6.1 The velocity in a certain two-dimen- sional flow field is given by the equation V = 2xti - 2ygj where the velocity is in ft/s when x, y, and ¢ are in feet and seconds, respectively. Determine expressions for the local and convective compo- nents of acceleration in the x and y directions. What is the magnitude and direction of the ve- locity and the acceleration at the point x = y 2 ft at the time ¢ = 0? From expression for velocity, l= 2x8 and rs -2yt Since au, ou 4,2 Obra rege then 4, (ecal)= GE = 2x and G, Coons) = 4 he + SE = (2ed)(at)+ &2y4)(0) = “xt? Similar ly, and Gy (local) = a, Ceon)= a ee vse = (axt}o) + (-2yt)(-22) = 4yt® At x=422ft and to uz 22)()=0 ve -2(z)lo)=0 So that Veo and Gags axe axe? = 202) + ¥@)(o) = 4 Fee nage gt? = -2(2) + ¢2)lo) =-4 ftls* re 4 Thus A > ee yt 4 cel win |e |= Vanbeor SHA *6.2 6.2 Repeat Problem 6.1 if the flow field is described by the equation V = 3(x? — yi - 6xyj where the velocity is in ft/s when x and y are in feet From expression for velocity y &F 3x2 Yy*) and uz -bxy. Since 3 - ou Gye rue roe en ou &, (lal): FE = 0 and &, (eon) = v9e ros Bhar y*ox)+ Cory) -by) = ae + xy?) Similarly, Ay ote ag, rv ea and &y (local) = os 8, Cem) = 4225 rit = ley) (-by) + (bx4) (-bx) = 18(x*y +43) At xzy=/ft and t=0 us 3 fo-@] =o we 600) =-6 So That _. mn a Ve -bf s/s wim |\Tl= b A Gnd a, = 2 19 (Kx g?)= 18 [roa] = 36 tth* Qy= 18017449) = re[uy rar] = 36 Fels? a aE eT with | a l= \VGe)*+G)* = 50.7 e/* 6-26.3 The velocity in a certain flow field is given by the equa- tion Va ads xf + yk Determine the expressions for the three rectangular components of acceleration From expression fer velocity, u= x oak wre Since a: Go a de +g pw 3 then a= or (x Mi) + &3)Co ) +G2)(0) = Xx Sin larly, = OF, war o ao oat Rete Spr eZ an A= 0+ CX )oxe)e (No) + WA)OPY = 2xta + x42 BE By hg wr at ox ag az G= or (X JO) + 2)@) + Gals) = ety yt(a) 4) 6.4 The three components of velocity in a flow field are given by uertyes vaxytyzt w= -3xz - 22 44 (@) Determine the volumetric dilatation rate, and interpret the results. (b) Determine an expression for the rotation vector. Is this an irrotational flow field? Volumetric dilatatiin vate = # + x ye (65.6.9) Thus, tor velocity tomponents given volumetric dilatation rade = 24 + (xt#) + (~3x-2) =O This result indicates that there is no chame tn the Volume of a Fluid element as it moves from one location to ancther. From £95, 6.12, 6.13, and b/4 wits the velocity com posents given: K-H)=4 (4-29) = - 4 w= esta #)-a = [o- (yr22)) = -Gr2) ou our £f _ f3))2 22 ow). t | az- bad)? Ss 1 alt ws —bee)b + F- £8 Since B 1s net Zero everywhere the Llow field Is not trrotatinal. No. oeSo 6.5 Determine an expression for the vorticity of the flow field described by Va- ley Is the flow irrotational? Fs 2 (£4, 617) Frem expression for velocity , u=- sy, = af) ard w= 0, and with wo 4 (-“ (ey, b13) 2B ya) (En ay 0, = ¢ 7 Y) (Eq. br) it follows That Wy = > Wys0 ) and a, = # [o-Gia9]= F 2 (i+ 0,3 +0,2) ae [core + @f ay’) = Beg hk Since F ss nod yero, everywhere the Flow Ws hod Irrotationl, No.66 6.6 A one-dimensional flow is described by the velocity field w= ay + by? v=w=0 where a and are constants. Is the flow irrota- tional? For what combination of constants (if any) will the rate of angular deformation as given by Eq. 6.18 be zero? For ivrotabione! Flour 20, and fer Mme veloti chis tribution riven : / oe = 4 (3% - FZ)=0 £ (9K ~ dwy = Wy a da” ax) = ov - to: & (58-5) = - (E444) Thus , D is not ero everywhere and the Flour ts ‘not irrotational, No. Since (from 3. 6.18 ) ys Oo, oe ax ag 1é fellows for the velocity distribution given Tak Y= arzby Thus, There are no values of a and b (except bot eguel + aero) Huet will give #20 fer all yalues of ¥, None.6.7 For incompressible fluids the volumetric dilatation rate must be zero; that is, V+ V = 0. For what combination of constants a, 6, c, and e can the velocity components u = ax + by x + ey w=0 v be used to describe an incompressible flow field? For an incompressible lait, duo, dws ce r Sz oO ax Fy lth the Velocity distribution given au. on our Bm i* og e te Thus, for an ‘incompressible flow field A2+€ =Ofas] 6.8 Anincompressible viscous fluidis placed between two large parallel plates as shown in Fig. P68. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves with a constant velocity, U. For these conditions the velocity distribution between the plates is linear, and can be expressed as u= Uz Determine: (a) the volumetric dilatation rate, (b) the rotation vector, (¢) the vorticity, and (d) the rate of angular deformation. . y fl vy, dor (a) Volumetric dilatabin rate = By 3 r UE =O th) Por velocity distribution given y and Cg, 6.18) os69 A viscous fluid is contained in the space between con- centric cylinders. The inner wall is fixed, and the outer wall ro- tates with an angular velocity w. (See Fig. P6.9a and Video V6.1.) Assume that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear as illustrated in Fig. P6.96. For the small rectangular element shown in Fig, P6.9, determine the rate of change of the right angle 7 due to the fluid motion. Express your answer in terms of rr, and w, @ Oy m FIGURE P64 ue Ge 4 Bon so that | au. — Ww | ay Krk Gnk Sime V=0 | The negative sign indiates That the orignal rigae Qngle is snereesng.6.10 Some velocity measurements in a three-dimensional incompressible flow field indicate that « = Oxy? and v = —4y%z, There is some conflicting data for the velocity com- ponent in the = direction. One set of data indicates that w = 4yz* and the other set indicates that w = 4yz* — 6y%2, Which set do you think is correct? Explain. To satisty the continuity eguaten gu vy Sar ofr ay Since 2% soy ana then From EG. ti oy 8924 SY 20 Thus, du 2d Sz = PHF -by ced Eguatin (2) Can be inte grated wi'th respect to 2 to obtun few = [ Syeae - fbs'de + £4y) ur= 4ye7- b972 + £44) The sek of data. (wim Fey) 20) br aye? bys boould appear to be the correct set 6-10Gil 6.11 The velocity components of an incompressible, 1wo- dimensional velocity field are given by the equations u = dy pee: ‘Show that the flow is irrotational and satisfies conservation of mass. Lf the two-dimensional flow Is irretatiena/, fey du) we 8 (Ge 35 )=0 For te velocity chstribuh’n given, ue ou. oe = ox eX Thus, ’ 4 Gx) = Wg2 BZ (ZH-2K) =0 and the flow 13 Irrotatonel, flew 1 ene % setisty conservation of mass, Ou are Sat IF Since 7 Que or ie DK 29 ag 24 then Zg-29= end Conservation of muss _(s_satistied. Gen serva tion of Mass A sacistied on6.12 For each of the following stream functions, with units, of m’/s, determine the magnitude and the angle the velocity, vector makes with the x-axis at x= 1m, y= 2m, Locate any stagnation points in the flow field, @ vay 0) wana ty From the definition of The stream Funchen, ae =o (E45. 6. #5 vr. $s. 6.37) @ Br b= x9, -2%e - 0% oL 4= 5G = % VI K g oR 3 x 5 " t N of At x=lm, y= 2m,1t follows tut us! Thus, [vl = fata” = VU)? 4 Cem? = 2.24% x -2 tan®= > 6 Since K=O ab x20 ana v0 at ¥=0, a stagnation Pernt occurs at y=. (A) For We -2x74y , 63.4° 224 us oy = 14 At xelm, y atom, it Allows Irat u=i% and v24% Thus, oot. an [j= Pareee = (OR = bn Ft v J ‘5 tan = + e K Since UP#O, There are no skagnatwn poms. 6-/26.13 The stream function for a certain incompressible flow field is = ly +e sinx Is this an irrotational flow field? Justify your answer with the necessary calculations. Fer the How to be irrotational (see Eg. biz), st (#v_ 2 24 (# S 5 =o ana for the stream function given ue 3 = /0- esas -9 2 -9% 2 vee eC tsk Thus ~y “9 Yee sink & alr mr as : : aly wt (fois S esi) =o 2° 2 Svnce Was, ths is an irrobational flow eld, Yes. 6-136/4 6.14 The stream function for an incompressible, two- dimensional flow field is Way? - bx where @ and b are constants. Is this an irrotational flow? Explain, For the flow to be jryotatona! (see Fe. b-l2) | (ae buy = y= 2 (2% 55 and for the stream function given, ? = ee us = tay s- 24% 2b Oe ie Thus, ou. ares 5p 2% ose so That Since @,#0 Flow is not wrotaton/ Canless @20), No. b4[ee 6.15 The velocity components for an incom- pressible, plane flow are v, = Ar“! + Br cos 6 vy = Br? sin 0 where A and B are constants. Determine the cor- responding stream function. From the detinition of the stream tunction, att vo) Coy tos so that for the velocity dshibubér given, t x s Ar’ +B cs6 Gp) Ae 2 - BF sind cs Dntegate gy.) with vespect to 8 t obtain 7 8 an [ee = [A+ ar'ese)de + LO) or y= Aer BE sing + LH ea) Similarly, integrate £4 (2) wrth respect to + te obtain [uv - - [arsine a + Le) er ye Be sine +h) “#4 Thus, te satisty both £35, (3) ana (4) Y= Aer Br'sne +l where C ts an arbitrary constant. Cs6.16 Fora certain two-dimensional flow field u=0 v=-V (a) What are the corresponding radial and tan- gential velocity components? (b) Determine the corresponding stream function expressed in Cartesian coordinates and in cylindrical polar co- ordinates. ca) At an arbitrary point P (see Figure) Viz V sinb Vz = V tse (h) Since as oe yD vs Hey tt fellows That W 1 not 2@ tunction of ¥ anc where C ts an arbitrary tonstant. Also, with x= Fees p= -V reese to 6-16G/T 6.17 Make use of the control volume shown in Fig. P6.17 to derive the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates (Eq. 6.33 in text). Volume element has thickness dz FIGURE P6.17 Blew + [ora dA =o (£3. 6/4) cv es For The difterentia/ contro! volume shown a be [ew = Lrgeade m” ny at and [eta dh = ret rete of mass outflow through C5 surfaces of Control volume (pris 28 $V aoa From figure ak right: 1 Net rede of mass eS tee outflow in b- direction = cA New (oT sZt lee dec — (05-08 Whine z = opr rdrdede + Ph drdedz (2) (cont ) -/7G/7 (Cont) From figure at right Net rate of mass CutHow th O-d!rectioy = (0% « SB &) ares Z 2pue an \A86 (pvp ~ 2008 irae fy, - Bde ~ x b% Be of oraz z = 20% 4, dode a) From figure at right : Ned vate of mass outFlow in E- direchou = aPYe d: (ote 08 8) rover — (%- 20 o ) rae ar (PM 28 #) rdeaz x Zz = “4% = ca rdrdodz 4%) Substitution of Egs. (1) thru (4) into £3. 