MAINTENANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS

[WALL, FLOOR, COLUMN AND BEAM]

OBJECTIVE:

 TYPES
 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
 MATERIALS
SLIDE PARTITION FOLDABLE PARTITION
 REPLACEMENT
 REPAIR WALLS AND PARTITION TYPES:

a) BRICK
b) HOLLOW BLOCK
1. WALL AND PARTITION
c) CLAY BLOCK (CLAY/ TERRA- COTTA)
d) CONCRETE
 WALLS SEPARATE BETWEEN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF BUILDING e) GLASS
 PARTITTION AND INERNAL WALL SEPERATTE BETWEEN SPACES f) STRAWBOARD
g) PLASTER SLAB
 WALLS NORMALLY LOAD BEARING h) METAL
 NON-LOAD BEARING PARTITION WALL ARE FLEXIBLE i) ASBESTOS CEMENT
[SLIDE TYPE/ FOLDABLE] j) WOODEN

 PROTECT OCCUPANT FROM EXTERNAL WEATHER

 PROVIDE PRIVACY TO INMATES FROM SIGHT AND SOUND
 PARTITION WALL ‘LOAD BEARING’ = INTERNAL WALL

STRAWBOARD PLASTER SLAB

METAL ASBESTOS CEMENT

  FIRE RESISTANCE

CONSTRUCTION:

a) ARRAGEMENT
b) MIXIXNG OF THE MORTAR
c) LAYING THE BRICK
d) SELECTING THE JOINTS
e) COPING STONES/ BEDDING BRICK
f) FINISHING THE BEDS

ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES
BRICK GLASS
ECONOMICAL COLOUR CHANGING WHEN EXPOSED TO
OUTSIDE
HIGHLY FIRE RESISTANCE TIME CONSUMING CONSTRUCTION
HARD AND DURABLE CLEANING THE SURFACES IS HARD
REUSABLE AND RECYLE CANNOT BE USED IN HIGH SEISIMIC
ZONES

II. CLAY PARTITION

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK  HOLLOW OR SOLID

 COMMONLY EMPLOYED FOR LIGHT PARTITION WALL
 PLACED IN MORTAR
 THE SIZES OF THE HOLLOW BLOCKS DIFFER WITH THE TEXTURE
OF THE MATERIAL
 HOLLOW BRICK PARTITIONS WALLS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN
SIMILAR MANNER AS STRUCTURAL LOAD BEARING WALLS

CONSTRUCTION:

CLAY BLOCK WOODEN a) PREPARED FROM A CLAY/ TERRA-COTTA

b) GROOVES ARE PROVIDED ON TOP, BOTTOM, AND SIDES OF BLOCK TO
IMPROVE THE BOND BETWEEN THE BLOCK AND PLASTER
c) MUD/ NORMAL CEMENT MORATAR IS USED AS BINDING MATERIAL

