TENSES:

Uses of Simple Present Tense

1. To express a habitual action.

For example : I get up every day at five o’clock.

2. To express general truths

For example : Fortune favours the brave.

3. In vivid narrative , as substitute for the simple past.

For example : Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital.

4. To indicate a future event that is part of a fixed programme or time table.

For example : The train leaves at 5:20 am.

Note: We can also use will leave in place of leaves.

5. It is used to introduce quotations.

For example : Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’.

6. In exclamatory’ sentences beginning with here and there to express what is actually taking place in
the present.

For example : Here comes the bus!

7. When two actions of the future are being talked about, one dependent on the other, the former
action is represented by present simple and the latter by future simple.

For example : We shall go when the child comes back home.

Uses of Present Continuous Tense

1. For an action going on at the time of speaking.

For example: The boys are playing cricket in the ground.

2. For a temporary action that may not be actually happening at the time of speaking but was
happening in the recent past and is still happening in recent future.

For example: I am reading Sidney Sheldon now a days.

3. To express changing or developing situations .

For example: India is progressing day by day.

4. For an action that is planned or arranged to take place in the near future.

For example: I am going to cinema tonight.

Note: But it is not good to use the present continuous for slightly distant future. So, don’t say

a) I am going to cinema next week. Rather, use the future simple. So, it is better if you say

b) I will go to cinema next week.

5. When the reference is to a particularly obstinate habit, the present continuous is used instead of
present simple. An adverb like always, continually, constantly is also used.

For example: It is no use scolding him; he always does what is forbidden. (Incorrect)

Note: that his doing what is forbidden has become a die-hard habit. The habit persists in spite of advice
or warning. So, we should use the present continuous.

For example: It is no use scolding him; he is always doing what is forbidden. (Correct)

Uses of Present Perfect Tense

1. To indicate the completed activities in the immediate past .

For example: He has just gone out.

2. Action completed in the immediate past or an action of the past whose effect lingers in the present.

For example: I wrote three books. (Incorrect)

The given sentence appears to be incomplete. The reader of the sentence immediately queries. ‘When
did you write three books?” It would be a different case if you said

For example: I wrote books .

Then the reader would infer that you wrote books in the past as a profession or hobby. But when you
are being so specific as to say “three books”, we immediately feel the need of a time frame . Since no
time frame is mentioned, we assume it to be ‘by now’. So, we have something to the effect.

For example:

I have written three books by now.

This ‘by now’ is implied and need not be written.

So, For example:

I have written three books. (Correct)

3. The present perfect is never used with adverbs of past time. In such cases the past simple should be
used.

For example:

India has won the match last week (Incorrect)

“Last week” is not immediate past. You may therefore be tempted to use the present perfect. But
remember that the immediate past here does not go unindicated. Last week is being used as an adverb
of past time.

So, For example: India won the match last week. (Correct)

4. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite – actions with their effect
continuing in the present.

For example:

a) I have never known him to be angry.

b) Have you read ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?

5. To describe the past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action
itself .

For example: I have cut my finger.

6. For long actions and situations which started in the near past and went on until very recently.

For example: I have read three chapters since this morning.

Uses of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

For an action, which began at some time in the past and is still continuing. With the present perfect
continuous tense an adverb or phrase that expresses time is used.

For example:

a) I have been reading this book since morning.

b) They have been building the bridge for several months.

Uses of Simple Past Tense

1. To indicate an action completed in the past . Generally, adverbs or adverb phrases of past time are
used in the past simple tense.

For example:

a) The steamer sailed yesterday.

b) He went home some time back.

2. To express imaginary present situations or imaginary future events that may not happen .

For example:

a) If I had longer holidays, I would be very happy.

b) If I got rich, I would travel all over the world.

3. When this tense is used without an adverb of time, then time may be either implied or indicated by
the context .

For example: I didn’t sleep well. (i.e., last night)

4. For past habits ‘used to’ is added to the verb.

For example: She used to carry an umbrella.

Uses of Past Continuous Tense

1. To denote an action going on at some time in the past . The time of the action may or may not be
indicated .

For example:

a) It was getting darker.

b) We were listening to the radio all evening.

2. When a new action happened in the middle of a longer action. In this case Past simple and Past
continuous are used together. Past simple is used for the new action.

For example: The Light went out while I was reading .

3. For persistent habits in the past.

For example: She was always chewing gum.

Uses of Past Perfect Tense

1. When two actions happened in the past. In this case it is necessary to show which action happened
earlier than the other. Here past perfect is used for the action, which happened earlier.

For example:

a) When I reached the station the train had started .

b) I had done my exercise when Hari came to see me.

2. An action that began before a certain point of time in the past & was continuing at the given point
of time in the sentence. A time expression like since last year , for the last few days is generally put
after perfect continuous tense.

For example:

a. At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.

b. Here, At that time is the given point of time and for two months is the point of time in the past.

Uses of Simple Future Tense

For an action that has still to take place.

For example:

a) I will see him tomorrow.

b) Tomorrow will be Sunday.

Uses of Future Continuous Tense

1. Represents an action as going on at sometime in the future.

For example: I will be reading the paper then.

2. Represents the future events that are planned.

For example: He will be meeting us next week.

Uses of Future Perfect Tense

To indicate the completion of an event by a certain future time.

For example: I will have written my exercise by that time.

Uses of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

1. The future perfect continuous tense indicates an action represented it being in progress over a
period of time that will end in the future. Generally time period is mentioned along with it.

For example: By next July we will have been living here for four years.

2. Event occurring at the same time must be given in the same tense.

For example: When he fainted, his brother was with him.

3. Will or Shall cannot be used twice in the same sentence even if both the actions refer to the future
tense.

For example:

a) I shall come if he will call me. (Wrong)

b) I shall come if he calls me. (Right)

4. With the phrases as if and as though the past tense and plural form of the verb should be used.

For example:

a) He behaves as if he is a king. (Wrong)

b) He behaves as if he were a king. (Right)

5. With the word ‘wish’ four verbs are used namely were, had, could, would. ‘Were’ is used when the
wish seems to be unrealisable.

For example: I wish I were a king.

6. ‘Had’ is used when our wish is a lament over the past happening .

For example: I wish I had accepted that job.

7. ‘Would’ is used when we refer to the future.

For example: I wish I would get a ticket.

8. ‘Could’ is used when we wish that something that has happened already should have happened
otherwise.
For example: He did not go because he was busy yesterday. I wish he could go with you.

9. ‘For’ is used for a period of time.

For example: He has been working for two hours.

10. ‘Since’ is used with a point of time.

For example: He has been working since morning.

11. In case of conditional sentences ‘had’ and ‘would have’ are used.

For example: If I had met him I would have invited him.

Subjunctive Mood

Subjunctive relates or denotes a mood of verbs expressing what is imagined or wished or

possible or making statements contrary to fact.