6/9 yields Vi Bh rdededz + LF pardeds + py drdeds + eft ordedz + @ ae rdrdedz =O or 1 0P% v3 Sir Ye 12 ince en as Ce = t#% (rp%) 3.5) can be writen as “ a ERR) BO- 2a) Which is 2g. 6.33. ols8 [eve J 6.18 It is proposed that a two-dimensional, incompressible flow field be described by the ve- locity components u= Ay v= Bx where A and B are both positive constants. (a) Will the continuity equation be satisfied? (b) Is the flow irrotational? (e) Determine the equation for the streamlines and show a sketch of the streamline that passes through the origin. Indi- cate the direction of flow along this streamline. (4) Te satisty me eras) eguation em <0 75 - Since, oe the velocity chstrrbutien given au ov Ox ° The continuity eguaton i sabisfed, Yes ch) Ln order for the Flow +o be srrotatwne/ Ci, =0, where -Lif2a 3 s; ar? 2( 5-H (£4.42) nee gy gue Re ay 74 (8-A) Thus, How will only be irrotational if _A=B, ©) Along a streamhne 9 dy di Kw se that for the velocity distibutin . 252 We fiven yy | Bk xe AY fo and Therefore Slope: y dy = Bx dx a ii Litegration yields r Be 24¢ here Cis @ constant . For the ie passing Through The origin (C=0) andy. +B» (see bur X70 U7e streamline streamline o-i96.17 Inacertain steady, two-dimensional flow field the fluid density varies linearly with respect to the coordinate x; that is, p = Ax where A is a constant. If the x component of velocity u is given by the equation u = y, determine an expression for v. For a variable density Flour, au) | ater) 3x og C2. 6.24) Ww; aa pee Grdly) = Axy tt follows That Mea Thus, der) ag Integrate 23.0) with respect to y to obtaiy faery = ~ [ays + £U) s-Ag on er por ~ an, £0) With pax re = GL MOE) © hee or 4 2 - Ss ‘x, At fw where Fx) is an arbitrary function of &, G-20G.20 6.20 _ Inatwo-dimensional, incompressible flow field, the x component of velocity is given by the equation u = 2x. (a) Determine the correspond- ing equation for the y component of velocity if v = O along the x axis. (b) For this flow field what is the magnitude of the average velocity of the fluid crossing the surface OA of Fig. P6.207 Assume that the velocities are in ft/s when x and y are in feet. FIGURE P6.20 , . d (4) To satisty the tontinurty eguation (cone thckness + ft) a4, we Ox * dg Since Qu _ aa it follows That oe -2 oo Integration of 29.01) with respect to 9 yields 2-294 lx) If 20 along x-asis Cy=0) Then fle) =0 50 Thet Vvea2y (2) Te sabity Conservation of mass Ga * Gr- Ge lee figure) Along AB u=ali)=2 & so Tad Dap = 4 Aggy = (2 HG) AIOH) = 2 Ea Along O8 wv=0 So That Gaz. Thus, FE , Qn? Gn 2 we and y= S = ES ia Av aren, Vz fe Ss G-2)621 The radial velocity component in an incompressible, two-dimensional flow field (v, = 0) is v, = 2r + 3r? sin @ Determine the corresponding tangential velocity component, 1, required to satisfy conservation of mass. LOK) 194% Fart? oe a (e9. 6.35) Since Vz+0, 2p, _ Abu) : 38 OF a“ and with r= ar? +3r3sin @ Ut follows nat BOK) 2 4r 4b sin 6 ar Thus, £5.) becomes oe (tr + 9r*sin 6) a) Eguation(2) Can be integneted with yespect to © to cbtei) feu = - [ Ore 9r* sin6)da + Flr) er Wye ~Hre - Griese + FH) Where fir) és an undetermmed function of Fr.[oe 6.22 The stream function for an incompres- 0) sible flow field is given by the equation y = 3xry-y* 10 where the stream function has the units of m’/s with x and y in meters. (a) Sketch the stream- line(s) passing through the origin. (b) Determine the rate of flow across the straight path AB shown in Fig. P6.22. A LO =m FIGURE P6.22 ©) Lines of constant $ ore stream/ines. For b= 3x*y-47 the streamline [essing Through The origin (=0, yz0) has 2 value 20, Thus, te Cguation for the steamlines Trough the origin ts o=arty-9? or ge tex 4 sketch of these streamlines is shown in the tigure. () OF fe % At B 420, Y=Im so that & = 80) - 07 = — IPs Cper unit width) At A x#Im, Yxe 50 Thad 4s 30)*)-lo)? =o Thus 2 Os Yez -l als (per unit width) The negative sign indicates thet the Flow is from right 4 left as we lek trom A to B.6.23 The streamlines in a certain incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field are all concentric circles so that v, = 0. Determine the stream func- tion for (a) v) = Arand for (b) uy = Ar”', where A is a constant. From the dehiaiton of the stream tuncton, -£2¢ =-3 + FS ys A (£y. bz) so tut with U,=0 it hollows That Sh a0 and Therebre be £0) (a) For y= Ar a) 2 a ar ar Gy Tnteqrate 2g.) with respect Bob & cbte, fae: -fardr " i a However, since is nt « function of @, 14+ fellows that vague eB where C ts an arbitrary conshnt. 6b) Similarly, fr wm Ar’ fay => [aria ys -ALnr +C or C-24.a4* 6.24* The stream function for an incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field is w=3ryty For this flow field plot several streamlines. The xuation for a streamline is found by setting = constant in the epuation for The stream Function Thus. for the given stream Fanchon b= 3x7 yty sé tollews That the eguetion of o. sheumline is - y I° Tye where various Constant values Can be assigned ty Wb to obtain a family of streamlines. A program for caleulabing the X,4 eoordintes of various Streamlines Follows, 100 cls 710 print "peubedooee ooHG SE IDBO HE SBS HOSO IEG OE FESO BODE KI 120 print "** This program calculates the x,y points for ae 130 print "** various streamlines en 150 print osore sa peo aC CO ABO SEE SEE GAGE OIE SESH DEO BEBE DEGnbE rt 160 print 162 dim yu) 165 print "x y(Psi-1) — y(Psi=2)—-y(Psi=3) yy Psi=uy" 170 for x=-10 to 10 180 for psi=1 to & 190 yipsi)=psi/(1+3¥x"2) 200 next psi 310 print using "###.+ #H8.#F8H AHP HREH See ehEe AME HEHE Eyl), y6 2).yQ), 90) 220 next x Ccont) 6-25[2.24%] (con't ) Tabuleted vesuts hr 21,2, 3,4 and a plot showy the streamlines are given below. HO: OSE SEES ISIE HOMERS SHIRE EIA IA SEARO y(Psi=3) y(Psi 0395 20486 +0612 0795 21071 +1819 +2308 +3871 7500 +7143 0000 1.7143 0.7500 0.3871 0.2308 0.1519 0.1072 0.0795 0.0612 0.0486 0.0395 0 0.0526 0 0.0648 0 0.0816 0 0.1060 o 0. ° oO. ° oO. 0 oO. 0 Fy 1 SsocococoMKNeS6.a5 * 6.25* The stream function for an incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field is y = 2 sin30 For this flow field plot several streamlines for 0<0 o* -S5Y Gnd integrating lita respec to 4 gues Jd¢= [en™544)dy OP gr Se ~#) + Fe) ea Similarly , _3¢ eer Gnd sideputen with vespect to gives ye 5x79 + AY) “ay % satisty both Egs. UW) and a, ye sxty-$¥° +O with Ca constant. 6-32[oz7 6.24 Determine the stream function corre- sponding to the velocity potential ae Bry? Sketch the streamline y = 0, which passes through the origin. us ov 2d Lnteyrate wits vespeet fo y to obbin {ay = [3-252) dy “ ge 3Uy- LP) + hin ” Smid, ay a6 — ax 84 and siategmtiig with respect tb x yields Say . Sexy aK y= 3x7 + LY) ie Te satisty beth S95. U1) and (2) Yr Bxty- G4 6 Where C is an arbitrary Constant, Since the streamline Geo passes Through The erigin (X=0,y=0) /t fellows Tha C=0 Qua Y= 3474 -—y? 43) The eguation of the streamline Passing through the origin is found by setting b=0 im £313) +e or =o 4 fro jel we 4 (3% 4%)=0 whih is satished fer 420 x Qnd gs +VFx A sketch of the tb=0 streamhies are shown th The Figure. 6-33&. 30 6.30 ‘A certain flow field is described by the stream func- tion WAG + Brsing Where A and B are positive constants. Determine the corre- sponding velocity potential and locate any stagnation points in this flow field. 4+ Buse a) Lhtegrate with respect to + & obtaly ja = 04 + 8 cose) a or $= Alny + Brose + £0) “a Stinarly , Up=~3e= $38 = -B sind 63) and iié =-fe rsno de Cr b= Breose rhe) ad To satisfy both Egs.(2) ana l4) g2Alnr + Breese +e where C /s an arbitrary constant. Stagnation points occur where Viz0 ana zo From 3.13) Wgz0 at ©=0 and O=Tr. From £7.) wit &=0 Ge Er8 so tht 1,20 for FF -4 . However, since A andB are beth pesitwe constants This result indicates a Negative Value fer F whieh 1s not defined , At @=7 z4 =A Vy + B cos = 8 go Met Vso hr r= 4B. This, a Stagnatrou port occurs at A O=17 ana 4G31 6.31 Itis known that the velocity distribution REET for two-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid be- T» tween wide parallel plates (Fig. P6.31) is para- bolic; that is + Ee z : h FIGURE P63! with v = 0. Determine, if possible,. the corre- sponding stream function and velocity potential. To determine the stream Fanchon led a= gt: oe [r-t#)'] and integrate with vespeck fo y +o obtars fers ful pie a py. Uly- BL] eben ~3f 20, yo nol a Fametroy of x se Mat ge Ug [1-F FG] +6 where C 1s an arbitrary Constant. — Ta determine the velocity potential let ue ao = & [1-47] and sneqrete’ ite respecte to x te obtain feb > [%L- p]ax er g= y [« - fi. }+ £0) Howeve r, big = ~ they , eA B 7g and this relationship cannot be satished for all values of x and y. Thas, There 1s_not velocity potential Theat describes this Flow (the Far vs mot Irrotabiona/) .6.32 The velocity potential for a certain inviscid flow field $= -Gry - y) where @ has the units of ft/s when x and y are in feet. Deter- mine the pressure difference (in psi) between the points (1. 2) and (4, 4), where the coordinates are in feet, ifthe fluid is water and elevation changes are negligible. Since The Flow Field 1 described by a velecrty potential tne Hour MS Irrotatwhal and the Bernoulli efuation can be applied between any two points. Thus, . ALU. te FR PG a Also, a = Ole us bs buy At xlft, 9=24t hb, = ~bG)02) = a = 7 30)"+ 34) So thet = = 4 2 = At x44, yt te das ~b6U4)4) = — 96 Ys -3(4)*+ 34)2= So That yrs (-% #)? Thus, from ©9.0) Loe ee = 4 GHB) (Kn 8) as(6)'] 32,2 £ £) = 70 #, =( 8708 LE ) = 0.8 ps 6-36G. 33 6.33 Consider the incompressible, two-di- mensional flow of a nonviscous fluid between the boundaries shown in Fig. P6.33. The velocity po- tential for this flow field is gay (a) Determine the corresponding stream fune- tion. (b) What is the relationship between the discharge. q. (per unit width normal to plane of paper) passing between the walls and the coor- dinates x,. y, of any point on the curved wall? Neglect body forces. FIGURE P6.33 (a) ua Te determine integrate wite respect ty + obterh Ja¢e Saxdy er Ys Uy r+ hi “ Similar ay 2 abe eo et So that ou Jays Sryax or ge 249+ Ay a) To satisty both &gs. i) and a) gzsxuyr C where C 4s an arbitrary Constant, Since $=0 along y=o CaO and ge 2ey <3) (4) The discharge, By pessing Through any surface connecting the two walls, such as AB (see figure), i = Fa-%s From 43), Yo and ye 2e4;, Tt Lilows Tat ge 24% 6-376.34 — The stream function for a two-dimensional, nonvis- ous, incompressible flow field is given by the expression w= -2a-y) where the stream function has the units of f/s with x andy in feet. (a) Is the continuity equation satisfied? (b) Is the flow field irotational? If so, determine the corresponding velocity poten- tial, (c) Determine the pressure gradient in the horizontal x di- rection at the pointx = 2 fy = 2 ft (4) To satishy the continuity eguation, a4, ae. ax” 45 = for the stream function given, = -2¢. 