I. BRICK PARTITION
ADVANTAGES VS DISADVATAGES:
 WALL PLASTERED ON BOTH SIDES
 STRONG ECONOMICAL WEAKER THAN BRICK
 GOOD HEAT AND SOUND INSALATOR HOT a) VERTICAL POST OF MILD STEEL ARE ERECTED
RIGID b) PANELS ARE FORMED BY FIXING SHEETS OF MILD STEEEL
STRONG c) HOLLOW SPACES MAY BE FILLED WITH GOOD INSULATING MATERIAL
d) METAL LATH ARE USED TO FIXED BY WIRES
e) PLASTERING USED ON BOTH SIDES
III. GLASS
ADVANTAGES:
 PROVIDE GOOD AESTHETIC LOOK
 ALLOW LIGHT TO PASS AND GET SCRATTED
1) LIGHT WEIGHT
 PROVIDE REASOANBLE PRIVACY 2) VERMIN AND DAMP PROOF
3) EASY TO CONTRUCT AND TO REMOVE
CONSTRUCTION: 4) AS VISUAL BARRIER
5) NOT PROBALY INSULATED SOUND [BAD]
a) FIXING SHEET OF GLASS IN A WOODEN FRAMEWORK 6) POSSES FIRE RESISTANCE [BAD]
b) GLASS SHEETS ARE FIXED IN TIMBER FRAMEWORK USING TIMBER
BEADINGS OR BY PUTTY V. WOODEN/ TIMBER
c) THE WOODEN FRAMEWORK CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF HORIZONTAL AND
VERTICAL POSTS, SUITABLY SPACED, TO DIVIDE THE ENTIRE AREA INTO A  CONSIST OF WOODEN FRAMEWORK
NUMBER OF PANELS  PROPERLY SUPPORTED ON FLOOR AND FIXED TO THE SIDE WALLS
d) KEYS AND GROOVE ARE PROVIDED FOR FIXING IN WHICH WHITE CEMENT  THIS FRAMEWORK MADE OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
MORTAR IS FILLED MEMBERS
e) RUBBER BEADING ALSO PROVIDED FOR FORMING RIGID JOINTS  PLASTERED OR COVERED WITH BOARDING ETC FROM BOTH THE
f) WHITE CEMENT AS BINDING MATERIAL SIDES
 ELASTIC
ADVANTAGES:  BETTER APPREARANCE
 RESIST TO CRACK AND WRAPING
CARRY THEIR OWN WEIGHT EASY TO CLEAN AND MANINTAIN
LIGHT WEIGHT CONSTRUCTIONS:
DAMP, SOUND AND HEAT PROOF
a) CONSIST OF FRAMEWORK OF TIMBER
b) FRAMEWORK TIMBER CONSIST OF HEAD, SILL, VERTICAL MEMBERS (STUD),
IV. METAL HORIZONTAL MEMBERS (NOGGINGS), CROSSSED BRACES AND PUNCHEONS
(STUD OVER DOOR FRAME)
 THIN c) SOLID SUPPORT IS PROVIDED FOR THE FULL LENGTH OF PARTITION, THE
 STRONG SILL IS PLACED EITHER AT RIGHT ANGLES OR OVER THE JOIST OF THE
 DURABLE FLOOR BELOW
d) NOGGING PIECES CUT TIGTHLY AND FIXED BETWEEN STUD AND NAILED OR
 FIRE RESISTANT MAY IN FORM OF WOODEN STRIPS THAT CAN BE INSERTED IN THE STUD
 EASY TO CONSTRUCT AND SHIFT AND NAILED
e) THE PARTITION CAN FINISHED BY INSERTING WOODEN PANELS

CONSTTRUCTION: ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES:

  EASY TO CONSTRUCT
 WORK AS VISUAL BARRIER LIGHT IN WEIGHT EASILY AFFECTED
 LIGHT IN WEIGHT
ECONOMICAL GET AFFECTED BY MOISTURE
EASILY
HEAT OR SOUND RESISTANCE
VI. ASBESTOS CEMENT EASY TO CONSTRYCT

 LIGHT IN WEIGHT
 DURABLE VIII. PLASTER SLAB
 VISUAL
 SOUND  MADE OF BURNT GYPSUM OR PLASTER OF PARIS AND SAWDUST IS
 FIRE ADDED IN IT TO REDUCE DENSITY
 HEAT BARRIER  PREAPARED IN MOULDS OF IRON OR WOOD

CONSTRUCTION: CONSTRUCTIONS:

a) FRAMEWORK OF WOOD PREPARED AND ASBESTOS SHEETS FIXED EITHER a) PLASTER BOARDS EITHER SOLID OR HOLLOW ARE PROVIDED WITH
TO ONE SIDE OR BOTH SIDES OF FRAME GROOVES SO AS TO FORM RIGID JOINTS
b) ASBESTOS CEMENT SLAB PARTITION GENERALLY CONSIST TWO SHEETS b) TEMPORARY FRAMES OR LINERS MAY BE USED WHEN THE PLASTER SLAB
c) THE SLAB PLACED IN POSITION AND JOINED BY CEMENT MORTAR AND ARE BEING ERECTED
SURFACE THEN PAINTED AND DISTEMPERED c) SCREWS AND NAILS CAN ALSO DRIVE IN THESE PLASTER SLAB

ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES:

ECONOMICAL NATURAL CORROSSION LIGHT IN WEIGHT

IMPERVIOUS TO WATER MECHENICAL AND PHYSICAL NON-SHRINKABLE

DETERIORATION
CHEMICAL CORROSSION IX. CONCRETE

 CONSIST OF CONCRETE SLAB

VII. STRAW BOARD  PLAIN/ REINFORCED
 SUPPORTED BY VERTICAL MEMBERS
 PREAPARED FROM COMPRESSED STRAW AND COVERED WITH  COMPOSITION OF FINE SILICEOUS MATERIAL
THICK PAPER AND HARDBOARD ARE USED
 PRECAST/ IN SITU
 USEFUL WHEN REMOVAL OF PARTITION IS FREQUENT