‘Am’ or ‘was’ is replaced by 'were', ‘be’ takes the place of ‘are’ , or singular active verbs lose their -s or
-es endings .

Rules for Using Subjunctives:

A Subjunctive can be used under the following circumstances such as :

1. Contrary -to -fact clauses beginning with if :

If I were rich , I would buy a golden toilet .

2 . Contrary -to -fact clauses expressing a wish:

At that moment , I had the most frantic wish that he were dead .

3 . Clauses after verbs such as ask, demand, insist , propose, request , and suggest :

I insist that she leave at once .

4 . Statements of necessity :

It's necessary that he be in the room with you .

5 . Certain fixed expressions :

As it were , be that as it may be , far be it from me , heaven forbid , if need be , so be it , suffice it to say

Verbs followed by the Subjunctive:

to advise ( that )

to ask ( that )

to command ( that )

to demand ( that )

to desire ( that )

to insist ( that )

to propose ( that )

to recommend ( that )

to request ( that )

to suggest ( that )

to urge ( that )

Expressions followed by the Subjunctive

It is best ( that )

It is crucial ( that )

It is desirable ( that )

It is essential ( that )

It is imperative ( that )

It is important ( that )

It is recommended ( that )

It is urgent ( that )

It is vital ( that )

It is a good idea ( that )

It is a bad idea ( that )

Examples:

1. It is as though he were here .

2. Let that peasant eat cake every day

4. Well sir, all I can say is if I were a bell , I 'd be ringing !

5. I wish he were kinder to me .

6. It is important that you try to study often .

7. It is imperative that the game begin at once .

8. Lynnelle requested Frank come to the party.

9. If only he were here , then he would speak up .

10. She wishes she were not here .

11. Do this now , lest you be harried later.

12. It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives .

13. She suggests that Mark work full time from Saturday .

14. The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem .

Sense Verb or Sensory Verb

A sense verb is a verb that describes one of the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. Verbs
such as look, seem, taste, feel, smell, and sound are sensory (sense) verbs. In English, it is important to
use adjectives rather than adverbs with sense verbs.

Example:

Ethan crossed the street quickly. (correct)

However, sense verbs should be modified by adjectives to sound right.

1. Even from a distance, Ethan’s pace looked quickly. (incorrect)

Even from a distance, Ethan’s pace looked quick. (correct)

2. The cookies smelled delicious. (correct)

The cookies smelled deliciously. (incorrect)

Grammar:

Rule 8. With words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all —Rule 1 given earlier in
this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. If the noun after of is singular, use a
singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.

Examples:

A lot of the pie has disappeared .

A lot of the pies have disappeared.

A third of the city is unemployed.

A third of the people are unemployed.

All of the pie is gone.

All of the pies are gone.

Some of the pie is missing.

Some of the pies are missing.

NONE

When none stands in as a shortened form of no one , as was its original purpose, it can be followed by
a singular verb.

For example: None of us is tall. (Not one of us is tall.)

When none means not any , the subsequent verb is plural:

1. None of the students are absent . (Not any of the students are absent from school.)

2. None of the jewels were stolen. (Not any of the jewels were stolen).

Either
1. Either of the restaurants is a good choice. (It might be easier to think of this as either one of the
restaurants, where one is singular, and either one is a good choice.

Some other examples of the correct use of either include:

1. Does either of you know a good restaurant? (NOT: Do either of you know)

2. Let's get some ice cream, if either of you wants it . (NOT: If either of you want)

Neither

1. Neither restaurant was very good.

Some more examples include:

Neither of us wants to play tennis today. (NOT: Neither of us want)

Neither of these shops has the jacket in my size. (NOT: Neither of these shops have)

Note! 📝

Number is for things you can count such as pebbles, people, users, and timelines.

(In reference to number, use the words few or fewer or the phrase “many more”)

Amount is for things you can't count such as anxiety, faith, water, and heartache.

(In reference to amount, use the terms little or less or the phrase “much more”)

Whoever vs. Whomever

Whomever is an object pronoun and works like the pronouns him, her, and them (Give the document to
whomever in the department).

Whoever is a subject pronoun and works like the pronouns he, she, and they (Whoever wrote this poem
should win a prize).

FOUR CUEING SYSTEM

1. Phonological System:
Phonology - The study of sounds.

Phoneme - The smallest unit of sound.

2. Syntactic System

Syntax or grammar - The rules for combining words into sentences

Morphology - The study of linguistics or word form.

Grapheme - The written representation of a sound (one or more letters).

Syntax or grammar - The rules for combining words into sentences

Free morpheme - A morpheme that is a word

Bound morpheme - A morpheme that IS NOT a word and must be attached to a free morpheme.

3. Semantic System

Semantics - A branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning (such as sense, reference,
implication and logical forms.

Formal semantics - Word meaning and word relations (lexical and cognitive structure) (Cognitive
semantics)

4. Pragmatic System

Pragmatics - Branch of linguistics that deals with the social and cultural aspects of language; (taking
turns in a conversation, text organization, pre-supposition and implied meaning).

Function - The purpose for which a language is used.

Dialect - Variations in syntax and word choice due to social class, ethnic or cultural group or geographic
region.

Standard English - The form of English used in textbooks and by television newscasters.

Non-standard English - Other forms of English.

PANANDA

Ang mga pananda ay nagpapakilala o nagsisilbing tanda ng gamit ng isang salita sa loob ng pangungusap.

1. Ang / Ang mga - Ang panandang ang at ang mga ay ginagamit sa pantukoy ng simuno o pangngalan sa
pangungusap.
Halimbawa: Naghanda sa pista ang pamilya Mercado.

2. Sa / Para sa - Ang panandang sa ay ginagamit bilang isang panandang ganapan kung saan naganap ang
kilos ng pandiwa. Ito ay nagiging panandang kalaanan kung sinasamahan ng salitang para.

Halimbawa: Pauwi na sa kanilang tirahan ang mag-anak.

3. Si / Sina - Ang panandang si at sina ay ginagamit sa pagtukoy ng tao o mga tao sa pangungusap. Ang si
ay ginagamit sa isahan at ang sina ay para sa dalawahan o maramihan.

Halimbawa: Magkasama sina Charles at Princess sa simbahan.

4. Ng / Ng mga -Ang mga panandang ng at ng mga ay ginagamit bilang pananda sa pangngalan na

ginagamit na layon ng pandiwa, panuring na paari o tatanggap ng pandiwa.

Halimbawa: Tatanggap ng perang papremyo ang mananalo.

5. Kay / Kina -Ang mga panandang kay at kina ay isang pananda ng pangngalan na ginagamit na layon ng
pandiwa o panuring. Kay ang ginagamit kung ang pangngalan ay isa o pang-isahan at kina kung ito
naman ay pang-maramihan.