24 ve 5522 Ip ia al avso a5 and the Continuity eguatioy 1s satished. Yes. (Wote: when 2 Flow tield 1 defied by a stream tunchon The continuity eguation 3 always ‘dentically satished,) (8) Since A) (r. 38) (ey. bn) and bu on it follows Tak thy = Thus, og _ 3K 2 and integration ysélds pax +9) C Where C is an arbitrary constant, ce) With The t-axis herigentel, Jy=0, and “ -2P. a £3, 6.5/a) sE ap (ugh +r Se) og. 6.5/8 ard ab aeatt, y72tt 2B. 2 [2 HO) +2#6)] = O 6-386.35 Inacertain steady, two-dimensional flow field the fluid may be assumed to be ideal and the weight of the fluid (specific weight = 50 lb/ft’) is the only body force. The x component of velocity is known to be u = 6x which gives the velocity in ft/s when x is measured in feet, and the y component of velocity is known to be a function of only y. The y axis is vertical, and at the origin the velocity is zero. (a) Determine the y component of velocity so that the continuity equation is satisfied. (6) Can the difference in pressures between the points x = 1 ft, y = 1 ft and x = 1 ft, y = 4 ft be determined from the Bernoulli equation? If so, determine the value in Ib/fe?. If not, explain why not. (4) To satisty the continuity eguation, au or. Set 5g 7° and with 2% =¢ jt Allows That aX ars, “ 29 . Equation I) Can be sitegrated with respect to ¥ 4 yield vs-by + Aw Since 1 is not a funchen of % and Is yore at the origi, rs-6 (4) The Bernoulli eguation can be apphed between any two points 1f the Flow is iFrotatione!. Since 4,24 i z=) (9,612) ane 34 20 ) Heo 1 Lollous tot 20 and the How ks Irrotatione). Thus, y 2 fs Fre = Boar we er BBE (RH) + ¥ -2,) «2 “im utente x 4]*+ [-em#]* = a and rye [ Gu) oy] ie 64) &f 562 Thus, rem . a » £t* Jy the 4 (2m \ (cu AY nn #)+ oo # i “eft 144) ify are 2 (50 #,)( t7 Bs ————— 6-396.3@ — The velocity potential for a certain inviscid, incom- pressible flow field i given by the equation = xy - Oy where @ has the units of m?/s when x and y are in meters. Determine the pressure at the point x = 2m, y = 2m if the pressure atx = 1m, y = I mis 200 kPa. Elevation changes can be neglected and the fuid is water. Since the flow is irrotatienal, Pew. te ¢ 23 rd with Vrsurtr™ for the velocity potental given, re ae RLM 2g” us 2b = ey At pont 1 led X=lm ana ysim 30 thet us #0) = 42 ye 2a)*- 20)" and v2 (4 a)? mae ae At pot 2 x5 2m and g2on so that y= FQ@)@)= 16 Ws 2G)*-20G)*=0 ) and 2 eee ate Thus, from Eg.) a o+ He X (+4) aN 4 O.80400" Fm ott a (uF . as) 248 G6.37 (a) Determine the velocity potential and the stream function for a steady, uniform, incompressible, inviscid, two- dimensional flow that makes an angle of 30° with the horizon- tal x-axis. (b) Determine an expression for the pressure gradi- ent in the vertical y direction. What is the physical interpretation of this result? (A) From Eps. 6.80 ana 6.8) $= OU (tos +5 5/0) (xg, 6.80) Gna fr &=30° p =O (x tos30' + y sin30") = U(0.866x + 0.5004) Similarly, =U (4 tosd x sina) (By, 6.81) ana for X= 30° p= (y 530% x sin 38) = U (0.8664 ~ 0.500% ) (b) Since 2 . ae og ann V= o¢ £ follows That Us6.8bbU ana = 0.5000 From the Euler eguation st the verheal 4-divechon -2Ps= on, a 2. ar /4, sf =p (F4 a yaw 3) (&. 6,516) ana with = Constant aud gy=—§ or This vesult jndicates that the pressuve distribuben i hydrostatic . This 13 mot a surprisiag vesult since the Bernoulli eguatien tndicates Tat (f There 15 no change in Velocity The change ih pressure 1s simply due te The weight of Thetluiad, LE, a hydrestahe Variaton. 6-4)6.38 6.33 The streamlines for an incompressible, inviscid, two-dimensional flow field are all con- centric circles and the velocity varies directly with the distance from the common center of the streamlines; that is vy = Kr where K is a constant. (a) For this rotational flow determine, if possible, the stream function. (b) Can the pressure difference between the origin and any other point be determined from the Ber- noulli equation? Explain. (a) y ~ ob sky an or Lnteprate Eg.) with vespect to + to obtain [av =~ ferar or . y= - + £8 Since sé follows a function of 8 and therelore yo ~E +e Where C is an arbitrary Constant. (5) The How 1s rotational and Therefore the Bernoulli eguetion Cannot be applied between the origi and any peint, since These points ave not en the Same streamline. No- (Reker +o discussion @ssociated with derivation of Eg. 6.57.) b-4#2fey 6.34 The velocity potential @ = -k(@- y) (k= constant) may be used to represent the flow against an i finite plane boundary as illustrated in Fig. Pt For flow in the vicinity of a stagnation point itis frequently assumed that the pressure gradient along the surface is of the form oer a 7 At y FIGURE P6.29 where A is a constant. Use the given velocity potential to show that this is true. For The velocity podenhal given where A=4h* 6-43 u = 24 = -2hx i) ax ye Bs = -2hy (zy and the stagnate point occurs at the engin. for ths ane two-dimensional fou B-p(udrre) (£4. esta) and along he Surface (y=) v=o So That = pu ee 3) From 29.0) Urz-Z2exX and Therehre Curr ax 2h and 2g.) becomes op - 5e? pC hx) C24) = Or oPla ox *6. 40 6.40 Water flows through a two-dimensional diffuser hav- ing a 20° expansion angle as shown in Fig. P6.40. Assume that the flow in the diffuser can be treated as a radial flow emanating from a source at the origin 0. (a) Ifthe velocity at the entrance is 20 m/s, determine an expression for the pressure gradient along the diffuser walls, (b) What is the pressure rise between the entrance and exit? fa) For radial Flow ye 2 (see Tble 6.1) For rtm U,220™6 so That 2 am = 2m, = 21 (2m) (20%) = oe From the Pernoullr’ eg uation pt a Constant So That ue oP: PU a cn oy, m | Since Up ‘, then Ws ~ | ana BE. oe can be en 5. ae = 2 Cae Fer Thus, hr a 499 44, m= 807 Be (aq #%,) (807 F)* _ box) rt Pe ry | (6) Since OV erbranee™ Zom/s and = —m gor Fg (Wesit = Bre >= TET Tg then from “the Perea Lp uaction Dittuser wal Flow exit ig- Pratence” 4P (OP eena” Cait] =4 Ga )leog)* Gag] > 1844 boyCL 6.41 Anideal fluid flows between the inclined walls of a two-dimensional channel into a sink located at the origin (Fig. P6.41). The velocity potential for this flow field is m o=y mr where m is a constant. (a) Determine the cor- responding stream function. Note that the value of the stream function along the wall OA is zero. (b) Determine the equation of the streamline passing through the point B, located at x = 1, FIGURE P6.4{ yea. (a) ot ae 2 2b 2 mm ‘ Ve 36 "5p tb G20 Lntegrate £3 .U) with respect to 6 % cbtom feo = YE d/o or Y= ag + F£th) Since oy. Lab. ap Yer —3p = F 50°? % us not a tunchon of F 50 &.(2) becomes = me Ys Bere . Where C & a tonstant. Also, P20 fr Or F So that ana -m (&-é) “3) CL) AL B tnb=+ 50 Met 82133 rad, From Eg (3) the value of Y% passing trough tis pont 1 yea (42 -g)= 0.0450m and therebre the egustion of the streamline passing Through B is Pan 0. 0¥50m=m (&-Z) 1,33 rad (he: LE can be seen tam £g.(3) that the streamlines are a// straight lines passing Through the erigin. ) or on4s6.42 6.42 _ Itis suggested that the velocity potential for the flow of an incompressible, nonviscous, two-dimensional fiow along the wall shown in Fig. 6.42 is = 1 cos 10 Is this a suitable velocity potential for flow along the wall? Explain, Lf this is a suitable $ the corresponding P must have a constant value along the well (since the well must Correspond to a streamliné), -4 9%. 2 4% ,% Bib feo $e “ Lategrake bg) wit respect to © te obtoly Y favs [$ res £0 er b= FB sin to + LO) ‘) Similarly, 3 5 tb Wye geo zh sage and fay . J# asm te de or ei y= Fe snte+£) i) To satishy both 293.2) ana (3) = £4 s/n + C ger sin to + where C is an arbityary constant. Along one section of the wall, O20, and W=C. Along the other section @= 3F and p=C, Thus, b has « Constant value aleng the wall and the given velocity potenhal can be used to represent fu oleng the wal]. Yes.43 643 _ As illustrated in Fig, P6.43 a tomado can be approx- mated by a free vortex of strength I’ for r > R,, where R, is the radius of the core. Velocity measurements at points A and B indicate that V, = 125 fi/s and Vy = 60 ft/s. Determine the distance from point A to the center ofthe tornado. Why can the free vortex model not be used to approximate the tornado throughout the flow field (r = 0)? m FIGURE P6.43 For a tree vertex wB# (9, 6.86) Thus, at by , Yee (25 LE , 50 Thad k= 125% and at "ey, Ups CO, So tat KS 60h, There fore , (25 Be 60 4 Gna sinc . mee by-h = leo ft It follows thet jash, = b0(100+%) er A= 23 Ft The tree vorkex cannot be used +o approrinste « tornado Throughout the How Held since at r=0 the Velocity becomes Wtin/te. O47G44 6.44 The velocity distribution in a horizontal, two-dimen- sional bend through which an ideal fluid flows can be approx- mated with a free vortex as shown in Fig. P6.4, Show how the discharge (per unit width normal to plane of paper) through the channel can be expressed as [ap eno & ‘or where Ap = pp — pa. Determine the value of the constant C eoeal ee tae m FIGURE P6.44 For free vertex U3 * Vapi a 6-4¢When water discharges from a tank through an ig in its bottom, a vortex may form with a curved sur- face profile as shown in Fig. P6.4S and Video V6.2. Assume that the velocity distribution in the vortex is the same as that for a free vortex. At the same time the water is being dis- charged from the tank at point A it is desired to discharge a small quantity of water through the pipe B. As the discharge through A is increased, the strength of the vortex, as indi cated by its circulation, is increased. Determine the maxi mum strength that the vortex can have in order that no air is sucked in at B. Express your answer in terms of the cir- culation. Assume that the fluid level in the tank at a large distance from the opening at A remains constant and viscous effects are negligible. From Example 66, re org Air will be sucked) into pipe Thus, [1*: ~ er¢?g d= - oF . Ir: 101 # Seal m FIGURE P6.45, when Z,2-l Fé fr a2 fe 80? (sft) (2.2 $) E142) C- ¥T646 6.46 The streamlines in a particular two-di- mensional flow field are all concentric circles, as shown in Fig. P6.4%. The velocity is given by the equation v, = wr where w is the angular velocity of the rotating mass of fluid. Determine the cir- culation around the path ABCD. _ FIGURE P6.46 fs V. de AgcD "If me bce “(ye [wees [Ge “ AB Bc co A Since Gro and Vz= wr, Fy. 1) becomes 6 6, [= [aldo +2 +/warde +o a = 04? (6,-6,) + Wa’ (6-6) Pz & (8,-6,)(b%-*) = we (b%a*) 6-506.