these along the coastal belt of Kerala can help in taking
a considerable amount of load off the grid. This will help to make our state to use the
excess power for other activities. The major hurdle in implementing projects like these is
to get the people understand the benefits of such projects to them, as well as the country.

11
Bibliography

[1] Zhao K. and Sun X., “Cascaded Wind Power Generation System with Variable Speed
Constant Frequency”, International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Au-
tomation, Advances Biomedical Engineering, 2012.

[2] “Hybrid (Solar and Wind) Energy Systems for Rural Electrification”, ARPN Jounral
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 5, October 2008, pp. 50-58.

[3] “Solar Panel Buyers Guide”, ReNew: technology for a sustainable future, Issue 101,
October-December 2007, pp. 48-54.

[4] Koutroulis E. and Kalaitzakis K., “Design of a Maximum Power Tracking System for
Wind-Energy-Conversion Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
Vol. 53, No. 2, April 2006, pp. 486-494.

[5] Dr. Recayi Pecen, Dr. Salim MD and Dr. Marc Timmerman, “A Hybrid Solar-Wind
Power Generation System as an Instructional Resource for Industrial Technology Stu-
dents,” Journal of Industrial Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2000, pp. 1-7.

[6] Mukund R. Patel, Wind and Solar Power Systems, CRC Press.

[7] Bibek Samantaray and Kaushik Patnaik, “A Study of Wind Energy Potential in In-
dia”, Thesis Report, NIT, Rourkela, 2010.

[8] http://www.btekenergy.com/documents/215.html

[9] http://www.mpoweruk.com/leadacid.htm

12
Appendix A

Wind Speed - Actual data from site

The wind speed was measured using a thermo anemometer - METRAVI AVM07. This
portable meter can be used to measure the ambient temperature as well as the current
wind speed in m/s or km/h or miles/h. The detailed wind profile at the project site for
the month of July 2012 is given next.

13
APPENDIX A. WIND SPEED - ACTUAL DATA FROM SITE 14

Hour 01-07-12 02-07-12 03-07-12 04-07-12 05-07-12 06-07-12

1 1.25 1.36 1.56 1.28 1.25 1.69
2 1.59 1.56 1.28 1.23 1.25 1.26
3 1.2 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.68 1.54
4 1.65 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.23
5 2.45 2.64 3.01 3.26 3.21 3.24
6 2.56 2.65 2.32 2.39 2.35 2.41
7 3.1 3.01 3.65 2.99 2.98 2.54
8 2 2.41 2.52 2.39 3.01 2.45
9 2.5 2.81 2.02 3.56 3.86 2.32
10 3.85 4.21 3.98 3.54 3.65 4.35
11 4.21 4.5 4 3.3 5.8 4.8
12 4.51 5.63 5.21 5.32 4.35 5.21
13 6.15 6.83 6.31 5.98 5.05 6.35
14 5.24 6.23 7.25 6.97 6.2 6.32
15 5.2 6.8 6.1 5.2 6.2 6.5
16 6.35 7.51 7.95 7.56 7.14 6.97
17 6 5.56 5.42 5.32 5.87 6.02
18 5.12 5.45 5.23 4.32 4.89 4.56
19 5.3 5.69 5.12 5.02 4.98 4.35
20 3.98 3.56 3.21 3.56 3.45 3.23
21 3.69 3.25 3.45 3.21 3.25 3.269
22 3.54 3.21 3.69 3.54 3.21 3.25
23 2.05 2.98 2.58 2.01 2.36 2.12
24 1.25 1.69 1.25 0.91 0.65 0.71

Table A.1: Wind profile for each day. Wind speed in m/s.

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APPENDIX A. WIND SPEED - ACTUAL DATA FROM SITE 15

Hour 07-07-12 08-07-12 09-07-12 10-07-12 11-07-12 12-07-12

1 0.99 0.54 0.98 1.28 0.99 1.25
2 1.26 1.23 1.24 1.32 1.56 1.2
3 1.25 1.54 1.24 1.36 1.28 1.25
4 1.28 1.2 1.56 1.26 0.99 0.54
5 2.9 2 2.41 2.52 2.39 3.01
6 2.58 3.06 3.03 3.13 2.99 3.12
7 2.36 2.56 2.12 2.45 2.36 2.54
8 2.35 2.26 2.36 2.48 2.52 3.01
9 2.8 3.4 2.02 1.8 2.3 3.4
10 5.31 3.97 3.24 4 4.21 4.52
11 4.6 3.8 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.1
12 5.32 5.69 5.89 5.68 5.46 5.26
13 6.24 6.54 6.88 6.39 6.74 6.32
14 7.63 7.05 7.09 6.89 6.45 6.35
15 5.2 7 5.84 6.25 6.93 6.4
16 6.24 7.07 7.25 7.15 7.04 7.21
17 5.36 5.98 5.97 5.64 5.62 5.55
18 4.98 4.57 4.23 4.26 4.32 4.39
19 4.78 4.59 4.36 4.21 4.58 4.23
20 3.59 3.57 3.12 3.87 4.36 3.98
21 3.87 3.65 3.67 4.01 3.99 3.54
22 3.98 3.65 3.41 3.21 3.65 3.69
23 2.54 2.69 2.54 2.54 2.36 2.56
24 0.98 1.02 0.98 0.78 0.75 0.65

Table A.2: Wind profile for each day. Wind speed in m/s.

