Advanced Engineering Graphics

Lab Manual
MEP 1203 Page

ADVANCED ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

LAB MANUAL (MEP 1203)

B.E. –3rd SEMESTER

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Prepared by: Paramveer Sharma

Reviewed by: Gurdyal Singh/Harwinder Singh

Approved By: Anoop Kumar Singh

Date: 12/9/2014

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. TO INTRODUCE 2D AND 3D CAD SOFTWARE AND ITS UTILITIES IN THE

ENGINEERING FIELD.

2. SETTING-UP AND FAMILIARIZE WITH 3D INTERFACE AND 2D & 3D

TOOLBARS.

3. USE OF VARIOUS SOLID MODELING FEATURES FOR CREATION OF 3D

OBJECTS.

4. TO STUDY AND USE OF VARIOUS 3D MODIFY COMMANDS OF THE

SOFTWARE.

5. TO PERFORM DIMENSION IN 3D.

6. TO STUDY UCS TOOLBAR IN AUTO CAD.

7. TO STUDY AND USE OF VARIOUS SURFACE CREATION COMMANDS

SOFTWARE.

8. USE OF SECTIONING COMMANDS TO CREATE SECTIONS OF 3D SOLIDS.

9. USE OF RENDERING FEATURES IN 3D CAD.

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EXPERIMENT NO.-1

1. Aim: -To introduce 2D and 3D CAD software and its utilities in the engineering field.

2. Objectives: -An awareness about 2D and 3D & different software used for creation.

3. Theory: -COMPUTER GRAPHICS: -It refers to the generation of graphical outputs

using computer. Computer graphics techniques are being applied to the making of 2d
drawings, 3d objects, cartoons etc. Drawing a series of action sequences which when run
at high speed, creates the illusion of moving pictures, appear to move. This is known as
animation.

CADD- Computer Aided Design and Drafting.

CAD- Computer Aided Design.
CAM- Computer Aided Manufacturing. CAM uses results of CAD.

CAD is not a substitute for design/ drawing concept. It’s only a tool that can be used to
supplement traditional methods. It’s parallel to use of calculators. They are used for
solving mathematics problem but still knowledge of mathematics is required by user to
solve it. What is eliminated is the tedious task of performing long hand mathematical
manipulations

Two Dimensioning:-

2D" stands for "two dimensional." 2D shapes include squares and circles. "3D" means
three-dimensional. 3D shapes have depth; examples include cubes and spheres. These
terms are important in art and design -- in computer animation or cinema, for example.
Graphs, diagrams and models can be 2D or 3D; the terms are also used metaphorically to
talk about the depth or complexity of a piece of work.
The cannot be handled while a 3d shape can be held, has depth, volume difference
between 2d and 3d shapes is that, a 2d shape is flat, has no volume and depth and can
hold things inside it. These are the dimensional shapes which are mostly used in
geometry.

Three Dimensioning:-

In the broadest definition of the term, "3D" would describe any object that occurs on
a three-axis Cartesian coordinate system. A Cartesian coordinate system is basically a
fancy way of describing the X and Y axes we're all familiar with from high-school
geometry (think graph paper).You remember making little graphs and charts with the X
axis being horizontal, and the Y axis being vertical, right? Things are very much the
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same in the world of 3D, with one exception—there's a third axis: depth Z, which
represents .So by definition, any object that can be represented on a three-axis system is
3D.

Applications of CAD: - An engineer designing a new car body can see the design on the
screen. Whenever he needs to make changes he can do it easily and the change can also
be stored. He can reduce or enlarge any part of design, change of colors and check
pluma. Overall, the design cycle time is reduced drastically. The new car comes on the
road in a remarkably shot span of time.

Application in various fields: -

a) Mechanical: - design of machine elements, CNC machine tools.
b) Automotive: - kinematics, Hydraulics & Steering systems.
c) Electrical: - circuit layout, panel design & control system.
d) Electronics: - schematic diameter of PC’s, IC’s etc.
e) Communication: - communication network, satellite transmitting pictures,
T.V. telecasting etc.
f) Civil: - Mapping, contour Plotting, Building drawing & Structural design.
g) Architectural: - Town planning, Interior decorations, Modelling, and multistory
complexes.
h) Aerospace: - Design of spacecraft, Flight simulator etc.

Advantages of CAD
a) Combination of human brain and machine speed produces better results in less time.
b) More accurate, it leads to better quality drawing.
c) Drawing can be stored in database.
d) Faster and easy correction/ modifications of a design is possible and drawing
errors can be visualize on screen.
e) Visual modeling of any object / engineering component is possible.
f) CAD is used for creation, modification, analysis and optimization of designs for
Improved engineering Productivity.
g) One can create a library and use a single drawing, a no’s of times whenever required.
h) Color graphics help to display more distinct information on screen.