#1 67 Water flows over a flat surface at 4 ft/s as shown in 4H y Fig. P6.47. A pump draws off water through a narrow slit ata = volume rate of 0.1 f/s per foot length of the slit. Assume that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid and can be represented SS] 3 by the combination of a uniform flow and a sink. Locate the a stagnation point on the wall (point A) and determine the equa- tion for the stagnation streamline. How far above the surface, +. Ba HY must the fluid be so that it does not get sucked into the slit? cates (pertotot lena oft) m FIGURE P6.47 - - ‘ -_ ™m Y? Lautrm * Yong = Ursmo- Fe D Th ~ 3) ay UP ie U cose - #4 @ and __ . -o sy, We 2b -Osnb Along the well Vpr0,and the stagnation pol occurs Where Ve=0, so tet from &3,(0 : ; mm o: UV esto") - Sm and therefore - a aru For U=44E ana mz 022 (note tat « source strength of 0.2 4° must be used % ebtatn 0.) f° through slit whith & only one helt of « “fall " snk). Thus, # Re 02 5. 6.00796 £4 an (4H) and the Stagnation point is en The wall 0, 007% 4 to the right of sht. (cont) G-StCHT (Co, The value of Y at the stagnation pont (p= 0.00M0 1, 0=0") ts ero (@3.1) so Tat the eguatien of The stegnation streamline is = Ursin b- we or . m bsine = 2 6 a ar Since Y= 15/8 The funtion of The stagnation streamline can be writen as - J* 20 @ Flaid above the stagnation streamline will not be sucked int St, The maximum distance, H, tor the stagnahon streamue ctcurs as O-—7T 50 Tht #e He @UT. 92 = go orof 2ru 20¢#) — (Note: Ail the Hluidl below ‘he slagnatiin streamhae must pass Through The shit. Thus, from conservation of mass HU = How wito slit er be O18 2b, oz50ft 4a # which checks with the answer above, ) 6-52(48 —] GHB Consider two sources having equal strengths located along the x axis at x = 0 and x = 2m, and a sink located on the y axis at y = 2 m, Determine the magnitude and direction ofthe fluid velocity at x = 5 mand y = 0 due to this combi- nation if the flowrate from each of the sources is 0.5 m'/s per mm and the flowrate into the sink is 1.0 m'/s pet m. At pout Pe alony the x-anis at x= Su the velocitits due +e the two souvee Oud The sak ave as follows: By souvee 4 ),? are Br source 2 oe = 0.5 °F = 0,005 — (Ya? ae nam) ae mtd) . For The sinle (rn). — 2, whee \Gmd*> = Yarm v/a ary so thet tm (4? — NF 2 coz SN VIA on aa Thus, at A the herinpntal velocity Component, u, 1S - = cy Ws 0.6154 + o.02b5 S a (0.024) ¥ = 0,01K9 o> and the vertical velocity component, U, ts veg (0.024) & = o.oo * The veloaty otf A is Thevebre Vs Vurav? = Vo. e149 tH) (e.0n0 #8)> = 00185 F One me . aS eae ©. 0185 fous 6-53O4F 6.49 The velocity potential for a spiral vortex flow is given by ¢ = ([/2n) @ — (m/2z) In r. where I and m are constants. Show that the angle. a, between the velocity vector and the radial di- rection is constant throughout the flow field (see Fig. P6.4f). For tne velocity potential qiven, Since and then @ constant. FIGURE P6.49 GsY¥650 6.50 Fora free vortex (see Video V6.2) determine an ex- pression for the pressure gradient (a) along a streamline, and (b) normal to a streamline, Assume the streamline is in a hor- ‘zontal plane, and express your answer in terms of the circu- lation. For a free vortex =-L Inr (Eg. 6.91) 21 so thet Lows 22. Vet FS 7° BS oe Since tne free verter represents an irrotatuna! flow Field, The Bernoulli fueton f+ e+ @ = constant a 1S Valid between any two points. (a) Along & streamline (= Constent), Vp 15 Constant and V=0 so That trom Fg.0i) with 2 eonstant tre Pressure 13 Constant, Lie. , 2P 0 26 (b) Norma) 4 the streamlne with Vi20 and £= Constant By Wr 4 a = constant a 24 So That (2) oy oP. — & 2B) _ _ og 2% Shea 7 TOR = Lf A = -? (Ge ~£.) = 7? Gates 6-55GSl 5! Potential flow against a flat plate (Fig. 6.51.4) can be described with the stream function w= Axy where A is a constant. This type of flow is com- monly called a “stagnation point” flow since it can be used to describe the flow in the vicinity of @ FIGURE P65! pe Any + Ho = Artsin 26+ a 6 For the bump the skagnetion poirt will eccar at x20, y=h (02 FE) bk). Fr the gwen stream function, eee Ute 5B F Ar Cos26 + and us - 2% = Ar sin 28 6 - The pom, 2B, r=h, will be a stagnation port iF Vi=0 since Yyrto at Tws point. Thus, trom ©3.0) Oo Ah Cos + m™ Ane axe and Therehre f*s 2 2rA the stagnation point at O. By adding a source of strength, m, at O, stagnation point flow against a flat plate with a “bump” is obtained as illus- trated in Fig. P6.51 b. Determine the relationship between the bump height, h, the constant, Aj and the source strength, m1. T Source ® an am arr oy ead ark6.52 6.52 The combination of a uniform flow and a source ‘can be used to describe flow around a streamlined body called a half-body. (See Video V6.3.) Assume that a certain ‘body has the shape of a half-body with a thickness of 0.5 m. If this body is placed in an air stream moving at 15 m/s, ‘what source strength is required to simulate flow around the body? The width of half=bedg = 2b CSee Fig, 6.24) So That (0.5m) be = From © 3.6.99 b= an “20 where tm is the source strength, and Thevefre mm = 2rUhb= 20 (15%) ( OSan am> = 750 > 6-57O53 6.53 A body having the general shape of a half-body is placed in a stream of uid. Ata great distance upstream the velocity is U as shown in Fig, P6.53. Show how a measurement of the di ferential pressure between the stagnation point and point A can be used to predict the free-stream velocity, U. Express the pressure differential in terms of U and fluid density. Neglect body forces and assume that the fluid is nonviscous and in- compressible EE eee) Write Bernoullé eguation between stagnation pont anc point A te obi Vil ut(it o+ 4) and therefore trom Eg. 4) 3 Thus, vt = = 0,703 Fotag f° O70 Peay = «) Abe 2. py? (1+ ZL (Eg, 6.101) end _ 6 tr-8) (£4, 6.100) be Sine At poit A @=% so tut _ oor-F) , eb 4 sat = er 4:2 Pe OT Substitution of Eg (2) into £7, b.10) yields Page yer BP (ir fh) = Br enspe™ 6-59&.S4 684 One end of a pond has a shoreline that resembles a half-body as shown in Fig. P6.54. A vertical porous pipe is lo- cated near the end of the pond so that water can be pumped ‘out. When water is pumped at the rate of 0.08 m?/s through a 3.m-long pipe, what will be the velocity at point A? Hint: Con- sider the flow inside a half-body. (See Video V6.3.) m FIGURE P6.54 For a helf-bedy, er Urshbd+ Fe (3.6.97) Yeo as Uae Ut artsy a For « Flourate of 0,067 iy « 3m long pipe, the Source strenghh aoc rem Since s ™ 6:2, (Eg 6.99) then with b= 5m UF Ed nei 6.37 x From EG.) V4 = 6.37 x10 -# = 849 x0 =G55 * 6.55* For the half-body described in Section Theat 6.6.1 show on a plot how the magnitude of the velocity on the surface, V,, varies as a function of the distance, s (measured along the surface), 7 from the stagnation point. Use the dimensionless 2 variables V,/U and s/b where U and b are defined in Fig. 6.24. Ne a 4E Ey x On the surtece of the half-body (7-6) ‘Sin O (£4. 6.100) ds = | (dx) *+ (ds)* with x=r cose and y= 4 sib. Lt fellows thet dx= 4 (-Sinb)db + cose dr dg= reese) do + Sine dr and Therehre ds =|) r*@e)*+(ar)* ds= |) r+ (2h) 6 Let s*=5/h and F¥=1/6 so that ds* = / (rt)*+(2eY" oe a“) FS and ov From E4. 6.100 dr*. _ sine + (7-6) cs (2) ae sin? Thus, the arc length s* 1s given by r- Sas [ (r4)*+ (25)* 40 (3) T for OL G4T. leont) b-bo6.55 * (cont) The velocity, Vy, on The surface of The halt-bedy can be Obtained from £9, 6/01 writen in The form 4 4 Ve cosé 4 )* VW" [i+2 ae Ge] eo Thus, for & given 8 , r* can be ebtened trom &%. bloo, S* from £3.(3), and V* from £9 ly), & program for calenlating V¥ as a function of S* follows. (Note Zn the program V* is desiqnted as v and S* as s.) 100 110 120 130 150 160 170 71 180 190 200 210 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 236 238 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 cls Brint HonGO Hao aSoa oad oap padi Spe a OB DESDE RD EROS ROS CHEE I print "** This program calculates the velocity distribution **" print "** over the arc-length of a half body xt Bein ASSO Hd ad asa gG OO OB OO CDO OBOE OOOO ODED SO AO OROE IE! print dim th(18),2(18),s(18),intgd(18),v(18) -O*atn(1.0) for i=1 to n th(i)=pi-(i-1)*ath if id then goto 230 x(id=1, drdth=0. goto 236 x(i)=(pi-th(i) )/sin(th(i)) drdth=-(sin(th(i))+(pi-th(i) )#cos(th(i)))/sin(th(i))°2 inted(i)=(x(i)°2+ardth*2)70.5 v(i)=(142kcos (th( i) )/e(i) 44/2 (4)7°2)7.5 next i for i=2 ton sum=(intgd(1)+intgd(i))/2 imi=i-1 for 3=2 to imi sum-sum+intgd(3) next 3 s(i)=dth*sum next i print ‘Theta Arc-length Velocity" for ton print using" ###.# Hee ee eee abe next i 180/pitth(i),s(i),v(i) (cont ) b-6/6.55 * (cont ) Theta 180.0 170.0 160.0 180.0 140.0 130.0 120.0 110.0 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 wu velocity. Dimensionie: 3 Are-length,g Velocity, Ys 0.0000 0.0000 7 U 0.1751 0.1739 0.3527 0.3444 0.5352 0.5078 0.7255 0.6611 0.9269, 0.8013 111437 0.9257 1.3811, 1.0322 16464, 1.1192 129495 fp 2.3052 Fl 2.7366 1 212814 1 410079 1 5.0539 1 6.7487 1 10.2419 ae 21.5487 1 3S 40 45 Dimensionless src-iength. s/b Tabulated data and 4a plot of the data are gies beloud. LIBS D I Saari SAGES ISS ISSIR SIAR SIn ISI EIS SCE AAS: 4% This program calculates the velocity distribution ** ** over the arc-length of a half body SESE O COE IEE SOROS HORE IS aS ARIE ECOOS DS IOS DIS GEE 20 2s 6-62, 50* £6.56 _ Consider a uniform flow with velocity U in the pos- itive wedirection combined with two free vortices of equal strength located slong the y-axis. Let one vortex located a ‘abe a clockwise vortex (yb = K'inr) and the other at y = —a te a counterclockwise vortex, where K is a positive constant. It can be shown by plotting streamlines that for Ua/K < 2 the Streamline =O forms a closed contour, as shown in Fig 6.56. Thus, this combination can be used to represent flow around a family of bodies (called Kelvin ovals). Show, with the aid of a graph, how the dimensionless height, H/a, varies with the parameter Ua/K in the range 0.3 < Ua/K < 1.75. The stream tunctus for the uniform How and The Awe vortices Is b= Uy +k bn p Kin hk, = Vy- Kine Synce 22 xX?