Halimbawa: Kay Jamir ang sombrero sa lamesa.

6. Ay - Ang panandang ay ay isang pang-angkop o panandang pagbabaliktad. Kadalasang ginagamit sa

mga pangungusap na di-tuwiran o baliktad na ayos.

Halimbawa: Sina Romeo at Cristina ay ikakasal na.

ANG PANG-UKOL (PREPOSITION)

Ang Pang-ukol (Preposition) ay bahagi ng pananalitang nag-uugnay sa pangngalan, panghalip, pandiwa

at pang-abay na pinag-uukulan ng kilos, gawa, ari, balak o layon.

Dalawang Pangkat ng Pang-ukol:

A. Ginagamit bilang pangngalang pambalana (common noun) - mga pantukoy na ang layon, gawa, kilos o
ari ay para sa lahat o balana.

Mga Halimbawa:

1. Ang tema ng talakayan ay ukol sa kahalagahan ng edukasyon.

2. Ang mga donasyong ibinigay ng mga pulitiko ay para sa mga nasunugan .

3. Ang mga piling guro ay binigyan ng parangal.

4. Laban sa pamahalaan ang kanilang isinusulat.

5. Ang mga aklat na ito ay para sa batang-lansangan.

B. Ginagamit na pantukoy sa ngalan ng tanging tao - mga pantukoy na ang layon, gawa, kilos o ari ay
para sa tanging ngalan ng tao.

Mga Halimbawa:

1. Ang librong kanyang binabasa ay ukol kay Imelda Marcos.

2. Para kay Nilo ang asong ito.

3. Ayon kay Jose Rizal , ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan.

4. Ang kanilang tinatalakay ay tungkol kay Juan .

5. Hinggil kay Willie ang kanilang pinag-uusapan.

Iba Pang Uri ng Pang-ukol

1. sa , sa mga

2. ng, ng mga

3. ni, nina

4. kay, kina

5. sa, kay

5. nang may

6. alinsunod

7. para sa, para kay

8. hinggil sa, hinggil kay

9. ayon sa, ayon kay

10. nang wala

PANGATNIG
Ang pangatnig o conjunction sa wikang Ingles ay isang kataga o salita na nag-uugnay sa dalawang salita,
parirala, sugnay o pangungusap.

Mga Uri ng Pangatnig:

1. Pangatnig na Panimbang – ito ay nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala o sugnay. (at, saka, pati,
ngunit, maging, datapuwat, subalit)

Halimbawa: Pupunta sana si Marie sa SM, ngunit nalimutan niyang dalhin ang kanyang pitaka.

2. Pangatnig na Pantulong – ito ay ang uri na nag-uugnay ng di-magkapantay na salita, parirala o sugnay.
(kung, kapag, upang, para, nang, sapagkat, dahil, sa)

Halimbawa: Bibigyan ako ng baon ni nanay kapag natapos ko nang linisin ang aking kwarto.

3. Pangatnig na Pamukod – ito ay ginagamit sa pagbukod o pagtatangi, gaya ng: (o, ni, maging, at man).

Halimbawa: Maging ang presidente ay hindi sang-ayon sa sinabi ng senador.

4. Pangatnig na Panubali – ito ay nagsasabi ng pag-aalinlangan, gaya ng: (kung, kapag, pag, sakali, disin
sana)

Halimbawa: Hindi na matutuloy ang aming gala kung bumagyo.

5. Pangatnig na Paninsay – ito ay ang pangatnig kung saan sinasalungat ng unang bahagi ng
pangungusap ang ikalawang bahagi nito.

Halimbawa: Siya pa rin ang mananalo sa patimpalak kahit na marami ang may ayaw sa kanya.

6. Pangatnig na Pananhi – ito ay nagbibigay ng dahilan o katuwiran para sa pagkaganap ng kilos.

Halimbawa: Bumaha sa bahay namin sapagkat walang tigil ang pag-ulan.

7. Pangatnig na Panapos – ito ay nagsasabi ng nalalapit na katapusan ng pagsasalita.

Halimbawa: Sa nangyayari sa ating bayan, dapat lahat tayo ay magkaisa!

8. Pangatnig na Panlinaw – ito ay ginagamit upang ipaliwanag ang bahagi o kabuuan ng isang banggit.

Halimbawa:Nahanap na ang kanyang nawawalang cellphone kaya makakahinga na siya nang maluwag.

9. Pangatnig na Pamanggit – ito ay gumagaya o nagsasabi lamang ng iba, tulad ng: (daw, raw, di umano)

Halimbawa: Si Olivia na daw ang magbabayad ng kinainan namin.

10. Pangatnig na Panulad – ito ay tumutulad ng mga pangyayari o gawa, tulad ng: (kung sino…siyang,
kung ano…siya rin)

Halimbawa: Kung sino ang unang makapagbigay ng pangungusap ay siyang mananalo sa larong ito.
PARIRALA

Ang parirala ay mga lipon ng salita na walang simuno at panaguri at ginagamit lamang sa bahagi ng
pangungusap.

A. Simuno (English: subject)

Ito ang paksa o pinag-uusapan sa pangungusap. Natutukoy ang ang salita sa pangungusap ang simuno
kung ito ay sinusundan ng mga pandanda.

Halimbawa:

1. Si Martin ang bago kong kaibigan.

2. Sina Anna at Louis ang kumain ng tinapay.

3. Ang mundo ay umiikot sa sarili nitong axis.

B. Panaguri (English: predicate)

Ito ang bahagi ng pangungusap na naglalahad ng impormasyon tungkol sa simuno.

Halimbawa:

1. Bumili si Princess ng bagong damit.

2. Diniligan ng mga mag-aaral ang mga bagong tanim na halaman .

3. Si Angelo ay isang matagumpay na doktor .

Ang nakasalungguhit na mga salita na ay isang matagumpay na doktor ang panaguri sa pangungusap.

TAYUTAY

1. Pagtutulad ( simile ) – Ito ay simpleng paghahambing ng dalawang bagay na magkaibaulad na

katangian na sukat ipagkaugnay ng dalawa sa pangkalahatang anyongunit may mga pagkakat. Ito’y
gumagamit ng mga salita’t pariralang tulad ng, katulad ng, para ng, kawangis ng, animo’y, gaya ng, tila,
at iba pa.

Halimbawa:
1. Gaya ng halamang lumaki sa tubig

2. Ako’y tila isang nakadipang kurus

3.Parang hinahagkan ang paa ng Diyos

4. Ang buhay ay tulad ng isang batis

2. Pagwawangis ( metaphor ) – Ito ay isang tayutay na nagsasagawa ng paglilipat ng mga salitang

nangangahulugan ng isang bagay na nagpapahayag ng ibang bagay. ibang bagay. Sa madaling salita, sa
pagwawangis ay inaalis ang hambingang salita’t pariralang ginamit sa pagtutulad o simile. Sa pagtutulad,
ang A ay gaya ng B at sa pagwawangis ay ang A ay B.