SOFTWARES: -Auto-CAD (Mechanical), AutoCAD (Electrical), Auto-Desk Inventor,

Pro-E, STADD, CATIA, I-DEAS, Solidworks, Solidedge, Unigraphics NX etc.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

1. Aim:- Setting-up and familiarize with 3D interface and 2D & 3D toolbars.

2. Objectives:- To understand 3D interface in AutoCAD.

3. Theory:- A page setup is a collection of plot device and other settings that affect the
appearance and format of the final output. These settings can be modified and applied to
other layouts also. Click the layout tab for which you want to modify the page setup settings
as shown in Figure 1. By default, every initialized layout has a page setup associated with it.
A layout is initialized, if its paper size is defined in the page setup to any size other than 0x0.
A named page setup saved with one layout to another layout can be applied. This creates a
new page setup with the same settings as the first one. Click File menu>Page Setup Manager
and page setup dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 2. Select the page setup that which
is required to be modify. Click Modify. In the Page Setup dialog box, modify the required
settings and click
Close button.

Figure 1. Layout Screen

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Figure 2. Page setup dialog box

4. 3d Interface:- With 3D modeling, you can create solid, wireframe, and mesh models of your
design. Modeling in 3D has several advantages. You can view the model from any vantage
point. Generate reliable standard and auxiliary 2D views automatically. Create sections and
2D drawings. Remove hidden lines and do realistic shading. Check interferences. Add
lighting. Create realistic renderings. Navigate through the model .Use the model to create an
animation .Perform engineering analysis .Extract manufacturing data.

Figure 3. 3D Interface

5. 3D Coordinates:- Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical coordinates locate points when you are
creating objects in 3D.
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1. Enter 3D Cartesian Coordinates

3D Cartesian coordinates specify a precise location by using three coordinate values: X,
Y, and Z.
2. Enter Cylindrical Coordinates
3D cylindrical coordinates describe a precise location by a distance from the UCS origin
in the XY plane, an angle from the X axis in the XY plane, and a Z value.
3. Enter Spherical Coordinates
3D spherical coordinates specify a location by a distance from the origin of the current
UCS, an angle from the X axis in the XY plane, and an angle from the XY plane.

6. 2D toolbars:-
 Draw
 Modify
 Dimension

6.1 Draw:- The Draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles.
Most AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic components. A
good understanding of the Draw commands is fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD.
Draw toolbar shown in Figure no 4

Figure 4. Draw toolbar

6.2 Modify:- AutoCAD drawings are rarely completed simply by drawing lines, circles etc.
Most likely you will need to Modify these basic drawing objects in some way in order to create
the image you need. AutoCAD provides a whole range of modify tools such as Move, Copy,
Rotate and Mirror. As you can see, the command names are easily understandable. Modify
toolbar shown in Figure no 5.

Figure 5. Modify toolbar

6.3 Dimension:- AutoCAD provides a whole range of dimensioning tools which can be used to
quickly dimension any drawing without the need for measurement. Dimensioning in AutoCAD
is automatic; lines, arrows and text are all taken care of by the dimension commands. AutoCAD

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dimensions are special blocks which can easily be edited or erased as necessary. Dimension
Toolbar shown in Figure no 6

Figure 6. Dimension toolbar

7. 3-D modeling entities

 Modeling
 Solid editing
 Views
 Visual style
 Orbit
 Wire frame

7.1. Modeling:- When you create solid models, you use solids and surfaces as the building
blocks for your model. A solid object represents the entire volume of an object. Solids are
the most in-formation ally complete and least ambiguous of the 3D modeling types.
Complex solid shapes are also easier to construct and edit than wireframes and meshes.
Model toolbar is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Modeling toolbar

7.2. Solid editing:- You can use the solid edit command to remove redundant faces, edges and
vertices from a 3D solid automatically and check to make sure that the 3D solid is valid.
You can remove edges or vertices if they share the same surface or vertex definition on
either side of the edge or vertex. The body faces, or edges on the solid object are checked,
and adjacent faces that share the same surface are merged.

Figure 8. Solid editing toolbar

All redundant edges, imprinted as well as unused, on 3D solid object are deleted. Solid
editing toolbar is shown in Figure 8.

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7.3. Views:- When you save specific views by name, you can restore them for layout and
plotting or when you need to refer to specific details. You can create and save views using
the view or the camera command. View toolbar is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. View toolbar

7.4. Visual style:- You can create your own visual styles by changing the face and edge settings
and using shadows and backgrounds. Visual style toolbar is shown in Figure 10.