+ Gy-a)* and rrexe Gra)” Csee figure ) then ] Ih Ty k x x44 lyva)™ $2 Dyk he lye) a -k x Gra)” " Poy -K Mf Ce Grey Thus, The Me hr the b=0_ streamine is ch [I > + ytay* xe 4(g-a)™ Gna tA honedithensional form Ue « £(4)", Choe Ge) (aD) | a) eee (cont ) 6-6?[ 6se*} (Con) Te Hid He , seb %Ju=0 ii Bg. ant Y= Wa. Eguaten te re duces us . $ (2 gr C2) [#=7)* hor a dpecitred value of oe ep) tan be solved by & tral and errr solutes > objain fa . 1 tabulated CCIE Et and the correspending Graph are shown below. 25| | aK Ha | ; 7 | | | 030 © 2.65 2 INS — 050 © 2.09 Hla O75 174 15 - — tate — 150 1.32 j {et 1751.25 |6.57 A Rankine oval is formed by combining a source-sink pair, each having a strength of 36 f°/s, and separated by a distance of 12 ft along, the x axis, with a uniform velocity of 10 ft/s (in the positive x direction). Determine the length and thickness of the oval. ‘4 a 5 | (£9, 6.107) a . 4 [ky 1] (2c) 4] (Bq, & 69) 36 ask tt, and UZ of, mye, w (0 )(en) vm © a S24 36 FE — Plas als For om Thus, lenghh = 22 anq trom E%, 6.107 ni 4 length= 2 cone) shyt! = 13,1 ft The thickness, 24, can be determined trom Eg, b.104 by trig! and error, Assume value for Af and Compare with right hand side of Fg. 6.109, (See table below. ) a | Ee [4-1 ton Jz (sas) $] 0.250 0.269 0.25) 0.262 0.252 0.25% 0,253 0.250 <~— use Thus, Bx 0253 and thickness = 24 = 2 (éft)(0.253) = 3 o4 tt6.59% 6.58* Make use of Eqs. 6.107 and 6.109 to construct a table showing how (Va, A/a, and Wh for Rankine ovals depend on the parameter » Ua! im. Plot Wh versus Ua/m and describe how this plot could be used to obtain the required values of m and a for a Rankine oval having a specific value of (and h when placed in a uniform fluid stream of velocity, U. Br a Renkiie oval AL om. %— a [He * ‘] (49, 6107) 4, 4 [BY 1) don[a(t)2 ] (£q 6.104) where the length of the body ks 2L and the width is 24 For a given Value of Valen, ©. 6.107 Cun be xlved for Lla, and Ey. 6.109 can be solved (using an iteration procedur) for #/e, The ratio AIR can then be detemmed. A program ter caltulatng La, ha, and £/h as 4 funcbon of wVa/m follows. and Inaba HERES ESSA RIES DSR rE RECEE HIE "x This program calculates 1/a, h/a, and l/h ass *#" ee function of pikU*a/m for Rankine ovals foe EMEA SHS DE SBSH DE ISOS DAI EI TERE TOF TASS Ga IOI eee ee 162 print a/m ie h/a ash" 168 data 10.0,5.0,1.0,0.5.0.1,0.05,0.01 190 for has=start to 10.0 step 0.0001 210 ha=0.5*(has*2-1)*tan(2*a*has) 220 if abs(1-has/ha)<0.002 and ha>0 then goto 230 222 next has 230 lh=la/ha 250 print using "##.#### Hee aR BREE a4. ttt se, laeha 255 start=ha 2€0 next i h L (cont) Gee6 5eF con't) Tabulated date. and a plot of LK as a function of Val are given below. SAE Ri SEO AGGIES DOO OPO x TI program calculates 1/a, h/a. and l/h as 2 iad ** function of pi*U*a/m for Rankine ovals ad SESE SES IBRD OCOD IIB B BE IEE FECES RGF BAS EE: pitUta/m a h/a / 10.0000 1.0488 0.1427 7 0000 1.0954 0.2632 4 2.0006 1.4162 0.8604 1 0.5000 1.7321 +3042 1. 0.1000 3.3166 1 4.5826 1. 0.0100 10.0499 1. piKUMa/m For « Rankine ovel with Land R specified the following steps could be followed to determine m and a: C1) For a given L/K determme the reguived Value of 71De/m from the graph. (2) Using this value f 7Ue/m calewlate Lfa trom bg. 6.107. 43) WT the Value of Sa clederrned, @na apecrhed, ettrrame the tale of a. L#) kyth WVa/m and a determined, the value of U/m 4s known, and fer & given Uo the value of om is fixed. 6-67[est | 6.57 Assume that the flow around the long circular cylinder of Fig. P6.54 is nonviscous and incompressible. Two pressures, p, and pz, are measured on the surface of the cylinder, as illus- trated. It is proposed that the free-stream veloc- ity, U, can be related to the pressure difference Ap = pr — prby the equation where p is the fluid density. Determine the value of the constant C. Neglect body forces. tHe beds FIGURE P6.54 Since f 4% the stagnation pressure, t, = f+ ve e yr 4g Vz2 Gs =-2U sine 2 2 (<2 snéo) = SU Thus, from &g.t1) 2 3 2 Rh PKs EP AV) Bpv 3 So That - \E VE - [FE and Therefore c= VF 6-68[eco] 6.60 An ideal fluid flows past an infinitely long semicircular “hump” located along a plane boundary as shown in Fig. P6.60. Far from the MP0 hump the velocity field is uniform, and the pres- sure is py. (a) Determine expressions for the max- ~_ imum and minimum values of the pressure along _ the hump, and indicate where these points are _ located, Express your answer in terms of p, U, and po. (b) If the solid surface is the y = Ostream- line, determine the equation of the streamline FS eee passing through the point @ = /2, r = 2a. 64) On the surtace of the hump, ey? ja (eg, be R= b+ zpv (i #sie B. 4b) The maximum pressure eccurs where sin 820, 0r at O=GT, and at These points Lape Blmaz) = 4,457 (at 070 oT) The minimum pressure cecurs Where sin 62) ,er at O= 7, and at ths pont Paes 3 iS ,r Blin)? Bo ZU (at = zr) (4) For uniform flow im The negate x- directon, at) _. p=- Ur (1- a) ane (veter 4 discussion associated with the devivahon of £3. 6.112). At 62%) pe2za a> 1H 2-3av ps -2aV (1- <>) sinEoz~Ze and Thus The eguation of The streamline passing through this pont is . a . ~2av=-Ur(l- 2 sine (1-2) sine Bly 2 3 6-696.67 6.61 Water flows around a 6-ft diameter bridge pier with a velocity of 12 fus. Estimate the force (per unit length) that the water exerts on the pier. Assume that the flow can be approxi- mated as an ideal fluid flow around the front half of the cylin- der, but due to flow separation (see Video V6.4), the average pressure on the rear half is constant and approximately equal to 's the pressure at point A (see Fig. P6.61). From Fig, 6-29 tt follows That the drag en a section Cbhetween O20 ana O=d) ef & Ciredlar cylinder «3 given bg The ofuaticy Drag = -[4 C0s@ ado For The force on Tue frort half of the tylindtr (per ant lengin) weal (esp ade a) ana due to symmetry ize Fron ©g. b.ll6 2 . A= hr apl (= sive) (gy bus) and since we are only interested ii The free due be the Aewing Fluid we will bet J=o Thus, trom &g 0) (PU? (1 = + sinB) cose “ade (2) Ve 7 7 Since [aoe 5 one] = ly The he T. and [ 31n"B tes bdb = ty, A (cont ) 6-70( cont) 1 follows trom Eg (2) That _ pwn be ~ Fe Mote thee the negative siga Jndiistes Tt The water bs actually “pulling” on te cylinuer (tmnt halt) 1h The upstrem directo. However, when The effect of the rear half of Te cylinder ts taken inte account (ji a real fluid) There will be « net drag in the divechon of fly. The pressure at te top of the cylinder Cpomt A) 13 Given by - be B+ dp (1— 45in"6) Eg. 6 19) aud with 62h 5 teh -3,u" Since p=e a Pa ~ GP we poke That the negative pressuve will qe a posihie Fy B, s~ Bx proyected avea =- f x tall) Se that 2 EF 3 pO layer) = £pve Thus, 0 Re By the = ~00% _ 3pve 3 z = Dpv’a 6 With the data gilen, £2 Bo BGA) = RE6.62* 6.62* Consider the steady potential flow around the circular cylinder shown in Fig. 6.26. Show on a plot the variation of the magnitude 6f the di- mensionless fluid velocity, V/U, along the posi- tive y axis. At what distance, y/a (along the y axis), is the velocity within 1% of the free-stream. velocity? Along the y-axis Vi=0 So that the magnitude of te velocity Vv, & oual to /%l. Smnce we -U (1+ 2) sine (£46.08) it follows that along the posite y-axis (@=E, r=9) Ve Wel U (i+) ar as s/t yt eo A program for caleulating V/or as a function of Yfa follous. IEE nt (VOSS S SRO SRS S A BEECSSO FE OFS ROO BBGEEBE BAB CrBGCHEN print "** This program calculates the velocity profi print "** on the ty-axis for flow around « cylinder en Int HORS OB OGO SESE OO SORE ODER ERED GOH SRB SS bbeecrecepe ‘int print "yla w/o" for ya=1.0 to 10.0 uslti/ya"2 print using "##.## ae REE next yal Cent ) 6-72G.b2 (cont ) Tabulated data and a plot of the data are gwen beled. LE can be seen from these results thet tr 44> Zz the velocity V ts with 1% of The tree-stream velocity UV. RS OCS SSSR RIS USES ISR IGnISmEICrE BE IO SEm pr Srna 4% This program calculates the velocity profile ** y* on the ty-axis for flow around a cylinder = ** pipe ESSE SO BEDE DOO ERIS ROCGOR ROCHE EAI yla v/o 1.0625 1.0206 1.0156 1.0123 eo Le bs 3 2 “aL \ a be Lo = — y/e 6-736.63 — The velocity potential for a cylinder (Fig. P6.63) rotating in a uniform stream of fluid is 2 oe ur(i+£)emo+ Fo F 2x where I’ is the circulation. For what value of the circulation will the stagnation point be located at: (a) point A, (b) point B? teed das FIGURE P6.63 mn , S (és, 6.122) sn Stag ~ 4nUe & AE pont A, Gygso and rt follows thet M=0. 3r (b) Ab pot B, Baag* Zz) ann trom &. bbe Ps ¥rUa sin 2 = ~ 4rVaGo4 6.64 A fixed circular cylinder of infinite length is placed in a steady, uniform stream of an in- ‘compressible, nonviscous fluid. Assume that the flow is irrotational. Prove that the drag on the cylinder is zero. Neglect body forces. Drags f= -[% tsp 2 db (és, 6.7) Be he 4el(1~ 4 sme) (eg, 6.6) Thus, or a Drag =~ ap [ cos do + $ pv" [ewe de ar _ 2a pv vie cos@ dé Since, Cu a0 [ esoae = cine] =o ° ° 7 aud * ents aa she wseda= SEE) =o o it follows that Dray 6-756.65 Repeat Problem 6.64 for a rotating cyl- inder for which the stream function and velocity potential are given by Eqs. 6.119 and 6.120, re- spectively. Verify that the lift is not zero and can be expressed by Eq. 6.124. Drag [2 (56 ade ( 6.07) fe pede (i weinee Haid E,) l Thus, - Drag = - at [mot + zp [« cso de - ‘ 27 2 t 2 (ose sin6 dB - weve | veese dé Since , 1 or [ ws6 dB = T%h can be replaced With a soled boundary along Which The stream funetioy fmust be Constant. This boundary forms aright angle and Merefore Tis stream funchos Can be used * veprestnt flow wi « rigat angle Coraer. (5) Since <« 4 ob 2 2Arcs2e ns b GE = 2A rcs at O=Th = 24 rest =-ZAr > For a source located at tne origin _m b= Tre - am ana He 456 rr To Create a stagneto port ef Fl ana B= E let Y= Vey (cont) er Dividing steaming Fresh water 6-82Thus (eats ZB and m= kT AL” ques a stagnation pont at heh, b=] . (2) The eombsaed stream funchoy 13 = Artsy an WsAr*sn26 + Fe 6 qnd with rms 4A? Y= Ar?sin20 + 2ALO The value of W at the stagnation port (p2L, O=%) 4 2.0 2 Yue Al?sm™ + 2AL (2) = Alt Thus, the eguation for the streamline passing through tne stagnatwn point 13 Alt = Ar’sin20 + 2ALO wl-208 be Gna ris ¢ a) For plotting [et x's Fos and go? r'sin® ana 4 plot of the dividiag streamline from F9.