CONSTRUCTIONS:
CONSTRUCTION:

CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PARTITION WALL 

a) THE SLAB ARE PLACE IN POSITION AND JOINED BY CEMENT MORTAR AND
SURFACE IS THEN PAINTED OR DISTEMPERED
 THICKNESS RANGES FROM 80MM TO 100MM
ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES:
 IT IS POURED MONOLOTHICALLY WITH INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS
  IT IS RIGID AND STABLE BOTH IN VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS I. THE BEST DRYWALL PATCH TO USE IS A SCRAP PIECE OF
BUT THE FRAMEWORK IS COSTLY. DRYWALL CUT IN THE SHAPE OF A RECTANGLE SLIGHTLY LARGER
THAN THE EXISTING HOLE
 THE REINFORCEMENT CONSISTING OF MILD STEEL BARS OR B R C FABRIC IS
PLACED IN THE CENTER OF THE WALL THICKNESS. II. TRACE THE PATCH ON THE WALL WITH A PENCIL AND CUT OUT
 CONCRETE MIX USUALLY ADOPTED IN THE WORK IS M15 (1:2:4). THE DAMAGED PIECE OF DRYWALL SO THAT THE PATCH WILL FIT
PERFECTLY IN PLACE
PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB PARTITIONS WALL III. INSTALL THE SCRAP PIECE OF WOOD BEHIND THE DRYWALL WITH
A SCREW SO THAT YOU HAVE SOMETHING FOR THE DRYWALL
 THE WALL IS BUILT FROM PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB UNITS PATCH TO ATTACH TO
 PRECAST UNIT THICKNESS RANGES FROM 25MM TO 40MM
 PRECAST UNITS ARE SECURED TO PRECAST POSTS IV. SCREW IN THE DRYWALL PATCH INTO THE WOOD
 JOINTS SHALL BE FILLED WITH MORTAR
V. PLACE STRIPS OF FIBER MESH TAPE OVER THE SEAMS OF THE
 CONCRETE MIX IS M15 (1:2:4)
PATCH

ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES: VI. APPLY 2-3 COATS OF JOINT COMPOUND OVER THE TOP OF THE
REPAIR SANDING BETWEEN COATS
a) FIRE RESISTANCE
 NAILS POP
b) SOUND INSULATION
c) NON-SHRINKABLE
I. SCRAPE OUT THE DRYWALL COVERING THE NAIL WITH A FIVE IN
d) STRONGER THAN BRICK AND CLAY
ONE TOOL OR A SCRAPER

REPAIR: II. APPROXIMATELY TWO INCHES BELOW THE NAIL, DRIVE A

DRYWALL SCREW INTO THE STUD
 SMALL DRYWALL HOLES
III. HAMMER THE NAIL BACK IN AND COAT IT WITH JOINT COMPOUND.
RECOAT AS NECESSARY
I. BEFORE YOU APPLY THE SPACKLE, INDENT THE HOLE WITH THE
BACK OF YOUR PUTTY KNIFE CREATING A SMALL RECESSED
INDENTATION. THIS WILL MAKE IT SO YOUR REPAIR WORK IS  DOOR FRAME STRESS CRACK
FLUSH WITH THE REST OF THE WALL
I. SCRAPE THE CRACK OUT WITH THE CORNER OF A FIVE AND ONE
II. THEN APPLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF SPACKLE TO THE HOLE WITH TOOL, WIDENING THE GAP JUST A LITTLE
YOUR KNIFE. WHEN YOU APPLY THE SPACKLE, USE YOUR KNIFE
TO SCRAPE AWAY EXCESS LEAVING THE SURFACE SMOOTH SO II. LOCATE A STUD, IF THERE IS ONE AND DRIVE A SCREW ABOVE THE
THERE IS LITTLE TO NO SANDING REQUIRED CRACK AND BELOW THE CRACK. THIS STEP IS REALLY OPTIONAL
BUT IT HELPS
III. IT'S BETTER TO HAVE TO RECOAT A SECOND TIME TO ACCOUNT
FOR SHRINKING THAN IT IS TO GUM UP THE WALL AND SPEND III. COVER THE CRACK WITH A PIECE OF FIBER MESH TAPE
UNNECESSARY AMOUNTS OF TIME SANDING IT DOWN SMOOTH. AS
LONG AS IT DRIES SMOOTH YOU'RE GOOD TO GO. BUT IF YOU FEEL IV. APPLY 2-3 COATS OF JOINT COMPOUND OVER THE MESH TAPE,
A LITTLE ROUGHNESS, HIT THE SPOT WITH A SANDING BLOCK SANDING BETWEEN COATS