 Shade and Color Faces

 Display Backgrounds and Shadows

 Control the Display of Edges

Figure 10. Visual style toolbar

7.5. Orbit
7.5.1. Constrained Orbit:- Constrains 3D Orbit along the XY plane or the Z axis
(3DORBIT).

7.5.2. Free Orbit:- It is used to orbits in any direction without reference to the planes. The
point of view is not constrained along the XY plane of the Z axis. (3DFORBIT)

7.5.3 Continuous Orbit:- It makes an orbit continuously. Click and drag in the direction you
want the continuous orbit to move, and then release the mouse button. The orbit
continues to move in that direction. (3DCORBIT)

Figure 11. Orbit toolbar

7.6 Wire frame:- A wire frame model is a skeletal description of a 3D object. There are no
surfaces in a wire frame model; it consists only of points, lines & curves that describe the
edges of the object. With AutoCAD you can create wire frame.

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Procedure of creating wire frame model

 With AutoCAD you can create wire frame models by positioning any 2D planar
object anywhere in 3D space, using several methods:

 Entering 3D coordinates. You enter coordinates that define the X, Y, and Z

location of the object.

 Setting the default construction plane (XY plane) on which you will draw the
object by defining a UCS.

 Moving or copying the object to its proper 3D location after you create it.

Figure 12. Model Display

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EXPERIMENT NO.-3

1. Aim:-Use of various solid modeling features for creation of 3D objects.

2. Objective:-An awareness about 3d isometric projection.

3. Theory:- With 3D modeling, you can create solid, wireframe, and mesh models of your
design. A solid object represents the entire volume of an object. Solids are the most
informationally complete and least ambiguous of the 3D modeling types. Complex solid
shapes are also easier to construct and edit than wireframes and meshes modeling in 3D
has several advantages.

4. Box:- Creates a 3D solid box. Use a coordinate or an Osnap to locate the first corner of
the box on the XY plane. Indicate the position of the opposite diagonal corner for the
box's base on the XY plane. The Cube option requires only one coordinate value to
create a cube. The Length option will prompt you for the X, Y, Z coordinates separately.
Box shown in Figure no 1

Figure 1. Box
5. Cylinder:- Creates a three-sided 3D solid with a circular or elliptical base and top. Select
the Cylinder   button on the Solids Toolbar. Cylinder faces are oriented with the
XY plane.  If you wish to place a cylinder on the FRONT face of a model, the UCS must
be oriented to the Front before adding the cylinder. Cylinder shown in figure no 2.

Figure 2. Cylinder
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6. Cone:- Creates a 3D solid with a circular or elliptical base tapering symmetrically to a

point or a circular or elliptical planar face. Specify center point for base of cone or
[Elliptical]. Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]. Specify height of cone. Cone
shown in Figure no 3.

Figure 3. Cone

7. Sphere:- Creates a 3D solid sphere. Specify center point or [3P/2P/Ttr]. Specify radius
or [Diameter]. Sphere shown in Figure no 4.

Figure 4. Sphere

8. Pyramid:- Specify a base radius, enter c to change the pyramid to circumscribed, or

press ENTER to specify the default base radius value and Specify a height, enter an
option, or press ENTER to specify the default height value. Pyramid shown in Figure no
5.

Figure 5. Pyramid

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9. Wedge:- Specify first corner or [Center]: Specify a point or enter c for center Specify
other corner or [Cube/Length]: Specify the other corner of the wedge. Wedge shown in
Figure no 6.

Figure 6. Wedge

10. Torus:- Specify center point or 3P/2P/TTR. Defines the radius of the torus: the distance
from the center of the torus to the center of the tube. A negative radius creates a solid
shaped like an American football. Torus shown in figure no 7.

Figure 7. Torus

11. Revolve:- With the REVOLVE command, you can create a new solid or surface by
revolving an open or closed planar curve about an axis. You can revolve more than one
object. Specifies the first and second points of the axis of revolution. The positive axis
direction is from the first to the second point. Specify angle of revolution or [STart
angle] Specify an angle or press ENTER.

Figure 8. Revolve
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12. Loft:- With the LOFT command, you can create a new solid or surface by specifying a
series of cross sections. The cross sections define the profile (shape) of the resulting solid
or surface. Cross sections (generally, curves or lines) can be open (for example, an arc)
or closed (for example, a circle). LOFT draws a solid or surface in the space between the
cross sections. You must specify at least two cross sections when you use the LOFT
command. Select cross sections in lofting order: Select open or closed curves in the order
that the surface or solid will pass through Enter an option [ Guides/Path/Cross sections only]
<Cross sections only>: Press ENTER to use the selected cross sections or enter an
option. Lofted View shown in Figure no 9.

Figure 9. loft

13. Sweep:- With the SWEEP command, you can create a new solid or surface by sweeping
an open or closed planar curve (profile) along an open or closed 2D or 3D path. SWEEP
draws a solid or surface in the shape of the specified profile along the specified path.
You can sweep more than one object, but they all must lie on the same plane. Sweep
shown in Figure no 10.