(1) 15 shown on the Blowing Page. (con't) 6-836.68 Ccent> Theta(deg) Theta(rad) 100.175 2 © 0.349 300.824 40 0.698 50 (0873 60 1.047 7 © 4222 8 1306 go 4871 FL 2.857 1.950 1.555 1.331 4.191 4.100 1.042 4.010 4.000 x 2.814 1.832 1.347 1.020 0.765 0.550 0.356 0.175 0.000 y 0.496 0.667 0.78 0.856 0.912 0.952 0.979 0.995 1,000 6-84GF 6.64 The two-dimensional velocity field for an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is described by the relationship ‘V = (12xy? — 6x°)i + (18x? — 4y)j where the velocity has units of m/s when x and y are in meters. Determine the stresses a,,, dys. and t,, at the point x = 0.5 m, y = 1.0 mif pressure at this point is 6 kPa and the fluid is, glycerin at 20 °C. Show these stresses on a sketch. qs ~ pt em # (Eg, 61258) Tyg =~ Pe we (eg, bizsb) ‘3 ty # (35+ #8) (ep, enee For the given velocity distribution, with L= 0.5m and y=lomi l2y° 18 x* = 12 (ho) 18 (0.5)"= 750% 24xy = 24(05)(40) = ia.od Bbxy = ablosllio) = (8.0% 4" 18x? 12g? = 18 (a5) 12 (h0)* = ~ 1.50% YY Se ely Thus, for pe bx, and w= 15042 , T= - 6x 10°. + 2 (150 %2) (750%) = -5984R aR Tyg = ~ bx IO, + 2 Cuso%S ) (7505) = = 4.02 iy Te, = (80 8 Y(z.04 +1803) = 4EOR orem 4 Fp He. Pa 5 SRR x = f bs70. ~ 6.70 Typical inviscid flow solutions for flow around bodies indicate that the fluid flows smoothly around the body, even for blunt bodies as shown in Video V6.4. How- ever, experience reveals that due to the presence of viscos- ity, the main flow may actually separate from the body cre- ating a wake behind the body. As discussed in a later section (Section 9.2.6), whether or not separation takes place de- pends on the pressure gradient along the surface of the body, as calculated by inviscid flow theory. If the pressure de- creases in the direction of flow (a favorable pressure gradi- ent), no separation will occur. However, if the pressure in- creases in the direction of flow (an adverse pressure gradient), separation may occur. For the circular cylinder of Fig. P6.7o placed in a uniform stream with velocity, U, de- m FIGURE P6710 termine an expression for the pressure gradient in the di- rection flow on the surface of the cylinder. For what range Of values for the angle @ will an adverse pressure gradient occur? eeeeeeeas From &g. 6.116 B: Bt Zev" 7-4 sin?) Thas, aR ee * sine Cos ® ro) Since an adverse pressure gradient occurs for a positiie df fob, it follows Crom Eg (1) Tut 6 fills 1 The range of + 90° for an adverse sire gradjent This range Corres, > the g ng rear half of The cylinder. b-3L[e7 6.71 For a two-dimensional incompressible flow in the x-y plane show that the z component of the vorticity, {., varies in accordance with the equation ‘What is the physical interpretation of this equa- tion for a nonviscous fluid? Hint: This vorticity transport equation can be derived from the Na- vier-Stokes equations by differentiating and elim- inating the pressure between Eqs. 6.127a and 6.127. For two-dimensional Flew with wzo, Eg, 6.1278 veduews to plier uw BevB)s 2s oy on (He ga) 0 and EG, 6./27b reduces to e (fe up. 7 e) = z SP + ogy th ee i) nad DiAerentiate £g.01) with respect to Y and Bg.(2) with respect to x, and subtract &9 (1) from Eg iz) to obteln 2 on on ou -2 a Py Rte Ere gee the + ge = 2 (Pe, YE) _ 2 (ate, Be y 41% axe * ee) 2 oxrt 8 7) co By definition (see Fg. 6.17) du _ du Qi 95 Re-write ae to obtain o 2 oe ae ar da) _ 3 eee ue ayer y x i) = ae - 34 ot (ee. de ale fe a5) * ayt | ox by )| (A (cont ) 6-876.7/ (Cont ) Since each term in parenthesis in &g.l4) te it follows That of, oh _ fe | ote ate nthe ACTER) om The left side of Eg.(5) Can be expressed as (see £4.45) Dfe where the operator DE? Ws the material “DE De bet derivative , The vight hand side of Eg.(5) can be Ck pressed as vt where vw=fhfe so That 9/5) Can be written as pret By a nenviscous tluid ,V=°, and in ths Case Thus, for Hon viscous De 7° 4 twe-dimensione! tlw of an incompressible, Fluid, the change im the vorticity of a tlaid particle as 1t moves through the flow Held is Hero. 6-8G.7Z 6.72 The velocity of a fluid particle moving along a horizontal streamline that coincides with the x axis in a plane, two-dimensional incom- pressible flow field was experimentally found to be described by the equation w = x*. Along this streamline determine an expression for: (a) the rate of change of the v-component of velocity with respect to y; (b) the acceleration of the particle; and (c) the pressure gradient in the x direction. ‘The fluid is Newtonian. (4) From the Continurty eguation, Que 2x7 35° so thet with wax or, du eK 545° ~ ox ae ” Also, Eg 11) can be integratect with respect te y to obten far G = axdy as ~2xy + Fix) er Since the x-atis is a Stram[iie, 720 along This axis and therefore flxJ=0 30 That ys -2Ky ) aye ud ey Pf = GANGx)+ C249)0) © 2x? eerie (x2)62y) + (6249) F-2x) = any QyF 4 ox Along X-axis, y as a CC) From 23. 6.274 (wits Mae a,:-$2+4 + oe “) x pax aa Oy So tut , axis A+ & (are) and } _ 3 ot ah - 2px 6-376.73, U 6.73 Two horizontal, infinite, parallel plates are spaced —s a distance b apart. A viscous liquid is contained between the r plates. The bottom plate i fied and the upper plate moves parallel to the bottom plate with a velocity U. Because of b aa the no-slip boundary condition (see Video V6.5), the liquid ‘moving boundary, There is no pressure gradient in the di. rection of flow, Note that this is a so-called simple Couette flow discussed in Section 6.9.2. (a) Start with the Navier= Fixea plate Stokes equations and determine the velocity distbation be- ween the plates. (b) Determine an expression for the flowrate passing between the plates (fora unt width). Ex: press your answer in terms of b and U, ‘motion is caused by the liquid being dragged along by the 4 4 (@) For steady Fl) with Psurso rt follows That The Nevier- Shkes guations reduce te Cin director of Flow) 2 ote o-- £ +p (FE) (fg. 629) Thus Ar Gero Pressure Gradient Pe — By = at se ut G44 Ce At yso uso and it illows Mak G50. Similarly, at g2h usU and CF Therefore u 4 “wats b vf (2) ge [utes = T [ody = 0 where % 1S the Flurate per unit width a ub Zz 4s 6 2 lo zs 6-foG74 6.74 Oil (SAE 30) at 15.6 °C flows steadily between fixed, horizontal, parallel plates. The pressure drop per unit length along the channel is 20 kPa/m, and the distance between the Plates is 4mm, The flow is laminar. Determine: (a) the volume tate of flow (per meter of width), (b) the magnitude and direc- tion of the shearing stress acting on the bottom plate, and (c) the velocity along the centerline of the channel. 2474 Gy, 6.136) (a eZ z s ; 3 For f= tums 2x10 im) he 039 ee, and SE = 20x10 2) é . 3 3 2 (2x10 m) (0 x10 ay ) 3 (0.38 we) ae -4% 2.01 x10 * AM* (bh) Tye pK x + 3) (3, 626d) Since wed (yh) 3. G.IBE) and ae it fellows That oe Bu st (ay) age and There bre Ty = $£ 04) At the bottom plate, ¥=-4, and since 322-4f, Tog = SER) = (20 1102, acid?) = 40 acting in the direction of flow ce) s 3 Eg 6.138) Umax ~ % Vv 4 (eg. ~2(8)-3 (28 xP) = os — BNan) Z faye m) a oa6.75 Two fixed, horizontal, parallel plates are spaced 0.2 in, apart. A viscous liquid (11 = 8 X 10 Ib-/f?, SG = 0.9) flows between the plates with a mean velocity of 0.7 ft/s. De- termine the pressure drop per unit length in the direction of flow. What is the maximum velocity in the channel? ‘ R™ bp (eq, 6.137) 4p. Y. 3 (8x16* PA) lot #) 242 ® per fe (€3, 6.138)oTe 6.16 A layer of viscous liquid of constant thickness (no velocity perpendicular to plate) flows steadily down an infinite, inclined plane. Determine, by means of the Navier-Stokes equa- tions, the relationship between the thickness of the layer and the discharge per unit width. The fiow is laminar, and assume air resistance is neg- ligible so that the shearing stress at the free sur- face is zero. Guz g sind With te coordinate system shown th the Figure V50, uso, and from the Continuity eguation ca =0, Thus, from the x- component of The Waviér Stokes eguations (Eg, 6/274), =-2 sind dru 1 $b npg sind +p F4 “ Also, since There is a free surface, there Cannot be & pressure gradient th fhe x-direchow so trot 2P -5 aud 23.0) can be written as ox Sh =~ EB sine Loteqration yrelds de _. (4 sad)y +6, ea Since the shearing stress Terk (3 a equals yero at The free surface (y=h) it Follows That 84-5 ak gah so That The constant im 23.02) 4s C,? a Sine Integration of bg.) yrelds use (42 sate + [28 smd)y 1G Site uz0 at y=o,/t Follows Tut Cz, =0, and Therebre us Of sina (Ay- £) 4 The flowrate per unit width can be expressed a5 F «fds So that 4 pe pak sind af 8 and (hy 2 dy = CORR" 0 — Ja 6-937 Direction of tow 6.17 Avviscous, incompressible fluid flows be- tween the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates of Fig. P6.11. Determine, by use of the Navier- Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow. Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and uniform. bashed FIGURE P6.17 With The esordinate system shown u=0,ur=0 and trom the continurty eg uation at=o0. Thus, From The Y- component of the Navier-Stokes "eguatons (Eg. 6276), ui™ 34>-J, of Fg .(2) yields = -2b 8 ae 1 O55 Path Ge a Since The pressure is not a function of X, Eg. 1) can be written as ger. 2 Ox (oohere P= 22 xpg) and inteprobed to obtain av. xr @) dk Ke ‘ From symmetry 2620 at x20 30 Tht C,=0. Inkymtiow 2 ~-2AG See eae ae 2a ince at x=th,v=0 it follows Mat C,= go) and Theretore Pe (e-4) Ee cans The Ftlowrate per unit width ii The &-direchow can be expressed 4s h th gs [rae [i ORB)dx = -2 Ee Thus, with V (mean velocity ) @._ii% Vi a FF it Follows That y ah. BV 5g = “Ge C8 b- tyes 6.78 A fluid of density p flows steadily down- ward between the two vertical infinite, parallel plates shown in the figure for Problem 6-77. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the Navier-Stokes equation to determine the re- lationship between the discharge and the other parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero. See solution for Problem 6.83 to obtam : LR Bo 3 where g is The dischame per unt width and Ls fh +g. Thus, wn 9 2 = 3 irra 358 or Be -3b-rg Kor 22 =0 95 ped! # Wa (ote: The negative sign indiales that The direction of Sow must be unuerd to create a ero pressure gradient. ) 6-956.74 6.79 Due to the no-slip condition, as a solid is pulled out of a viscous liquid some of the liquid is also pulled along as, zontal parallel plates as shown in Fig. P6.83. The fluid moves. between the plates under the action of a pressure gradient, and the upper plate moves with a velocity U while the bottom plate is fixed. A U-tube manometer connected between two points along the bottom indicates a differential reading of 0.1 in. Ifthe Upper plate moves with a velocity of 0.02 ft/s, at what distance from the bottom plate does the maximum velocity in the gap between the two plates occur? Assume laminar flow. plate y= 100 ion? mM FIGURE P6.83 -vstee us Ut + ay (2B) (y~55) (£7. 