 LARGE DRYWALL HOLES

  LOOSE DRYWALL TAPE

I. SCRAPE OUT THE LOOSE TAPE AND REMOVE IT COMPLETELY

UNTIL YOU REACH A PLACE WHERE THE TAPE IS FIRMLY
ATTACHED. IT MAY BE HELPFUL TO CUT A STRAIGHT LINE WITH
YOUR BLADE FOR A CLEAN BREAK

II. PLACE THE FIBER MESH TAPE IN THE PLACE WHERE THE OLD TAPE
WAS REMOVED LONG/ SLENDER (GOOD AESTHETIC)

III. SPREAD 2-3 COATS OF JOINT COMPOUND OVER THE MESH TAPE
SANDING IN BETWEEN COATS

ADVANTAGES OF PARTITION WALLS:

 OCCUPY LESER AREA

 CHEAPER
 DIVIDE THE WHOLE AREA INTO A NUMBER OF ROOMS INTERMEDIATE
 PROVIDE PRIVACY TO INMATES FROM SIGHT AND SOUND

2. COLUMN

 VERTICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBER

 TRANSMIT LOAD FROM CEILING/ ROOF SLAB AND BEAM
 ‘STRUTURAL MEMBER’ SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSIVE
FORCE
 USED IN CONCRETE AND STEEL BUILDING
SHORT

TYPES OF COLUMN:

I. LONG/ SLENDER
II. INTERMEDIATE [3-4 M]
III. SHORT [< 3M]
 PILLAR STANCHION 3) RE-ALKALIZATION OF THE REINFORCING STEEL TO STOP CORROSION
4) CHLORIDE EXTRACTION TO RETARD THE REINFORCING STEEL CORROSION
5) CONFINEMENT USING STEEL PLATE, CARBON, OR GLASS FIBER MATERIALS
6) ADDITION OF SHEAR COLLARS TO INCREASE THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF
INTERMEDIATE FLOORS
7) ADDITION OF A STEEL PLATE ASSEMBLY TO INCREASE MOMENT CAPACITY
8) SUPPLEMENTAL COLUMNS
9) THE APPLICATION OF A PROTECTION SYSTEM TO PREVENT FUTURE
CORROSION

ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES:

POLE PIER Using column chromatography all It takes more time to separate the
kinds of complex mixtures can be compounds
separated
Any amount of mixture can be Higher quantities of solvents are
separated by column essential, which is more expensive
chromatography
A broad range of mobile phases Automation makes more complex
and costly
Analytes can be separated and
POST
reused, in preparative type
chromatography
It can be possible to run
automation.
CONSTRUCTION:

a) COLUMN’S STEEL BARS ARE TIED TO THE STARTER BARS USING LINK WIRES
b) REINFORCED BAR CAGES ARE SET UP
c) FORMWORK IS ERECTED AROUN THE STEEL BARS 3. BEAM
d) CONCRETE ARE POURED INTO THE FORMWORK
e) CONCRETE BEGINS TO CURE  HORIZONTAL MEMBER OF A STRUCTURE
f) DESHUTTERING IS DONE AFTER 14 DAYS WHEN THE CONCRETE TAKES ITS  CARRYING TRANSVERSE LOADS
SHAPE  RECTANGULAR IN CROSS-SECTION
g) CONCRETE COLUMNS DRY IN 28 DAYS IN NORMAL CONDITION  CARRY FLOOR SLAB AND ROOF SLAB
 TRANSFER ALL LOADS INCLUDING SELF- WEIGHT TO COLUMN OR
WALSS
REPAIR:  R.C BEAM USSUALLY USED

1) ENCASEMENT OR ENLARGEMENT OF THE COLUMN CROSS SECTION TYPES OF BEAM:

(JACKETING)
2) CATHODIC PROTECTION TO STOP REINFORCING STEEL CORROSION
 I. SIMPLY SUPPORTED b) IT IS MARKED ACCORDINGLY TO LOCATE A COLUMN STUMP BY LAYING
II. FIXED THE ROPE ON GRID LINE
III. CANTILEVER c) COLUMN STUMP IS CONSTRUCTED
IV. CONTINOUS d) AFTER COLUMN STUMP INGRAINS IN FOUNDATION, FORMWORK IS
V. OVERHANGING INSTALLED
e) TIED STEEL BARS ARE ADDED TO REDUCE TENSION STRENGTH
f) CONCRETE IS POURED AND ALLOWED TO CURE FOR 14 DAYS
g) FORMWORK IS STRIPPED
h) BACKFILLING IS DONED UP TO SOFTFIT OF THE SLAB

REPAIR:

a) USE THE JACK AND THE TEMPORARY POST TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE
BEFORE REMOVING ANY POSTS
b) REMOVE THE OLD LALLY COLUMN WITH A GRINDER
SIMPLY FIXED c) MEASURE AND MARK THE REPLACEMENT COLUMN AND CUT IT TO SIZE
WITH THE LARGE PIPE CUTTER
d) SMOOTH OUT THE BOTTOM OF THE NEW CUT WITH A HAMMER AND COLD
CHISEL
e) PUT THE POST IN PLACE ON METAL PLATES AND SLOWLY REMOVE THE
TEMPORARY POST. CHECK THE POST FOR LEVEL BEFORE PUTTING THE FULL
WEIGHT OF THE HOUSE BACK ON IT
f) SCREW THE METAL PLATES TO THE BEAM AND TO THE FLOOR WITH THE
APPROPRIATE SCREWS
g) TO REPAIR DAMAGED BEAMS, LOCATE A LOCAL WELDER OR METAL SHOP
AND REQUEST ANGLE IRON, CUT AND DRILLED TO THE LENGTH OF THE
BEAM BEING REPAIRED
h) REMOVE ANY PIPES, WIRES, ETC. CURRENTLY GOING THROUGH THE BEAM.
BE SURE TO TURN OFF THE WATER, POWER, ETC. BEFORE DOING SO
CONTINOUS CANTILEVER i) PRY THE JOIST HANGER AWAY FROM THE BEAM
j) MOUNT THE ANGLE IRON ON THE JACK AND THE TEMPORARY POST. GET
THE ANGLE IRON IN PLACE AND SLOWLY RAISE THE JACK UNTIL THE
ANGLE IRON IS WEDGED UP AGAINST THE DAMAGED BEAM
k) SCREW THE ANGLE IRON INTO THE BEAM AND REMOVE THE TEMPORARY
POST

REPAIR DAMAGED CONCRETE BEAMS BY PATCHING SPALLS AND INJECTING

CRACKS

 IF SHOWN ON THE PLANS, PRELOAD THE DAMAGED BEAM BEFORE REPAIR

WORK. PRELOAD WITH A LOADED 10-YD.
OVERHANGGING
 DUMP TRUCK OR OTHER APPROVED METHOD. KEEP THE PRELOAD IN PLACE
UNTIL CURING REQUIREMENTS ARE
CONSTRUCTION:  COMPLETE.
 REMOVE DAMAGED BRIDGE PROTECTIVE ASSEMBLY AS DIRECTED.
a) AFTER GROUND IS CLEARED  REMOVE DAMAGED CONCRETE AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS OR AS DIRECTED.
  SAW-CUT THE PERIMETER OF THE REPAIR AREA. FIRE RESISTANCE
 PREPARE SURFACE FOR PATCH. DAMP RESISTANCE
 INSERT EPOXY INJECTION TUBES INTO CRACKS TO BE COVERED WITH THERMAL INSULATION
REPAIR MATERIAL, WHEN REQUIRED. SOUND INSULATION
 REPAIR DAMAGED PRESTRESSING TENDONS AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS OR
AS DIRECTED.
 TIE REQUIRED REINFORCING STEEL AS SHOWN ON PLANS OR DIRECTED. TYPES OF SLAB:
 INSTALL FORMS AND ENSURE THAT THE EPOXY INJECTION TUBES REMAIN
ACCESSIBLE AND FUNCTIONAL. a) STIFFENED RAFT
 APPLY BONDING AGENTS, APPLY REPAIR MATERIAL, AND CURE THE PATCH b) SLABS ON GROUND
AREAS. c) FOOTING
 REWORK OR REPLACE DEFECTIVE OR DEBONDED WORK, AS DIRECTED. d) WAFFFLE RAFT
REQUIRED REWORKING OF THE REPAIR WORK e) INFILL
 WILL BE AT THE CONTRACTOR’S EXPENSE.
 INJECT EPOXY.
 PROVIDE AN ORDINARY SURFACE FINISH OR HIGHER CLASS OF FINISH, AS
SHOWN ON THE PLANS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH
 ITEM 427, “SURFACE FINISHES FOR CONCRETE.”
 APPLY SUPPLEMENTAL EXTERIOR STRENGTHENING AS SHOWN ON THE
PLANS.
 REPAIR DAMAGED DIAPHRAGMS, SHOWN ON THE PLANS, IN ACCORDANCE
WITH ITEM 429, “CONCRETE STRUCTURE
 REPAIR.” STIFFENED RAFT SLABS ON GROUND
 REPLACE BRIDGE PROTECTIVE ASSEMBLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITEM 441,
“STEEL STRUCTURES,” AS SHOWN ON THE
 PLANS.