Figure 10. Sweep

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14. Extrude:- You can create solids and surfaces by extruding selected objects. Use the
EXTRUDE command to create a solid or surface from a common profile of an object.

1. Click Draw menu » Modeling » Extrude.

2. Select the object(s) to extrude, and then press ENTER.
3. Specify the height. Extrude object shown in Figure no 11.

Figure 11. Extrude object

Exercises:-

Exercise 3.1 Exercise 3.2

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EXPERIMENT NO. - 4

1. Aim:- To study and use of various 3D modify commands of the software.

2. Objective:- An awareness about 3D modify Commands in Auto CAD.

3. Theory:- After creating a solid model, you can change its appearance by manipulating
the solids and surfaces in a variety of ways including clicking and dragging grips, using
grip tools, and changing the objects’ properties through the Properties palette.

4. Manipulate 3D Solids and Surfaces:- You can use grips or the Properties palette to
change the shape and size of solids and surfaces. The type of solid or surface and how it
was created determine how it can be manipulated.

5. Select and Modify 3D Subobjects:- You can select and modify subobjects (faces,
edges, and vertices) on solids. You can select and modify these subobjects individually,
or you can create a selection set of one or more of any type of subobject and modify the
selection set.

6. Press or Pull Bounded Areas:- You can press or pull bounded areas by pressing and
holding CTRL + ALT, and then picking the area. The area must be bounded by coplanar
lines or edges.

7. Use Grip Tools to Modify Objects :- You can use grip tools to move and rotate objects
and subobjects in a 3D view. Grip tools are displayed when you select objects and
subobjects in a 3D view with a 3D visual style applied or when you use the 3DMOVE
and 3DROTATE commands.

8. Add Edges and Faces to Solids:- You can modify the appearance of a face on a 3D
solid by imprinting it with an object that intersects the selected face. Imprinting
combines the object with the face, creating an edge.

9. Separate 3D Solids:- You can disassemble a 3D solid object into its original component
3D solids.

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10. Shell 3D Solids:- You can create a shell (a hollow, thin wall with a specified thickness)
from your 3D solid object.

11. Clean and Check 3D Solids:- You can use the SOLIDEDIT command to remove
redundant faces, edges, and vertices from a 3D solid automatically, and check to make
sure that the 3D solid is valid.

12. Solid Editing Commands:-

Figure 1. Solid Editing Toolbar

Union:- Creates a composite region or solid by addition.

1. Choose Modify, Solids Editing, Union.
or
2. Type UNION at the command prompt.
Command: union
Select objects: pick cylinder & box
Select objects: enter

Figure 2. Union the object

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Subtract:- With Subtract, you can remove the common area of one set of solids from another.
For example, you can use subtract to add holes to a mechanical part by subtracting cylinders
from the object and is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Subtract the object

Intersect:- Creates a solid based on the intersection of two existing solids.

1. Choose Modify, Solids Editing, Intersect
or
2. Type INTERSECT at the command prompt.
Command: intersect
Select objects: pick cylinder and box
Select objects: enter

Figure 4. Intersect the object

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3D ROTATE: Displays the rotate grip tool in a 3D view and revolves objects around a base
point.

3DMOVE: Displays the move grip tool in a 3D view and moves objects a specified distance in
a specified direction.

BREP: Removes the history from 3D solid primitives and composite solids

CHAMFER: Bevels the edges of objects.

EDGE: Changes the visibility of three-dimensional face edges.

FILLET: Rounds and fillets the edges of objects.

MOVE: Moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

PRESSPULL: Presses or pulls bounded areas.

PROPERTIES: Controls properties of existing objects.

ROTATE: Revolves objects around a base point.

SCALE: Enlarges or reduces selected objects proportionally in the given directions.

SELECT: Places selected objects in the previous selection set.

SOLIDEDIT: Edits faces and edges of 3D solid objects.

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EXPERIMENT NO. - 5

1. Aim:- To perform Dimension in 3D.

2. Objective:- An awareness about surface modeling in Auto CAD.

3. Theory:- AutoCAD provides a whole range of dimensioning tools which can be used to
quickly dimension any drawing without the need for measurement. Dimensioning in
AutoCAD is automatic; lines, arrows and text are all taken care of by the dimension
commands. AutoCAD dimensions are special blocks which can easily be edited or erased
as necessary. There are lots of dimension commands which include facilities for
indicating tolerances and alternate units dimensioning. However, this tutorial aims to
cover the most common commands for general use and constitutes an introduction to
dimensioning with AutoCAD. If you would like to learn more about dimensions, refer to
the AutoCAD user manual. AutoCAD divides dimensions into four main categories:
Linear, Radial, Ordinate and Angular. For the purposes of this tutorial we will only
consider some of the commands within the Linear, Radial and Angular categories.
Dimension toolbar shown in Figure no 1.