Halimbawa:

1. Ang kanyang kahapon ay isang tanghalan

2. Ng mga lihim nya’t mga karanasan

3. Ang buhay nyang hiram ay naging tanggulan

4. Sa kanyang gunita ay ayaw alpasan

3. Pahalintulad (analogy) – Ito ay isang tayutay na may tambalang paghahambing na nagangahulugan ng

pagkakawangki ng mga pagkakaugnay.

Halimbawa:

1. “At siya’y namangha at kanyang namalas,

Naganap ang tagpo’y mistulang pangarap;

4. Pahambing (comparison) – Ito ay tayutay na naghahambing ng tao o bagay sa iba, o nagpapalagayna

ang dalawa’y magkawangis sa isang katangian o kauring kapwa angkin ng mga ito.

Halimbawa:

1. MABANGONG BULAKLAK! . . . SIMBANGO

ng di pa nahahagkang PISNGI ng isang dalaga . .

2. MAPUTING BULAKLAK! . . .SIMPUTI ng

puring alaalaga pa ng napakahinhi’t mutyang dalagita! . . .

- Sa tulang “Sampaguita”

Ni Pedro Gatmaitan
5. Pagsasatao (personification) – Ito ay tayutay na paglilipatsa katangian ng tao sa mga walang buhay.
Ang mga bagay ay tinuturing na mga tao na may damdamin, kaisipan, nagsasalita, nakadarama ng
kalungkutan, kaligayahanat kabiguan na parang tao. Sinasabi ring paglalapat ng kaasalan sa mga bagay
na non-human.

Halimbawa:

1. PATI ULAP AY SUMAYAW SA BAYO NG HANGIN

2. Sa bugso ng ulan pati langit ay nagdilim

3. IBONG NAGSASAYA sa may dakong papawirin

4. Ay biglang nawala dahil sa bagyong darating.

6. Paurintao (transferred epithet) – Ito ay isang tayutay na paharaya at pasalaysay ang paraan ng
pagbibigay katauhan sa isang bagay na walang buhay o kaisipan, naipapahayag ito ng pang-uri.

Halimbawa:

“Kung minsa’y Buwan kang

Ang MAYUMING GANDA at iwing liwanag sa TULOG KONG PUSO’Y

Kay limit sugpuin ng TUKSONG PANGARAP;

Ang katauhan ko;

Likas mang pihikan sa kaway ng galak

Di mamakailang

Binalisa moring kung ilang magdamag;

Pagkaumaga na . .

Ang iyong karikta’y siyang hinahanap,

Subalit Buwan kang

kaydaling maglahong lumingning at dilag!”

-Sa tulang “O, Ang Babae”

Ni Leoncio S. Gonzales

7. Pangitain (vision) – Sa tayutay na ito, ang nagsasalita at ang nilalaman ng isip ay animo’y tunay na
kaharap o nakikita ng makata.
Halimbawa:

Tayo na pangarap at ating galain

Ang di nakikitang pook-salimsim

ANG TATAHAKAN AY MAPUTING TANAWIN

AT ANG MGA TALA’Y ATING DADALAWIN

Tayo ay magpakpak

ng bagwis ng hangin

At kita’y lalapag

sa may panginorin

-Sa tulang “Isang Patunguhan”

Ni A.G. Angeles

8. Panawagan (apostrophe) – May kagyat na pagputol sa naunang paraan ng pagpapahayag, at

panawagan sa ikalawang panauhan ng isang tao o bagay, karaniwan nang isang patay o isang harayahing
bagay.

Halimbawa:

“ Nakapugol ako sa kasunong saklap

Na sa aking dibdib ay halos gumahak

Kaluluwa ko’y tigib, puso ko ay wasak,

Sa piitang sakit, aliping nalagmak…

O ibon, maanong sa iyong paglipad,

Isakay mo ako sa angkin mong pakpak

Tulungan mo nganng sa dusa’y umalpas,

Ibig kong malimot ang huling magdamag!

-Sa tulang “O Ibon”

Ni Batubalani

9. Padamdam (exclamation) – Nagmumula sa bulalas ng isang masidhi o pananalitang nagpapahayag ng

matinding damdamin.
Halimbawa:

“Ayan, ang kabaong na pasan ng tao.

Irog, sumama ka at kakilala mo!

May ilang karamay, korona’t musiko,

Ihahatid na raw sa wakas ng mundo!

Nang ihuhulog na ang kabaong . . . NAKU!

Ako pala’y siyang ililibing ninyo!!!

-Sa tulang “Hindi Man Lamang Nakita”

Ni Jose Corazon de Jesus

10. Patalinghaga (allegory) – Ito ay isang tayutay na ang kahulugan ay hindi tahasang ipinahihiwatig sa
tula at ang taludturan ay kinapapalooban ng mga talinghaga.

Halimbawa:

“Nag-alama ang lunggati, sa budhi ay sumisikad,

Kalayaan, kalayaan ang tuwina’y hinahangad.

Dumadamba, damadamba kapag renda’y hinahatak

O, kay hirap na supilin! May latigo ka mang hawak”

-Sa tulang “Erotique”

Ni Frederico Licsi Espino Jr.

Ang magdamag niya

ay nakipaglamay sa gabing naidlip

na may simulaing

may bigkis na giting na hindi mapabatid;

taglay ang pag-asa

at init, adhikaing hindi rin nanlamig

sa huling hantungang

hihimlayan niyang sariling daigdig

- Saknong sa tula ni

Graciano Lopez Jaena na

Walang pamagat

11. Balintuna (irony) – Ito ay isang tayutay na sa pamamagita nito ang kahulugang patitik ng isang anyo
ng pananalita ay kabaligtaran sa tangkang sabihin, dahil sa ang isang bagay na sinabi ay may ibang
pakahulugan at ginamit sa pangungutya o katuwaan lamang.

Halimbawa:

“Ang tao kung minsa’y batang nagagalak,

Utal pa ang dila, kung mangusap, patas!

Ipako si Kristo ang sabi ng lahat

At ang pagkawala’y itong si Barabas . . .!

-Sa tulang “Ang sasabihin ng Tao”

Ni Jose Corazon de Jesus

12. Pauroy o mapang-uyam (sarcasm) – Ito ay isang tayutay na ipinahihiwatig sa paraan o tono ng
pagsasalita. Ito’y isang panunudyo o pangungutya sa tao, bagay at pangyayari.