A Micro Hybrid Power Plant 2016 College of Engineering, Perumon

APPENDIX A. WIND SPEED - ACTUAL DATA FROM SITE 16

Hour 13-07-12 14-07-12 15-07-12 16-07-12 17-07-12 18-07-12

1 1.36 1.25 1.39 1.58 0.98 0.78
2 1.36 1.25 1.47 1.48 1.98 1.87
3 1.45 1.69 1.64 1.01 1.36 1.34
4 0.87 0.94 0.92 0.98 1.2 1.02
5 2.45 2.35 2.26 2.36 2.54 2.36
6 3.45 3.26 3.07 2.95 2.45 2.15
7 2.54 2.98 2.25 2.6 2.56 2.65
8 3.5 3.21 3.09 3.25 3.07 3.58
9 2.4 2 3.6 2.5 2.3 3.2
10 4.63 4.37 4.56 4.89 4.32 4.39
11 5.2 4.8 4.3 4.6 4.72 4.81
12 5.45 5.64 5.2 5.89 5.64 5.45
13 6.78 6.83 7.04 7.21 7.01 6.85
14 6.21 6.34 6.87 6.1 6.2 5.4
15 6.2 6.7 5.2 5.4 7.1 5.3
16 6.5 6.8 6.1 6.4 6.25 7
17 5.12 4.98 5 4.68 4.36 4.95
18 4.32 4.56 4.21 4.87 4.47 4.39
19 4.56 4.28 4.36 4.21 4.25 4.54
20 3.58 3.54 3.69 3.78 3.59 3.42
21 3.68 3.47 4.02 4.11 3.69 3.12
22 4 3.21 3.21 2.99 2.87 3.05
23 2.12 2.45 2.36 2.54 2.54 2.98
24 0.55 0.68 0.67 0.75 0.27 0.23

Table A.3: Wind profile for each day. Wind speed in m/s.

A Micro Hybrid Power Plant 2016 College of Engineering, Perumon

APPENDIX A. WIND SPEED - ACTUAL DATA FROM SITE 17

Hour 19-07-12 20-07-12 21-07-12 22-07-12 23-07-12 24-07-12

1 0.96 0.94 0.96 0.94 1.01 1.69
2 1.87 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.24 1.28
3 1.64 1.67 1.84 2.05 2.01 1.95
4 1.3 1.64 1.39 1.35 1.24 1.61
5 2.56 3.04 3.08 2.98 2.54 2.54
6 2.45 2.26 2.81 2.45 2.45 2.95
7 2.32 2.39 2.35 2.09 2.58 2.48
8 3.34 3.87 2.89 2.64 2.57 2.52
9 1.8 2.5 3.8 3.1 2.8 2.9
10 4.09 4 3.9 3.81 3.25 3.56
11 5.31 4.86 3.21 3.51 3.98 3.41
12 5.64 5.46 4.98 4.36 4.39 4.56
13 6.38 7.15 6.32 6.89 6.54 6.58
14 6.3 6.5 6.2 6 6.8 7.02
15 6.9 6.82 5.34 6.25 6.5 6.1
16 6.5 5.4 6.5 7.02 6.41 5.2
17 5 5.12 5.45 6.21 5.98 5.64
18 4.58 4.57 5.01 4.23 4.28 4.11
19 4.23 4.12 4.28 4.89 5.01 4.6
20 3.64 3.21 3.25 3.27 3.69 3.54
21 3.45 3.24 3.15 3.32 3.37 3.45
22 3.21 3.26 3.54 3.69 3.25 3.24
23 2.25 2.21 2.87 3.21 3.69 3.12
24 0.38 0.98 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.54

Table A.4: Wind profile for each day. Wind speed in m/s.

A Micro Hybrid Power Plant 2016 College of Engineering, Perumon

APPENDIX A. WIND SPEED - ACTUAL DATA FROM SITE 18

Hour 25-07-12 26-07-12 27-07-12 28-07-12 29-07-12

1 1.69 1.39 0.95 0.87 1.25
2 1.28 1.26 1.54 1.45 1.25
3 1.95 1.64 1.32 1.22 1.24
4 1.61 1.28 1.25 1.78 1.95
5 2.54 2.98 2.25 2.65 2.45
6 2.95 2 2.45 2.65 2.45
7 2.48 2.65 2.56 2.98 2.45
8 2.52 2.45 2.95 3 3.56
9 2.9 2.4 3.8 3.45 3.1
10 3.56 4.12 4.23 4.56 4.53
11 3.41 4.21 4.51 4.82 5.2
12 4.56 4.45 5.69 5.78 5.32
13 6.58 7.45 7.06 6.8 7
14 7.02 7.3 6.4 7.5 6.24
15 6.1 6.3 5.2 6.3 5.8
16 5.2 5.9 0.6 7.2 6.45
17 5.64 5.32 5.2 5.66 5.48
18 4.11 3.94 4.69 4.89 4.58
19 4.6 4.89 5.13 4.98 4.65
20 3.54 3.66 2.87 3.01 3.59
21 3.45 3.87 3.57 3.29 3.15
22 3.24 3.12 3.58 3.78 3.58
23 3.12 2.56 2.89 2.16 2.7
24 0.54 0.55 0.59 0.61 0.67

Table A.5: Wind profile for each day. Wind speed in m/s.

A Micro Hybrid Power Plant 2016 College of Engineering, Perumon