Figure1. Dimension toolbar

4. Isometric Dimensions:- Isometric dimensions are parallel to and align with a

corresponding plane. AutoCAD does not provide tools that automate the process of
creating true isometric dimensions. You can use a combination of dimension tools to
align extension lines and the dimension text with an isometric plane. However, the
resulting arrowheads are not in an isometric format.To create true isometric dimensions,
draw extension and dimension lines as lines, the dimension value as mtext or text, and
closed arrowheads as fi lled shapes. Another option is to dimension without arrowheads
and then add isometric arrowheads as separate objects. A third option is to construct
custom isometric arrowheads to assign to specifi c dimension styles.

5. Using Dimension Tools:- Using dimension tools to construct isometric dimensions is

usually faster than creating isometric dimensions as separate objects. However,
arrowheads do not display an isometric format unless you construct custom isometric
arrowheads to assign to dimension styles. You can create isometric text styles and
dimension styles for each isometric plane. However, you may find it easier to use
standard text and dimension styles, and edit each dimension as necessary to create
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isometric dimensions. Add dimensions using the DIMALIGNED tool. You can use the
DIMALIGNED or DIMLINEAR tool to dimension vertically aligned points, but you
must use the DIMALIGNED tool for all other applications. Then use the Oblique option
of the DIMEDIT tool to align the extension lines with the isometric plane. Pick the
dimension to edit and specify the isometric angle. Enter a specific value, such as 30 or
210, or pick two points. Rotate the dimension text to align with the isometric plane. Use
the Rotate option of the DIMEDIT tool or the Angle option of the DIMTEDIT tool.
Finally, edit the dimension text to specify an obliquing angle according to the isometric
plane. If you did not prepare separate isometric text and dimension styles, edit the
obliquing angle using the DDEDIT tool and the Oblique Angle text box in the
Formatting panel of the Text Editor ribbon Steps to draw.

6. UCS Setup:- "First, set an isometric view and use the UCS (user coordinate system)
command with the '3 Point' option (Command line, toolbar, selecting an endpoint on the
plane desired at the lower left of the eventual dimension text). The second pick should be
in the direction of the dimension line, and the third pick will be aligned with the
extension line. The idea is that the pick in the x-direction would underline the dimension
text, and the y direction would be up to the top of the dimension text (refer to the PDF
file). The UCS will be moved and the z-axis will be pointing toward the user, which
means the text will read correctly for this isometric view. This method is most useful
when you want the dimensions to show in isometric views of the model. If the model is
shown in a layout in an ortho view(s), then dimensioning in paper space is usually
easier." 

7. Steps to draw isometric dimension:- The steps required to create isometric-looking

dimensions using dimension tools. Isometric dimension in Figure 2.
 Use the DIMALIGNED tool to dimension features.
 Use the Oblique option of the DIMEDIT tool to edit the obliquing angle of
extension lines. Be sure to specify the correct isometric angle.
 Use the Rotate option of the DIMEDIT tool or the Angle option of the
DIMTEDIT tool to rotate the dimension text.
 Use the DIMEDIT tool to edit the obliquing angle of dimension text.

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Figure 2 Isometric dimension.

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EXPERIMENT NO. – 6

1. Aim:- To study UCS Toolbar in Auto CAD.

2. Objective:- An awareness about UCS in Auto CAD.

3. Theory:- AutoCAD started life as a two-dimensional drafting program. It was not

designed for 3D. Almost all the AutoCAD drawing and edit commands can only work in
2D (the exceptions being commands like 3DPOLY and 3DFACE). When Autodesk, the
makers of AutoCAD incorporated 3D into the program they needed some method for
doing so without completely rewriting the software. The method they decided upon has
become known as UCS, User Co-ordinate Systems.

4. UCS Status:- When you first start up AutoCAD you are presented with a plan view of
the drawing area. In the bottom left hand corner of the drawing area is an icon, known as
the UCS icon. The icon looks like the illustration on the right and shows 3 specific bits
of information. First, the icon contains a figure X and an arrow which points from left to
right along the bottom of the screen. Second, the icon contains a figure Y and an arrow
head which points from bottom to top along the left hand side of the screen. These first
two parts of the icon indicate the position and direction of the X and Y axes. As your
cursor moves over the screen area you can see the change in X and Y co-ordinates by
watching the co-ordinate status area at the bottom left of the screen (X,Y,Z). X and Y co-
ordinates increase in the direction indicated by the UCS icon. UCS icon shown in Figure
no 1.

Figure 1. UCS icon

5. UCS Command:- AutoCAD provides a number of ways to define a User Co-ordinate

System. All of these options are available to you when you use the UCS command.
Tools UCS various options. When you start the UCS command from the keyboard or
from the toolbar you are presented with lots of options on the command line.  that the
pull-down menu allows direct access to all of these options. You can also gain direct
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access to the options from the fly-out UCS buttons on the standard toolbar or from the
UCS toolbar. UCS toolbar shown in Figure no 2.