Halimbawa:

1. Iginagalang. Dinarakila sa gawain niyang banal. Niyuyukuan. Pinupuri ng balana; siya ay minamahal. Sa
paglilingkod sa kapwa’t sa bayan, siya ay ikinarangal ngunit sa kaban pala ng bayan, siya ay isang
halimaw.

2. Anong yaman ng babae upang siya ay magtiis sa bahay na gumigiray at kayrami pa ng ipis.

3. Kay talino ni Felipe upang siya ay maloko ng lalaking ang layunin, bilugin ang kanyang ulo.

13. Pagmamalabis (hyperbole) – Ito ay isang tayutay na ang ang kaigtingan ay sobra sa normal na
katangian ng bagay o tao na nais ipahayag.

Halimbawa:

Dadanak ang dugo sa lupain ito

Kapag di nangyari itong aking gusto

Susumpain ka pa ng dinidiyos mo!

Daraanan mo ibabaw ng bangkay ko!

14. Paradoha (Paradox) – Ito ay isang tayutay na ang tinutukoy ay isang pahayag na sa biglang akala’y
magkasalungat ngunit kung masusing lilimiin o ipaliliwanag ay nagpapahayag ng isang katotohanan.

Halimbawa:

“Ako’y di inutil,” ang iyak ng pilay

“Kaya kong tumayo’t gumawang mahusay!”

Kung ito’y totoo, siya ay bulaan.

-Lirio G.Mendoza-

15. Pagpapalit-saklaw (Synedoche) – Ito ay isang tayutay na bumabanggit sa bahagi ng isang bagay o
kaisipan bilang katapat ng kabuuan.

Halimbawa:

1. Libu-libong kaluluwa ang umaasa sa iyo

2. Pitumpu’t apat na buhay ang ibubuwis ko

3. Ipakilala natin sa buong baya na tayo’y may pagkakaisa

16. Pagpapalit-tawag (metonymy) – Ito ay isang uri ng tayutay na gingamit sa pagpapalit ng pagtukoy o
pagtawag sa bagay o tao na pinatutungkulan. Ito’y pansamantalang pagpapalit-tawag sa mga bagay na
magkakaugnay. Ito’y palasak sa mga karaniwang usapan. “Siya’y laking iskwater”, ibig sabihin nito’y
basagulero o palaaway.

Halimbawa:

“Ang pag-ibig ay ating kaligtasan

Banal na pag-ibig at katotohanan.”

17. Patambis (anithesis) –Ito ay isang paglalagay ng isang sugnay o ibang bahagi ng pangugusap laban sa
isa pa na sinasalungat niyon.

Halimbawa:

“Ang bangan ng lahi kong ibig mapuno,

Sa akin ay pawis ang dapat ibugso;

Susdod hindi sundang! Punla hindi Punlo!

Binhi hindi bomba! Pawis hindi dugo!”

-Sa tulang “Pawis Hindi Dugo”

ni Teo S. Baylen

18. Patiwas (epigram) –Ito ay isang mahayap o patambis na kasabihan tungo at nagwawakas sa isang
malundo o matalinong kaisipan.

Halimbawa:

At ang kanyang anak, sa yama’y mag-angkin

Ang tawag ng bayan ay maginoo rin!

Ating pag-uugali nang ang suwi ng saging,

Gadangkal pa lamang saging nang tawagin!

Mana-manang yaman sa habang panahon,

Walang anu-ano ang bata’y naulol!

At ang mga tao ay nakapagtanong:

“Kakayamang tao, bakit nagkaganon?”

At ang pangyayari ang sumagot naman:

“Iyang ama nya’y baliw nang namatay,

Namana ang pilak, ano’t pagtatakhang

Manahin sa ama pati kabaligtaran

-Sa tulang “Ang Maginoo”

ni Jose Corazon de Jesus

19. Pabugtong (riddle) – Ito ay isang tanong, mungkahi, tugma na papikit-mat o pampalitong sinasalita
upang maging pahulaan.

Halimbawa:

Kung babayaan mong ako ay mabuhay

Yaong kamataya’y dagli kong kakamtan;

Datapwat pag ako’y minsanang pinatay,

Ang buhay kong ingat lalong magtatagal

- Kandila
20. Pasaliwa (apostrophe ) – Ito ay isang pagsasaliwa ng kinagawian o katutubong ayos ng mga salita.

Halimbawa:

“Ang hilaw na hininog sa pilit ay hilaw pa rin, namnamin man ay mapait,”

Kasabihan:

“Ngunit ang mabuting pilit, pinasama man ay mabuti rin kahit.”

- Simon A. Mercado

21. Pahidwa (oxymoron ) – Ito ay isang paraan ng pagpapahayag na nagbubunga ng isang bisa sa
pamamagitan ng mandi’y pansariling paghihidwa.

Halimbawa:

Noon ko nakitang ANG MALULUNGKOT AY SUMAYA

Dahil sa pagdating ng kanyang ama at ina

No’n ko nadama ang SARAP NG PANGUNGULILA

Pagkat sa LUMBAT N’YA AY NAROON ANG PAG-ASA.

22. Pag-uulit (germination) – Ito ay kagyat na pag-uulit ng isang salita saan mang bahagi ng mga taludtod
ng tula.

Halimbawa:

“taghoy ng pagkasing sa lambing at timyas

ay di nman taghoy;

tinghoy na ang ningas ay nagluluningning

kayat hindi tinghoy;

luoy na talutot na ang aking bango’y bangong

di naluoy;

lamuymoy ng sintang nang maging

hinaing ay gintong lamuymoy.”

- Sa tulang “Ang Tula”

ni Fernando B. Monleon
23. Pasintunog (onomatopoeia) – Ito ay paggamit ng mga salitang kung ano ang gamit o tunog ay siyang
kahulugan.

Halimbawa:

“Magbuhat na noo’y pinagkatakutan,

Ayaw nang pasukin ang Lumang Simabahan;

ANG KAMPANANG BASAG NA BAHAW NA BAHAW

KUNG ANO’T TUMUNOG SA MADALING ARAW.

AT ANG TINUGTOG AGUNYAS NG PATAY;

Saka nang dumating ang kinabukasan

May PUNTOD nang LIBING SA HARAP NG ALTAR

- Sa tulang “Ang Lumang Simbahan”

ni Florentino Collantes

24. Pagtanggi (litotes) – Hindi ang pangunahing palatandaan.

Halimbawa:

HINDI, sapagkat ang tao ay marupok!

Madaling mapaso’t madaling matupok;

HINDI nga’t sapagkat s’ya nga ay alakabok!

Madaling magmaliw madaling mapagod!

Itong Kagubatan

Milagros B. Macaraig

Dati ay masaya itong kagubatan,

May luntiang daho’t mga kabundukan;

Kahoy na mataas tila nagduruyan,

Mga ibo’t hayop doong nanahan.