6.140) Macimum velocity w/l| eccar at dishnce Ym where we Thus, - v2 Be Fe eZ) rv and tor df 20 Ke : Ym ~ SCE) * 2 ao For manometer (see figure to rignt) , Ft Ah Veg bh ov Poh (ey -% bh = Lb = (ico by ~ 50 4) ( Also, ap - 3: Thus, From Ey, (1) You? (0.03 #3 )(0.02£) ™ 1.0 ib #2 \- 0, 334 a) 2 iu = 00632 £4 (12th CR Fe b-loz4 6.81 _ A vertical shaft passes through a bearing and is lubri- \—75 mm cated with an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 N's/m? as shown in Fig. P6.8% Assume that the flow characteristics in the gap be- Z, Bearing tween the shaft and bearing are the same as those for laminar flow between infinite paalelplate with zero pressure gradient rom Y LA, in the direction of flow. Estimate the torque required to over- ‘come viscous resistance when the shaft is turning at 80 rev/min. on | —b+0.25 mm m FIGURE P6.84 SN dFe t The torgue due +e force dF achig Le » tue on a differential avea, dhe v2de, is (see Figure at vight) aT = % dF = Th de where T is the shearing stress. Thus, ar qT: td [ a0 = amr th a 0 fim sheft lente In the gap, uz Vv (eq. 6142) where Ust.W and b is te gap width, Also, du. top ay Ae Thus, from Eg.) oie) amy (ME) f = aay ped 3 (0. 160m) = an (9.005 >) (oa ¥3 2 Yoo a ved)/mniy\} SPOT ole yn 6031] (0,25 x loom ) = 0.355 Nem 6-1036.85 685 __A viscous fluid is contained between two long con- Ushw centric eylinders. The geometry of the system is such that the <——. SS, flow between the cylinders is approximately the same as the laminar flow between two infinite parallel plates, (a) Determine EL an expression for the torque required to rotate the outer cylin. der with an angular velocity «, The inner eylinder is fixed. Ex. Dress your answer in terms of the geometry of the system, the a Viscosity ofthe uid, and the angular velocity. (b) Fora small rectangular element located at the fixed wall determine an ex- pression for the rate of angular deformation of this element. (See Video V6.1 and Fig. P69.) Lm cylinder length Tr shearmg stress () The torgue which must be apphea to outer cylinder to overcome ‘te force due 4 the Shearing stress 18 (see igure) dg= dF = Y, (ty 9d6) = Beg do 0 that ay . geet f ae = arn th a) In the gap PD arUg (83, 6.192) Uv & 1 Since, Te aS be -f, Uw (see Aguve), it follows from 25.0) that T= any (Ate )s = arty ood wd te Fe sc QuaOBS (cont ) 65) From Eg. bis = 24, a4 0 OK tS Bor the Imear ditributen - U4 5 > The negative sign indicates that the original Vignt angle shown in Fig, Pb.74 is shereasing. 6-10568k * 6.81% Oil (SAE 30) flows between parallel plates spaced 5 mm apart. The bottom plate is fixed but the upper plate moves with a velocity of 0.2 m/s in the positive x direction. The pressure gradient is 60 kPa/m, and is negative. Compute the velocity at various points across the channel and show the results on a plot. Assume laminar fiow. The velocity distibuhen 1s Given by the eguation t usUZe Bie #E) 05% 45) (£3. 6.140) and for the guin data, (.2F) 1 ue 34 t.c06m) 7 * a (owes) E boxw' 8 MIs? G.o0sm)'] re vo that us toyt 7.89x20" (0.0054 - 47) with utr rmfs when y is rim. A program for caleulatng &« as a functiu of 4 follows. pn BSS DESDE OR OEO BOBO OBESE HDE DED EEEEE ET "** This program calculates the velocity profile 4" "¥* for Couette flow ee Nectar Sino aca DB Baa US SEEGER ASG S EEE UER EGE! r y uty)" 160 for y=0.0 to 0.0051 step 0.0005 170 u=40*y+789004(0.005*y-y~2) 180 print using "#.#### #.d##4" 190 next y Ceont ) b-lob6.96 * 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 +0020 0025, +0030 +0035, +0040 0045 0050 2200000 x10 (con't) Tabulated data. and a plot of the data are given below). uly) 0.0000 0.1975 0.3556 0.4742 0.5534 0.5932 0.5934 0.5542 0.4756 o Sepp pc ppp ran S rom binbddoobo nbd iri nreerirE: “* This program calculates the velocity profile ** ** for Couette flow SSO SBS DROID S IEEE SSS ISOS IS ASSET + (m 6-10737 ee! 6.87 Consider a steady, laminar flow through a straight horizontal tube having the constant el- liptcal cross section on ven by the equation: aa ae Bo The streamlines are all straight and parallel. In- vestigate the possibility of using an equation for the z component of velocity of the form wea (: a5 x) eB, as an exact solution to this problem. With this velocity distribution what is the relationship be- tween the pressure gradient along the tube and the volume flowrate through the tube? From the description of the problem, u=0,v=0, 9,70, w# ttt), and the continuity eguatin macates that duce. lith These Conditions The £-Comporent of The Navier-Stokes eguations (Eg 6.1276) reduces to Ee soo Ga ox2 7 an) Due to the up boundary eoatbn, ur =0 on the elliphea! boundary Thus, The proposed velocity distrbuten satishes this Conditen Since on the boundary wea (i-£- 8) Ali-(& -£))- A [i-e))z0 This result. indicates “hat the proposed slaty distri bubow Can be used as &@ Solution. Subst/tuton of The velocity Astribyhbn into 2g.) gives the relateuship between The pressure qradent, 3, and te velocity, Since, Pur. _ 2h aur | 2a ax? az ay? a ct fellows That l i = -24 (47H) ” (cont) 6-108An Ceon'z ) The volume flurate, Q, through the tube 15 given by the uation Q: [wan Aven ali- 4 +f jem Thus, -£ 78 av[ [0-2 Beat ody 8 Se g wf led 8 |, 0 b s ayy i . a [[eIE (i £)- $008 (2 oy y 26 24s (i- "dy = BAe (27) = Atal , u be Ss \ Te and ‘therefore as 28 "ab From &4.!2) 6-1076.83 6.22 A fluid is initially at rest between two horizontal, infinite, parallel plates. A constant pressure gradient in a direction parallel to the plates is suddenly applied and the fluid starts to move. Determine the appropriate differential equation(s), initial condition, and boundary con- ditions that govern this type of flow. You need not solve the equation(s). Diflerentia) eguations are the same as ERs. 6/24, 6134 ena 6.13) except Tt 2440 (since The Flow 13 unsteady ) Thus, 24, 6.129 rust trclude The local acceleration term, GE, ant the governng dMereshal Cpuatoius are: . au, 2 (x. direchon) Heston re (arth 2 = constant) (Y= direction ) (B- divection ) Liiha] Conditon : “=o fer t=0 fr aly. Boundary conditions: = =o b-/o6.89 Ibis known that the velocity distribution for steady, laminar flow in circular tubes (cither horizontal or vertical) is parabolic, (See Video V6.6.) Consider a 10-mm diameter horizontal tube through which ethyl alcohol is flowing with a steady mean velocity 0.15 mis. (a) Would you expect the velocity distribution to be parabolic in this case? Explain. (b) What is the pressure drop per unit length along the tube? (a) Check Reynolds number + determae sf Hou is laminar: 1 Row PLR (731 8% (0.8 F)(0.c10m) _ x 1.19 x10? WS 995 < 100 Thus, The Flow 13 Jaminar and velocity cistr: beton } would be Parabolic. (4) Since The Alow ts laminar = y # 4. 452) ' So ete jy 2 (119 x0? 22,052") be (agen)? = stim, per am berFO. 6.90 A simple flow system to be used for steady flow tests consists of a constant head tank connected to a length of 4-mm-diameter tubing as shown in Fig. P6.90. The liquid has a viscosity of 0.015 N- s/m?, a density of 1200 kg/m’, and dis- charges into the atmosphere with a mean velocity of 2 m/s. (a) Pressure Verify that the flow will be laminar. (b) The flow is fully de- ee (1) (2) veloped in the last 3 m of the tube. What isthe pressure at the pressure gage? (c) What is the magnitude of the wall shearing | mmo + ‘SUeS5, Try in the fully developed region? |} m —+| Diameter = 4 mm m FIGURE P6.90 (a) Check Reynolds number to determine if How ts laminar : hex PLR). C20 BE) (2 B)(o.004m) _ “~ 2.015 ws Since the Reynolds number is well below 2i00 the How is laminar t4o () For lamar flows, £*4, (44, 6182) Vigeek u Since Ap= R- = f-0 Lee figure) + eo . # (0.05 “(2% )is 120.48 1” pe Arie —> (224m) «© Ter (EF 3 (&, & nef) For fully developed pipe How, Y20, S0 That Taeh 58 Als [s0, Ge Vax ft _ (ér] (eg 6S and with 2 2V, whee V & The mean velocity 2 va (- #) Thus, ot, the ” ny yal ? ag | (2) Yeur| * | * ue: |- 6-2OF 691 A highly viscous Newtonian liquid (p = 1,300 kg/m’; # = 6.0N - sim?) is contained in a long, vertical, 150-mm di- ameter tube. Initially the liquid is at rest but when a valve at the bottom of the tube is opened flow commences. Although the flow is slowly changing with time, at any instant the ve- locity distribution is parabolic, that is, the flow is quasi-steady. (See Video V6.6.) Some measurements show that the average velocity, V, is changing in accordance with the equation V= 0.1, with Vin m/s when tis in seconds, (a) Show on a Plot the velocity distribution (v, vs. r) at = 2s, where vis the velocity and ris the radius from the center of the tube. (b) Ver- ify thatthe flow is laminar at this instant. (a) For parabolic velocity distri buh x % = | (fy (Eg 6.154) Tons Since Unay = 2V w= av [1-(£y) With V=Olt at 4225 V= 0.2 and R= ‘some = 7Sanm . Thus, 23,1) becomes yet (2)fi (6a ann We oy (1-178?) A plot of nis velocity distribution i shown below. vs (mis) rim) 0.000 0.075 i - | 0.100 0.065 os 0.185 0.055 oe | 0258 0.045 | 0313 0.035 ; 008 | 0356 0.025 | 908 | 0.384 0.018 0.02 | 0.400 0 Eo | 0.384 0.015 - 0366 0.025 oe | 0313 0.035 ; 7 0258 -0.045 208 0256 9.045 008 0.185 -0.055 4 | 0.100 Pron | 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.600 0.000 -0.075 velnis) ® Bee Pap = (1300 #,)(0.2%)(0.150m) 6.5 << 2100 (Flow is lamar) " 6-136.92 6.42 (a) Show that for Poiseuille flow in a tube of radius R the magnitude of the wall shear- ing stress, ¢,,, can be obtained from the relation- ship Uceal = 22 for a Newtonian fluid of viscosity . The volume rate of flow is Q. (b) Determine the magnitude of the wall shearing stress for a fluid having a viscosity of 0.003 N-s/m? flowing with an average velocity of 100 mm/s in a 2-mm-diameter tube. cay Gath (25 (hy, anes) Fer Poiseuille fw ti a tube, U,=0, and therefore Dar 4 Since ) : by We tay [-@] (eq. bse and 2 2V, where Vis the mean velocity , it fllous that oy. _ AV or Re Thus, at the wall (r=R), (Te dann = 7 wal) and with @= TRV | Cedar 29, TR? | Cahay |e BE = tees ello R ( 2.222 m) 6-46.93 6.93 An incompressible, Newtonian fluid flows steadily between two infinitely long, con- centric cylinders as shown in Fig. P643 . The outer cylinder is fixed, but the inner cylinder ‘moves with a longitudinal velocity V» as shown. For what value of Vp will the drag on the inner cylinder be zero? Assume that the flow is laminar, axisymmetric, and fully developed. FIGURE P6.93 Eguation 6/47, which was developed for Flow mi Circular fabes, applies i The annular regun. Thus, n Wy ye (SE) ere Gore 1) With boundary conditions, b= I, , Vz=0, and ra, Yy=Vo, it follows tet = tf (2#)r? org 2 )r + 6 kun eG «2, fi 2 Ms CE )ii + ter G «3) Subtract £3.02) thom £9.03) t obtain L fa, he 62 je AV it- 6) + 4 on FB V, so Thad we EE kn Le % The drag on the inner cylinder will be zero if (Gs en IC Since vu. tee Wad (en ‘ oe ) (23, 626#) it follows That Gnd with Yee, a pe Ok Ca (con's ) ous6.73 (ont) Di Flerentiate Eg.) with respect te + te obdern au, LL (ae et Tt mR (5E)+ . ret so That ot h, ~ L (28 )(,2-4) (hs) nf lsh) + wage) her: , Thus, in order fer the drag +> be zero, Vi ~ t (2B)ip2-b2) LB)n+ fo ~ ye (GE Mire-n) he ke An af or Ke % Hla le & ~ Gn) bie6.44 6.44 An infinitely long, solid, vertical cylin- wy Viz0 der ot radius R is located in an infinite mass of a an incompressible fiuid. Start with the Navier- \ f ‘Stokes equation in the 6 direction and derive an expression for the velocity distribution for the b steady flow case in which the cylinder is rotating 6 about a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity ©. You need not consider body forces. Assume that the flow is axisymmetric and the fluid is at rest at infinity. For this flow Field, Yz20, Yz=0, and from the contruily eguation, 6 arM) 1 OU, am” ios tet se (£4, 6.35) sé follows That 2% 2p (See figure br ntabon,) Thus, the Navier- Stokes eguation in the O-directon (EB. 6./28b) for steedy How reduces bo meee 2 (2% Uw o£ -n[ER OR). & Due to the —- of the How, one a 36 ~° so That 12 ou) _ ZH OO GP)- 2 °r Of em ort F or Ge FO ow Since Vy is @ functioy of only b, Eg.) can be expressed as an ordinary bP¥erené/ gation, and Ve-writlen as Lug are ar zB ye e CO Eguetion (2) Can be integrated ‘he yield dye, Bs e, r - ” + We ems ar 3) (cont )CF (cont ) Eguation 3) can be expressed as d ug) alk and 4 second integration yields 2 Or = ot? rM= OE 4G er at, G zt F Yes As be, ¥,—70, since fluid 1 at rest at mbanty) so tat C=0. Thas, and since at and 6-8695 6.95 A viscous fluid is contained between two infinitely long vertical concentric cylinders. The outer cylinder has a radius r, and rotates with an angular velocity «. The inner cylinder is fixed and has a radius 7. Make use of the Navier-Stokes equations to obtain an exact solution for the ve- locity distribution in the gap. Assume that the flow in the gap is axisymmetric (neither velocity nor pressure are functions of angular position 0 within gap) and that there are no velocity com- ponents other than the tangential component. The only body force is the weight. The velocity distribution in the annular space is given by the equation Vaz Se + B a (See solutiin to Problem 6.9% tor deruiatioir. ) With the boundery condi tons Fh, eso, and FE, Br4@ (see figure for notation), it follows From £4.) that: and so That or6.96 6.96 For flow between concentric cylinders, with the outer cylinder rotating at an angular velocity w and the inner eylin- der fixed, it is commonly assumed that the tangential velocity (2) distribution in the gap between the cylinders is linear. Based 6m the exact solution to this problem (see Problem 6.95) the ve- locity distribution in the gap is not linear. For an outer cylinder with radius r, = 2,00 in, and an inner cylinder with radius r,= 1.80 in., show, with the aid of a plot, how the dimensionless velocity distribution, vs/rgw, varies with the dimensionless ra- dial position, r/r, for the exact and approximate solutions. For a Viner velocity destributiin (approximate solucrin) Us (pa) oa Goh and in nondimensional form bok ve - be a) BW ri T= Br the exack soltion (see Problem 6.95) re n* Vas cre ne nm) 4 (I- mL F and 1h Nendi'mensional form cE “2 ee EEG] ra) - tet ‘o 0 ee (I= Bt) For e280 in ana 12 200/n., some tabulated Values ona a graph are Shown below, Note Put there i Uttle / difference between The exact and appresiinete solutions for qnis smal] gep width. For all practical purpeses oth solutions fall on tne single curve shodn. 4,000 + Bact Veltow | te 0.980 |. }-— 0.000 | 0.900 0.131_| 0.913 20.960 0.260 | 0.925 © cao 0.387_| 0.838 0.940 0.512 | 0.950 0.920 0.637 | 0.963 0.759 | 0.975 0.900 0.860 | 0.988 0.000 0.500 1.000 4,000 | 1.000 We lgo b-/20697 697 A viscous liquid (u = 0.012 1b-s/ft?, p= 1.79 slugs/f) flows through the annular space between two hori- zontal, fixed, concentric cylinders. If the radius of the inner cylinder is 1.5 in, and the radius of the outer cylinder is 2.5 in., ‘What isthe pressure drop along the axis of the annulus per foot when the volume flowrate is 0.14 £/s? Check Reynolds number to dekermne if Flew ts lamar! Re PO —e 7 Cnt) 208 © 2lire Boy &) oT (ert) 7 (0.0% BS )( 251m +15) in = 34.9 < 2100 ae there Dy = 20b-%) and Thus, Since the Reynolds number 1s well below 2100 the Flu) 1's laminar and wr apf pt (yen)? Orns [6 ~f oat’ CEs. 6/56) so that (2-h) ht)® “Ly a i 4 2504 Sin ez say ee 1 ay. Oe Fe FE ———__—_ = 33.1 a per ft 6-12)6.48 * Plot the velocity profile for the fuid flowing in the annular space described in Problem P6.97. Determine from the plot the radius at which the maximum velocity occurs and compare with the value predicted from Eq. 6.157. The velocity distribution im the annulus 13 given by the egacton = [8 [ 2,2, kALb* bE Bez, [: r- me) = E 9 6.155) a" Gy (ée) ot ie Me (Es. 5. From Froblem 6.47 op. 446 = 79.4 1 2B: t 234 a, Thus, with Pi 0.018 Whesfte*, f= hth, and I = 250m. it Follows “That ae _ (484 Bs) r2 s#)+ (a a)-fee 4) 4 (0.016 (ook ES JL " n 25 72 or 2 = ~4up (+?- 0.0434 ~ 0.0544 Ln oo ) where % in ft/s with F in FE. A program Lor caleulating Vy as a Function of F th The range LE peor 4 2E5¢t Lilows. 12 OES els Bint SOS OG od bSp bor arr p SS OI SBEFSSBEE GSS BOC HOBIE print "* This program calculates the velocity profile **" print "** for flow in an annulus en BENT SRS CSCS E I oCon a GOSS SO BEE EEO AIS EE OE print print "r (ft) v (ft/s)" for r=1.5/12 to 2.501/12 step 0.1/18 vez bbb* (72-0 ..043403-0.05438%10g(r/0.208333)) print using "##.### HEN 190 next r (cont ) b-/22[27277 Ceont) Tabulated data and a plot of the deta are given below, From These date (t 13 seen that the maximum velocrty t occurs a Fon % 0.165 #t This value corresponds #8 He value calculated Liem # yf 4 (Gra) lees] * | BR. es7: | h, = 0.165 £4 | Zin & 2 Ly 25 | F: Te RS BS SAE IRIS EGS IASG SISBISOCE IS ARISE AGERE ** This program calculates the velocity profile #4 | ** for flow in an annulus + COREE ODE OES ODEE CEE DODD BOD ERE SOO EEOC IIE Ee 4 } z (ft) v (£t/s) Cent) | 0.125 0.000 0.169 1.536 ‘ 0.132, 07419 0.175 1466 i 01136 0.768 0.282 1.3u3 | 0.142 2lowe 0.386 Lites 0.147 1.265 0.192 0.947 0.153 1.419 0.197 0.678 i 0.158 1.514 0.203 0.362 0.164 2.552 0.208 0.000 | | 1 i ° i 2, . Maximum Veloty occurs ° at r= Olesft ° ° v (ft/s) b-/23679 * 6.99% As is shown by Eq. 6.150 the pressure gradient for laminar flow through a tube of con- stant radius is given by the expression: B® _ _8u0 az aR For a tube whose radius is changing very grad- ually, such as the one illustrated in Fig. P6.99 , it is expected that this equation can be used to approximate the pressure change along the tube if the actual radius, R(z), is used at each cross section. The following measurements were ob- tained along a particular tube. 4 ‘0 Since. Ap= fee, So thet AP Cronum form tube) _ Ap (unform tube) sito Jo Jor jas Jos Jas Jos ja7 jos 109 10 reavtel son Lar Laer Toss Laer Los Fos ban for for tion ‘Compare the pressure drop over the length Cfor this nonuniform tube with one having the con- stant radius R,. Hint: To solve this problem you will need to numerically integrate the equation for the pressure gradient given above FIGURE P6.97 From the eguation giitn tor the pressure gradient, [* “ - [#2 dz B-BEAP (te pressure drop) it follows that ' g -+ = ue | [ee] p> 42 "teal er, with 242 2/6 and R*= R/R,, , 4p 82 (ret) "de* TR,* I, For a constant radius tube (see £3. 6/51), BKOS TR* [oy ae This integral can be evaluated numerically using S/MPSON and The date given. (cont ) 624b ITF (cont ) LBRO SESE EIEIO II II IOI IDE IIIA ** This program performs numerical integration ** ** over a set a set of an odd number of equally ** %* spaced points using Simpson's Rule sal JOB SAREE IESE DI IOGEAR AE Enter number of data points: + Enter data points (X.Y) ete: xw 2 and Yu (e*) Hooococa0e The approximate value of the integral is: +3.5707E+00 Thus, Ap Cnonunrferm tube) Ap Cuntorm tube) 3.57 62576./00 6.100 Show how Eq. 6.155 is obtained. From £9 lay 2¢ (Eg. 6.197 VRE os L (2 ret ght +G $8. ) Por flow th an annulus, Bro ab r= and Uso at b=. Thus, from Eg. 6/47 os x (BB) 0* + Ghe ta oe p(B) + Gin th and soluiig fr 0, ana CG We have Z(# (ne- 2 - 42-17) Oe me 56) fe a | ' In (RB) oF WV N ~ (58) (i ty Jn (2) Substitution of Egs.() ana (2) into Ey. 6147 gives 2 amet 4s a ae Te ne] Vhich is the desired eguetin (Eg. b.155) . b-4266 LOL 6.101 A wire of diameter d is stretched along the centerline of a pipe of diameter D. For a given pressure drop per unit length of pipe, by how much does the presence of the wire reduce the flowrate if (a) d/D = 0.1; (b) d/D = 0.01? The velume flowrate 1 given by £9, 615% 74 (ge- v2)* ~ Q= vat [nt-nt- a-% (ry) / ($2) Which Can be whiten 4s 2 * hey os rear mee, Coll), 54 i In(#) - 4% Since E= & , Ey.) can ako be written as aS aye [i- 7) : )-(4 5 2) O° Uae |! GY* Mok thet fr 220 (ho wire) Q= my 6p wah which Corresponds 4 Poiseulles baw (&. 6/87) @) Br Bra, Bg.cw ques y p= Water fi -cont. E=e) j- O.51F Suh In) Thus, fr The same bp the flowrate 1s reduced by So veduchen 1s D= G— b.54)x 00 = 42.4% (6) Similarly, fe km 00/ £9.02) gives g= wert Gao", Gz en}? 0.188 Fad In 01) ana o, vecluction In = G- 0.783) % 100 = 21.7% Mote that The presence of even a very small wite alovy The. Fuse Centerline has 4 stg tial effect on The flowmde 6-127