Figure No 2. UCS toolbar

5.1. Word UCS:- The World UCS is the only UCS guaranteed to be the same in all
AutoCAD drawings and can be used to set the UCS back to its original state. This is the
UCS you should use when creating Wblocks and inserting Wblocks.

Command: UCS
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z /ZAxis]
<World>:W

Figure No 3. Word UCS

5.2. Face UCS:- With the dynamic UCS feature, you can temporarily and automatically align
the XY plane of the UCS with a plane on a solid model while creating objects. When in a
draw command, you align the UCS by moving your pointer over an edge of a face rather
than having to use the UCS command. After you finish the command, the UCS returns to
its previous location and orientation.

5.3. Object UCS :- lets you define a new UCS by pointing to any object except a 3D
Polyline, polygon mesh, or Viewport entity. The new UCS will have the same
extrusion direction as the selected entity. The origin of the new UCS and the orientation
of its X axis are found according to the rules given in the table above. For objects other
than 3D Faces, the XY plane of the new UCS will be parallel to the XY plane in effect

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when the object was created. For 3D Faces, the XY plane of the new UCS will be

coplanar with the face. This can be very useful if you want to draw on a 3D Face.

5.4. Three point UCS :- The 3point option prompts you to pick 3 points in space which it
uses to define the position of the new XY plane. The three points represent three
positions in the new XY plane. The first point will become the origin of the new co-
ordinate system. The second point can be any point on the positive portion of the X axis.
The third point can be any point on the positive portion of the Y axis. Figure no 3 shows
the three points you could pick to define a UCS with an XY plane which is coplanar with
the front face of the box. This is a very common sequence which you may need to use in
order to draw windows and doors on a building elevation.

Figure 3 Three point UCS.

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EXPERIMENT NO. - 7

1. Aim:- To study and use of various surface creation commands software.

2. Objective:- An awareness about surface modeling in Auto CAD.

3. Theory:- Surface modeling is more sophisticated than wire frame modeling in that it
defines not only the edges of a 3D object, but also its surfaces. The AutoCAD surface
modeler defines faceted surfaces using a polygonal mesh. Because the faces of the mesh
are planar, the mesh can only approximate curved surfaces. To differentiate these two
types of surfaces, AutoCAD calls faceted surfaces or meshes.

3.1. Plane Surface:- You can create surfaces from 3D solids with curved faces, such as a
cylinder, with the explode command. You can use the planesurf command to create a
planar surface. Select one or more objects that form one or more enclosed areas. Specify
the opposite corners of a rectangle. When you specify the corners of the surface, the
surface is created parallel to the workplane as shown in Figure 1.

Creates a planar surface by selecting a closed object or by creating a rectangular plane.

Type PLANESURF at the command prompt.

Command: PLANESURF
Specify first corner or [Object] <Object>: press enter
Select objects: pick object
Select objects: press enter

Figure 1. Plane surface

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3.2. Extrude Surfaces :-Creates a 3D solid or surface by extending the dimensions of

an object.

Type EXTRUDE at the command prompt.

Command: EXTRUDE
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4, Closed profiles creation mode = Surface
Select objects to extrude or [MOde]: pick object
creation mode
[SOlid/SUrface] <Solid>: _su
Select objects to extrude or [MOde]:enter
Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle/Expression]
<1.4581>: 10

Figure 2. Extrude surface

3.3. Loft:- Line, arc, 2d polyline, 2d spline, circle, ellipse can be used with LOFT
command. With the Path option, you can select a single path curve to define the shape
of the solid or surface. With the Guides option, you can select multiple curves to define
the contours of the solid or surface. You can also select the cross sections before you
start the command as shown in Figure 2.

Creates a 3D solid or surface in the space between several cross sections..

Type LOFT at the command prompt.
Command: LOFT
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4, Closed profiles creation mode = Surface
Select cross sections in lofting order or [POint/Join multiple edges/MOde]: select object
Select cross sections in lofting order or [POint/Join multiple edges/MOde]: select object
Select cross sections in lofting order or [POint/Join multiple edges/MOde]: select o bject
Select cross sections in lofting order or [POint/Join multiple edges/MOde]: 3 cross sections
selected
Enter an option [Guides/Path/Cross sections only/Settings] <Cross sections only>: press
enter
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Figure 3. Loft surface

3.4. Revolve:- With the REVOLVE command, you can create a new solid or surface by
revolving an open or closed planar curve about an axis. You can revolve more than one
object. You can select the objects to revolve before you start the command as shown in
Figure 4.
Type REVOLVE at the command prompt.
Command: REVOLVE
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4, Closed profiles creation mode = Surface
Select objects to revolve or [Mode]: select object
Select objects to revolve or [Mode]: press enter
Specify axis start point or define axis by [Object/X/Y/Z] <Object>: select endpoints of sxis
Specify axis endpoint:
Specify angle of revolution or [STart angle/Reverse/EXpression] <360>: press enter

Figure 4. Revolving

3.5. Sweep:- With the Sweep command, you can create a new solid or surface by sweeping
an open or closed planar curve (profile) along an open or closed 2D or 3D path. Sweep
draws a solid or surface in the shape of the specified profile along the specified path.
You can sweep more than one object, but they all must lie on the same plane as shown
in Figure 5.