Kagubatan noong mistula ay langit,

Mga mangangasong doo’y sumasapit

May galak sa puso ang hapis na dibdib

Dahil kalikasa’y sadyang may pang-akit.

Masdan ang araw kapag sumisikat

Sa pisngi ng lagit tila nagniningas;

Sabog na biyaya animo’y busilak,

Lalo’t tumatama sa maamong gubat.

Ngunit ano ngayon ang napagsapit na,

Ng saganang gubat na dati’y kayganda?

Mga ibo’t hayop na dati’y masaya,

Walang masilungan, di alam ang punta!

Mataas na kahoy kanilang pinutol,

Sinra pa nila ang luntiang dahon;

Damong makukulay pati ay pinupol,

At inabuso rin bundok, mga burol.

Ang mga kulisap, mga kaparangan,

Pati mga hiyas nitong kabundukan;

Ang biyayang bigay nitong kalikasan,

Ay ubos nang lahat kaydaling naparam!

Ganda nitong gubat sa mata’y nawaglit,

Winasak . . . Winasak at sinirang pilit;

Mga kabundukang dati ngang matarik,

Giniba’t sinira ng kung sinong lintik!

Puno, damo, baging, mga kaparangan,

Ngayon ay wala na, wala na’yong yaman;

Ang dating panahon, mga kalikasan,

Wari’y nalulungkot parang namatayan!

May lungkot sa puso ang mga bukirin,

Ang saganang gubat at nahihilahil;

Ilog, sapa’t batis tila ba’y nanimdim

Sa napagsapit na hirap at tiisin.

Tayo kayang tao’y di na magbabago,

Hidi na titigil sa pang-aabuso;

Hindi na hihinto paglikha ng gulo,

Di na mananawa sa gawaing ganito?

Pagdating ng araw tayo’y magsisisi,

Kapagka naranasan ang sigwa at peste;

Ng baha at lindol at sakunang grabe,

Ang pinsalang dulot sa atin ang ganti!

Habang may panahon tayo ay mag-isip,

Abuso sa gubat ay iwasang pilit;

Tayo’y magbago na sa gawaing ganid,

Gawang di mabuti’y sama ang kapalit

PANULAAN

Ang panulaan o tula ay isang uri ng sining at panitikan na kilala sa malayang paggamit ng wika sa iba't
ibang anyo at estilo. Pinagyayaman ito sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng tayutay. Ang mga likhang
panulaan ay tinatawag na tula.

Mga Uri ng Tula:

1. Maikling Tula

Tanka - nagmula sa bansang Hapon na binubuo lamang ng 31 pantig, nahahati ito sa limang taludtod na
may sukat na 5-7-5-7-7
Haiku - nagmula sa bansang Hapon na binubuo ng tatlong taludtod na may sukat na 5-7-5

2. Tulang Liriko o Pandamdamin

Sa uring ito itinatampok ng makata ang kanyang sariling damdamin. Ito ang itinuturing
pinakamatandang uri ng tulang isinusulat ng mga makata sa buong daigdig.

Awit (Dalitsuyo) - tungkol sa pag-ibig

Pastoral (Dalitbuki)

Oda (Dalitpuri) - matayog na damdamin o kaisipan (paghanga o pagbibigay parangal)

Dalit o Himno (Dalitsamba) - tungkol sa pagpapala sa Diyos, sa pagawit na pamamaraan.

Soneto (Dalitwari) - binubuo ng 14 taludtod o linya; nangangailangan ng mabigat o matinding

pagkukuro-kuro

Elehiya (Dalitlumbay) - mapanglaw; tungkol sa kamatayan o kalungkutan

3. Tulang Pasalaysay

Ito ay naglalahad ng mga tagpo o pangyayari sa pamamagitanng mga taludtod.

4. Tulang Dula

Ito ay mga tulang isinasadula sa mga entablado o iba pang tanghalan. Narito ang mga uri ng tulang dula:

I . Ang tulang pasalaysay ay naglalarawan ng mga tagpo o pangyayaring mahahalaga sa buhay. Ito ay
may tatlong uri – ang epiko , awit at kurido , at balad .

Ang epiko ay mahabang tula na inaawit o binibigkas. Nauukol ito sa kababalaghan at pagtatagumpay ng
pangunahing tauhan laban sa mga panganib at hamong kanyang natatanggap. Ang mga nagsulat nito ay
naglayong gamitin ito sa ritwal. Ang Biag ni Lam-ang (Buhay ni Lam-ang) ay isang halimbawa ng epiko.
Isinulat ito ni Pedro Bukaneg ng taga-Abra. Ito ay kilala bilang pinakamatandang epikong naitala.
Nakasulat ito sa salitang Iloko at tungkol sa mga pambihirang pakikipagsapalaran ni Lam-ang, ang
pangunahing tauhan ng epiko. Si Lam-ang daw ay binigyan ng di-pangkaraniwang lakas at pananalita
nang ipinanganak. Isa pang halimbawa ng epiko ay ang tungkol sa Ifugao na si Hudhud. Ang epikong ito
ay kinakanta tuwing may importanteng mga kasayahan, katulad ng anihan at pagtatanim.

Ang mga paksa sa awit at korido ay tungkol sa pagkamaginoo at pakikipagsapalaran ng mga

pangunahing tauhang mga reyna’t hari, prinsesa’t prinsipe. Ang awit ay may 12 ang sukat ng pantig,
habang ang korido naman ay may 10 ang sukat. Ang

Florante at Laura ay isang halimbawa ng awit, at ang mga sumusunod ay halimbawa ng korido: Ang
Ibong Adarna , at Buhay na Pinagdaanan ni Donya Mariang Asawa ng Ahas .
Ang balad ay tulang inaawit habang may nagsasayaw. Ginawa ito noong matagal nang panahon.
Mayroon itong anim hanggang walong pantig. Isang halimbawa nito ay balitaw. Ang balitaw ay debateng
awit at sayaw tungkol sa pagmamahalan ng isang babae at isang lalaki.

II. Ang tulang paawit o liriko ay mayroon ding iba’t ibang uri. Ito ay ang mga sumusunod:

1. Awiting Bayan – ang mga ito ay mula pa sa mga ninuno natin at magpahanggang ngayon ay kinakanta
o inaawit pa rin natin. Pangunahing halimbawa ng awiting bayan ay ang Lupang Hinirang, ang
Pambansang Awit ng Pilipinas. Iba pang halimbawa ay ang Leron, Leron Sinta, Dalagang Pilipina, Bahay
Kubo at ang Paruparong Bukid.

2. Soneto – ang tulang ito ay tungkol sa damdamin at kaisipan. Ito ay may 14 na taludtod. Dito ay may
mapupulot na aral ang mambabasa. Ang halimbawa ng soneto ay ang Sonnet on Worker’s Rights ni
Amado M. Yuson na isinalin sa wikang Filipino ni Joey A. Arrogante. Ito ay pinamagatang Soneto sa mga
Karapatan ng Mga Manggagawa.