ADVANTAGES VS DISADVATAGES:
BEAM BRIDGES ARE AN AFFORDABLE THERE ARE SPAN LIMITATIONS TO
BUILDING OPTION BEAM BRIDGES
FOOTING WAFFLE RAFT
THEY CAN BE BUILT VERY QUICKLY THEY WEAKEN AS THEY GET OLDER
THEY CAN BE PLACED ALMOST A BEAM BRIDGE HAS LIMITED
ANYWHERE PLACEMENT OPTIONS
MULTIPLE MATERIAL OPTIONS ARE A BEAM BRIDGE PROVIDES ONLY BASIC
AVAILABLE TO USE FOR BEAM BRIDGES SUPPORTS

4. FLOOR
INFILL
PROVIDE A LEVEL SURFACE CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING THE
OCCUPANTS OF BUULDING, FURNITURE, EQUIPMENT AND I. STIFFENED RAFT [HAVE BEAM / CARRRY HEAVY LOAD/ SAME SIZE]
SOMETIME INTERNAL PARTITTIONS, FINISHES II. SLAB ON GROUND [NO BEAM]
 III. FOOTING [NOT SAME SIZE/ USED AT SOIL THAT HAVE PROBLEM]
IV. WAFFLE RAFT [VOID FORMER/ HAVE BEAM/ CLOSELY SPACE RIB]
V. INFILL [LOAD BEARING WALL/ NO BEAM]

CONSTRUCTION:

a) PLAN HOW TO PLACE THE CONCRETE

b) PREPARE THE GROUND
c) FIX THE EDGE FORMWORK
d) INSTALL SERVICE PIPES
e) LAY CONCRETE UNDERLAY
f) FIX STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN THE BEAMS
g) FIX STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN THE SLABS
h) PLACE AND COMPACT THE CONCRETE
i) FINISH THE SLAB SURFACE
j) CURE THE CONCRETE SLAB

REPAIR:

a) CLEANING THE SURFACE

b) CHISEL THE SIDES OF THE CRACK OR HOLE TO MAKE THEM SQUARE
c) SWEEPS ANY LARGE CONCRETE CHUNKS OUT OF THE HOLE
d) VACUUM THE AREA WITH A SHOP VAC
e) SCRUB THE DAMAGED AREA WITH A WIRE BRUSH AND WATER
f) LAYING THE MORTAR
g) BRUSH A CONCRETE BONDING AGENT INTO THE CRACK OR HOLE
h) MIX THE REPAIR MORTAR IN A BUCKET
i) SCOOP THE MORTAR INTO THE CRACK OR HOLE
j) LEVEL THE SURFACE BY SCRAPING A TROWEL ACROSS THE MORTAR
LENGHTWISE
k) MAKE THE MORTAR BY SCRAPING IT HORIZONTALLY ONTO THE DAMAGED
EDGES
l) SCRAPE THE SURFACE ONCE MORE WITH THE LONG TROWEL TO EVEN IT
OUT
m) COVER THE MORTR WHILE IT DRIES IF IT’S IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT
n) LET THE MORTAR DRY AT LEAST 24 HOURS BEFORE WALKING ON IT