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Type SWEEP at the command prompt.

Command: SWEEP
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4, Closed profiles creation mode = Surface
Select objects to sweep or [Mode]: select object
Select objects to sweep or [Mode]: select path (line)
Select sweep path or [Alignment/Base point/Scale/Twist]:

Figure 5. Sweep the object

3.6. Surface Blend

Creates a blend surface between two existing surfaces.
Type SURFBLEND at the command prompt.
Command: SURFBLEND

Figure 6. Blend the objects

3.7. Offsetting Surfaces

Creates a parallel surface at a specified distance from the original surface.
Type SURFOFFSET at the command prompt.
Command: SURFOFFSET

Figure 7. Offset Surface

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3.8. Surface Patch

Creates a new surface or cap to close an open edge of an existing surface.
Type SURFPATCH at the command prompt.
Command: SURFPATCH

Figure 8. Surface Patch

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EXPERIMENT NO. - 8

1. Aim:-Use of sectioning commands to create sections of 3D solids.

2. Objective:-An awareness about sectioning 3D objects in Auto Cad.

3. Theory:-With SECTION, you can create a cross section through a solid as a region or
anonymous block. The default method is specifying three points to define the plane.
Other methods define the cross-sectional plane by another object, the current view, the Z
axis, or the XY,YZ, or ZX plane. AutoCAD places the cross-sectional plane on the
current layer.

With SLICE, you can create a new solid by cutting the existing solid and removing
specified side. You can retain one or both halves of the sliced solids. The sliced solids
retain the layer and colour properties of the original solids. The default method of slicing
a solid is to specify three points that define the cutting plane and then select which side
to retain. You can also define the cutting plane by using another object, the current view,
the Z axis, or the XY,YZ, or ZX plane

4. Commands:-
Command: Section
In order to apply section command any of the following method can be used:
Z Axis
View
XY
YZ
ZX
3points

The detail of each method is as follows:

Z Axis
Defines the sectioning plane by specifying a point on the sectioning plane and another
point on the Z axis, or normal, of the plane as shown is the figure 8.1

Figure 8.1
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 Point on the section plane. Sets the first point on the plane.

 Point on the Z-axis (normal) of the plane. Specifies a point that defines the axis
that is perpendicular to the plane.

View
Aligns the sectioning plane with the viewing plane of the current view as shown in the
figure 8.2

Figure 8.2

XY
Aligns the sectioning plane with the XY plane of the current UCS as shown in the
figure 8.3.

Figure 8.3

YZ
Aligns the sectioning plane with the YZ plane of the current UCS as shown in the
figure 8.4.

Figure 8.4

ZX
Aligns the sectioning plane with the ZX plane of the current UCS as shown in the
figure 8.5.

Figure 8.5
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3points
Uses three points to define the sectioning plane as shown in the figure 8.6.

Figure 8.6

Command: Slice
The cutting plane is defined with 2 or 3 points, by specifying a major plane of the UCS,
or by selecting a planar or a surface object (but not a mesh). Either one or both sides of
the sliced objects can be retained.

Figure 8.7

 3D solid objects can be sliced using specified planes and surface objects
 Surface objects can be sliced by specified planes only
 Meshes cannot directly be sliced or used as slicing surfaces
Sliced objects retain the layer and color properties of the original objects, however the resulting
solid or surface objects do not retain a history of the original objects.

In order to apply slice command any of the following method can be used:

Objects to slice
Specifies the 3D solid or surface object that you want to slice. If you select a mesh
object, you can choose to convert it to a 3D solid or surface before completing the
slice operation.
 Start point of slicing plane
 Planar object
 Surface
 Z axis
 View
 XY
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 YZ
 XZ
 3points

Start point of slicing plane

Sets the first of two points that define the orientation of the slicing plane. With this
option, the slicing plane is always perpendicular to the XY plane of the current UCS.
After you specify the second point on the plane, you can choose whether to keep both
sides of the sliced object or you can specify another point on the side of the plane that
you want to keep.
 Second point on plane. Sets the second of two points on the slicing plane. If the
second point is not located on the XY plane of the UCS, it is projected onto the
plane.
 Specify a point on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