3. Elehiya – ang tulang ito ay patungkol sa kamatayan o sa pagdadalamhati lalo na sa paggunita sa isang
sumakabilang-buhay na. Isang halimbawa ng elehiya ay ang isinulat ni Bienvenido A. Ramos na may
pamagat na Awit sa Isang Bangkay.

4. Dalit – kilala ito bilang awit sa pagsamba sa mga anito. Ngayon, ito ay awit ng papuri sa Diyos o kaya
ay sa Birheng Maria na ina ng Diyos o sa relihiyon.

5. Pastoral – mga tulang tungkol sa buhay sa bukid.

6. Oda – ito ay isang papuri, panaghoy, o iba pang masiglang damdamin. Walang tiyak na bilang ang
pantig at taludtod.

III. Ang tulang dula o pantanghalan ay may limang uri. Ito ay ang sumusunod:

1. Komedya – ang layunin nito ay gawing kawili-wili ang panonood sa pamamagitan ng mga ginagawa ng
pangunahing tauhan. Ang wakas nito ay masaya. Ang kaguluhan sa bandang simula ay naaayos. Ang
pagkakasundosundo ng mga tauhan ang nakapagpapasaya sa mga nanonood. Isang halimbawa ng
komedya na isinulat ni Juan Crisostomo Soto (o Crissot), na tinaguriang “Ama ng Panitikang
Kapampangan” ay ang komedyang Kiki-Riki, isang komedyang nakasulat sa Kapampangan at may isang
yugto.

2. Melodrama – ginagamit ang tulang ito sa mga dulang musikal. Isang halimbawa nito ang Sarimanok na
isinulat ni Steven Prince “Patrick” C. Fernandez.

3. Trahedya – nauuwi ang dulang ito sa malagim o malungkot na wakas. Isang halimbawa ng trahedya ay
Ang Trahedya sa Balay ni Kadil na isinulat ni Don Pagusara.

4. Parsa – ang parsa ay nakapagpapasiya sa mga nanonood dahil sa mga dugtong-dugtong na mga
pangyayaring nakatatawa.
5. Saynete – ang dulang ito ay tungkol sa mga lugar o pag-uugali ng mga tao.

5. Tulang Patnigan ( Justice Poetry )

Ito ay tulang sagutan na itinatanghal ng mga magkakatunggaling makata ngunit hindi sa paraang padula.
Ito ay paligsahan ng mga katwiran at tagisan ng mga talino at tulain. Ang sumusunod ang mga uri ng
tulang patnigan:

Karagatan - ang tulang ito ay ginagamit sa laro. Kadalasan itong ginaganap sa namatayan o may lamay at
may matandang tutula ukol sa paksa ng laro. Mayroon tabong papaikutin, at kung saan matatapat ang
hawakan ng tabo ay syang sasagot sa tanong ng isang dalaga na may matalinhagang bugtong at
matalinhagang sasagot ang binata. Ito ay nagmula sa isang alamat ng isang prinsesa na nahulugan ng
singsing habang siya'y naglalakbay sa karagatan . Kung sino man ang makakita ng singsing ay siyang
mapapakasalan ng prinsesa.

Duplo - ito ang pumalit sa karagatan. Labanan ito ng pagalingan sa pagbigkas at pagbibigay katwiran
nang patula. Ang mga pagbigkas ay galing sa mga kasabihan, salawikain at Bibliya. Ito ay madalas laruin
tuwing may lamay sa patay.

Balagtasan- ang balagtasan naman ang pumalit sa duplo. Ito ay debate na binibigkas nang patula.
Ipinangalan ito sa tanyag na manunulat na si Francisco "Balagtas" Baltazar"Ang Ama ng Balagtasan".
Pinatanyag ito ng "Hari ng Balagtasan" na si Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute).

Batutian - ay isang uri ng tulang patnigan na hinango sa balagtasan. Ipinangalan ito sa kinikilalang "
Unang Hari ng Balagtasan", si Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute). ginagawa ito sa mga lamayan
upang libangin ang mga tao. Naglalaman ito ng katatawanan ngunit may kasama ring katotohanan.

Mga Elemento ng Tula

Saknong - isang grupo ng mga salita sa loob ng isang tula na may dalawa o higit pang taludtod.

Sukat - bilang ng pantig ng tula.

Tugma - pinag-isang tunog sa hulihan ng mga taludtod.

Hindi buong rima ( assonance) - paraan ng pagtutugma ng tunog na kung saan ang salita ay nagtatapos
sa patinig .

Kaanyuan ( conssonance ) - paraan ng pagtutugma ng tunog na kung saan ang salita ay nagtatapos sa
katinig .

Sining o kariktan - paggamit ng pili, angkop at maririkit na salita . Nagbibigay ng pangkalahatang

impresyon sa bumabasa.

Talinghaga - tumutukoy ito sa paggamit ng matatalinhagang salita at tayutay.

Tayutay - paggamit ng pagwawangis, pagtutulad, pagtatao ang ilang paraan upang ilantad ang talinghaga
sa tula

Anyo - porma ng tula.

Tono/Indayog - diwa ng tula.

Persona - tumutukoy sa nagsasalita sa tula; una, ikalawa o ikatlong panauhan

SANAYSAY

Ang sanaysay na palana ay isang maiksing komposisyon na kalimitang naglalaman ng personal na kuru-
kuro ng may-akda.

PANITIKAN

Ang panitikan ay nagsasabi o nagpapahayag ng mga kaisipan, mga damdamin, mga karanasan, hangarin
at diwa ng mga tao. At ito rin ang pinakapayak na paglalarawan lalo na sa pagsulat ng tuwiran o tuluyan
at patula.

Nagsasalaysay din ito sa pamahalaan, lipunan at mga pananampatalaya at mga karanasang may kaugnay
ng iba’t ibang uri ng damdamin tulad ng pag-ibig, kaligayahan, kalungkutan, pag-asa, pagkapoot,
paghihiganti, pagkasuklam, sindak at pangamba.

Dalawang Uri ng Panitikan

1. Patula – Ito ay nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama-sama ng maaanyong salita sa mga taludtod na

may sukat o bilang ng mga pantig at pagtutugma ng mga salita sa hulihan ng mga taludtod sa bawat
saknong.

2. Tuluyan o Prosa – ay nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng malayang pagsasama-sama ng mga salita sa mga

pangungusap.

PARTS OF NEWSPAPER

1. General News – This is usually the most important news in both local and abroad. These are usually
found on the front page of the paper. The title of the news is printed in big, bold letters called “ banner
headline”

2. Local and Foreign News Section – Contains news from towns and cities of the nation and abroad.
3. Editorial Page – This section contains articles called editorials. Editorials give views or opinions of the
editor or publisher on certain issues or events.