Planar object
Aligns the cutting plane with a plane that contains the selected circle, ellipse, circular
or elliptical arc, 2D spline, 2D polyline, or planar 3D polyline.
 Select a circle, ellipse, arc, 2D-spline, or 2D-polyline. Specifies the planar object
that defines the cutting plane. A planar 3D polyline object can also be selected.
 Specify a point on desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

Surface
Aligns the cutting plane with a selected surface.
 Select a surface. Specifies a cutting surface.
NoteYou cannot specify mesh, 3D face, or thickened objects as the cutting surface.
 Select the sliced object on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

Z axis
Defines the cutting plane by specifying a point on the plane and another point on
the Z axis (normal) of the plane.
 Specify a point on the section plane. Sets a point on the slicing plane.
 Specify a point on the Z-axis (normal) of the plane. Specifies a point that defines
the axis that is perpendicular to the slicing plane.
 Specify a point on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

View
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Aligns the cutting plane parallel to the current viewport's viewing plane. Specifying a
point defines the location of the cutting plane.
 Specify a point on the current view plane. Sets a point on the object to start the
slice.
 Specify a point on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

XY
Aligns the cutting plane with the XY plane of the current UCS. Specify a point to
define the location of the cutting plane.
 Point on the XY-plane. Aligns the cutting plane parallel to the XY plane of the
UCS and passing through a specified point.
 Specify a point on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

YZ
Aligns the cutting plane with the XY plane of the current UCS. Specify a point to
define the location of the cutting plane.
 Point on the YZ-plane. Aligns the cutting plane parallel to the YZ plane of the UCS
and passing through a specified point.
 Specify a point on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

XZ
Aligns the cutting plane with the XZ plane of the current UCS. Specify a point to
define the location of the cutting plane.
 Point on the XZ-plane. Aligns the cutting plane parallel to the XZ plane of the
UCS and passing through a specified point.
 Specify a point on the desired side to keep
 Keep both sides

3points
Defines the cutting plane using three points as shown in the figure 8.7

Figure 8.8
Exercise
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Exercise 8.1

Exercise 8.2

EXPERIMENT NO. – 9

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1. Aim:-Use of Rendering features in 3D CAD.

2. Objective:-An awareness about rendering 3D objects in Auto Cad.

3. Theory:- A realistic rendering of a model can often give a product team or prospective
client a clearer vision of a conceptual design than a plotted drawing.
Rendering creates a 2D image based on your 3D scene. It shades the scene's geometry
using the lighting you've set up, the materials you've applied, and environmental settings
such as background and fog.

Figure 9.1
The renderer is a general-purpose renderer that generates physically correct simulations
of lighting effects, including ray-traced reflections and refractions, and global
illumination.
A range of standard rendering presets, reusable rendering parameters, are available.
Some of the presets are tailored for relatively quick preview renderings while others are
for higher quality renderings.
While the final goal is to create a photorealistic, presentation-quality image that
illustrates your vision, you create many renderings before you reach that goal. At a basic
level, you can use the RENDER command to render your model without applying any
materials, adding any lights, or setting up a scene. When you render a new model, the
renderer automatically uses a virtual "over-the-shoulder" distant light. You cannot move
or adjust this light.

4. Commands:
Command: Render
Creates a photorealistic or realistically shaded image of a three- dimensional wireframe
or solid model.
1. Open an AutoCAD drawing with 3D objects to render.
2. Choose View, Render, Render or
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3. Type RENDER at the command prompt.

The following render window is the result of default rendering

Figure 9.2
a) Render Destination
You are able to determine the output site that the renderer uses to display the rendered
image. Two options are the render window and viewport.

1. Choose View, Render, Advanced Render

Settings...
Or
2. Type RPREF at the command prompt.
Command: RPERF
3. Click the dropdown option for destination
and choose
Viewport.
4. Close the render preferences and render your
objects to the viewport

Figure 9.3
b) Render Quality

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1. Choose View, Render, Advanced Render Settings...

or
2. Type RPREF at the command prompt.
Command: RPREF
3. Click the dropdown option for the render quality and
Choose Presentation.
4. Close the render preferences and render your view. Note: Depending on the objects,
lights, materials, etc. in your model, rendering in presentation mode might take a long
time.

Figure 9.4

c) Render Selection
Controls the parts of the model that gets processed during rendering. The render
procedure has three settings: View, Crop, and Selected.
1. Choose View, Render, Advanced Render Settings...
or
2. Type RPREF at the command prompt.
Command: RPREF
3. Click the dropdown option for Procedure and choose
Selected.
4. Close the render preferences and render
selected objects. This result is a selected object in the drawing that is rendered.

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Figure 9.5

d) Render Cropped Window

1. Choose View, Render, Advanced Render Settings...
or
2. Type RPREF at the command prompt.
Command: RPREF
3. Click dropdown option for Procedure and choose Crop.
4. Close the render preferences and render a cropped window.
The result is a cropped portion of the drawing that is rendered.

Figure 9.6

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