4. Sports Page – This section contains news on events containing sports from in and out of the country.
This section also contains well-known people in the sports world.

5. Classified Ads Section – Contains advertisements that fall under the categories like “Help”, “Wanted”,
“For Lease / For Sale”, and “Wanted To Buy”.

6. Business and Finance Section – Contains businessmen and people interested in business with
information on banking. foreign exchange rates, imports and exports, and prices of prime commodities.

7. Entertainment Section – Contains info about movies, radio, television and other activities for
entertainment.

8. Home and Culture Section – Provides info about budgeting, food preparation, house improvement,
etc.

9. Society Page – Contains news about important people who are celebrating special events in a
particular place

10. Travel and Tourism Section – Contains a guide to travel and directs tourists to a scenic vacation spots
and gives information on the activities in these places.

11. Announcements and Orbituary Page – Provides info on the activities of different religious sections
and also lists people who recently died and the time and place of their burials.

PARTS OF A BOOK

Front matter: the information that appears in the very beginning of a book. The front matter contains
the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information such as title, author, publisher, ISBN, and
Library of Congress data.

1. Half Title (Sometimes Called Bastard Title): Actually, this is just the title of the book.

2. Frontispiece: This is the piece of artwork on the left (otherwise known as “verso”) side of the page
opposite the title page on the right (otherwise known as “recto”) side.

3. Title Page: The title page is the page that contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and
the publisher.

4. Copyright Page: This includes the declaration of copyright—meaning, who owns the copyright
( generally the authors)—and other types of credits such as illustrator, editorial staff, and indexer.
Sometimes, this page has notes from the publisher and copyright acknowledgments—for books that
contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics, etc.

5. Dedication : The dedication page is where the author honors an individual, or individuals, by declaring
that the labor of the book is dedicated “To” (and the name, or names, are filled in).

6. Acknowledgments : This page is where the author thanks those who contributed their time,
resources, and talent towards the effort of writing the book.

6. Table of Contents: This page or pages outline what is included in each chapter of the book.

7. Foreword: The forward is what is referred to as the “set up” for the book—typically written by
someone other than the author.

8. Preface or Introduction: The introduction is another “set up,” but it's generally written by the author.

End matter: is the material at the back of the book, generally optional.

1. Glossary: The glossary is a list of term definitions used throughout the book that might be unfamiliar
to the reader.

2. Bibliography: Most often seen in non-fiction like a biography or an academic text, a bibliography lists
the references and sources used in researching or reporting the book.

3. Index: An index is an optional but highly desirable element for non-fiction works. Placed at the very
end of the book, it acts as a map to the mentions of and references to major topics and people
throughout the work, indicating the specific page numbers on which they appear. It might list an
individual's name, then indicate "birth of," "education of," "marriage of," followed by the corresponding
pages. An index is arranged in alphabetical order.

AWITING BAYAN

Ang mga awiting bayan ay mga sinaunang awit ng mga Pilipino na inaawit at tinatangkilik pa rin maging
sa kasalukuyan. Ang mga awiting bayan ay kadalasang nasa anyong patula at binubuo ng labing-
dalawang pantig sa bawat taludtod. Marami sa mga awiting bayan ay tumatalakay sa pang araw – araw
na buhay, kabuhayan, karanasan, kaugalian, damdamin, at relihiyon.

Mga uri ng Awiting Bayan:

1. Balítaw - ay isang tradisyon ng mga Cebuano. Ito ay pinaghalong awit, sayaw, at sagutan sa pagitan
ng isang babae at lalaki. Ito ay isang tagisan ng husay sa musika at katwiran. Ang debate ay karaniwang
tumatalakay sa paksa ng pag-ibig . Ang isang halimbawa nito ay ang Inday, Inday sa Balitaw na nagmula
sa katagalugan

2. Kumintang o tagumpay - ay uri ng awiting bayan na tumatalakay sa pakikidigma. Ang halimbawa nito
ay Ang Mutya ng Pasig na isinulat ni Deogracias Del Rosario at nilapatan naman ng musika ni Nicanor
Abelardo .

3. Kundiman - ay awiting bayan na tumatalakay sa pag – ibig. Ito ang ginagamit ng mga kalalakihan
upang suyuin ang kanilang nililiyag na mga kababaihan sa pamamagitan ng paghaharana. Ang
halimbawang kundiman ay Manang Biday ng mga Ilokano.

4. Kutang – kutang ay isang uri ng awit sa lansangan. Ang isang halimbawa nito ay Paru – Parong Bukid.
Ang dalit o imno ay awiting bayan na inaawit upang magbigay papuri, luwalhati, kaligayahan, o
pasasalamat. Ang halimbawa nito ay ang himno ng San Francisco ng Mabini Batangas.

5. Diona - ay awiting bayan para sa mga ikinakasal. Ang halimbawa nito ay ang diona na isinulat ni
Raymund Pambid ukol sa pamilya na siyang nagwagi ng unang pwesto sa patimpalak na isinagawa ng
University of the Philippines.

6. Dung – aw - ay awiting bayan na iniaalay ng mga Ilokano para sa kanilang mga mahal sa buhay na
yumao. Ang halimbawa nito ay ang A y ama nga nageb-ebba, Dinak man kaasian aya, A panawan a
sisina, Tay uneg balay a kasa.

7. Maluway - ay awiting bayan na nagpapahayg ng k aligayahan sa sama – samang paggawa . Ang mga
halimbawa nito ay Bahay Kubo at Leron, Leron Sinta.

8. Oyayi - ay awiting bayan na ginagamit sa paghehele o pagpapatulog ng mga bata. Ang mga halimbawa
nito ay Dandansoy at Ili – Ili Tulog Anay.

9. Sambotani - ay awiting bayan na nagpapahayag ng kasiyahan mula sa tagumpay matapos ang

pakikidigma. Ang halimbawa nito ay Ang Tungo sa Pagbabago Para sa Pagbabago na isinulat at nilapatan
ng musika ni Noel Cabangon.

10. Talindaw - ay awiting bayan ukol sa pamamangka o pagsagwan . Ang halimbawa nito ay Sagwan,
tayo'y sumagwan, Ang buong kaya'y ibigay. Malakas ang hangin, Baka tayo'y tangayin, Pagsagwa'y
pagbutihin.

11. Tigpasin - ay awiting bayan ukol sa paggaod. Ang halimbawa nito ay Sitsiritsit.
Pilibustero - tawag sa mga Pilipinong pumupunta sa ibang bansa upang magsimula ng HIMAGSIKAN
laban sa mga dayuhan.

DESTRUCTIVE FISHING TECHNIQUES

Muro-ami fishing - employed on coral reefs in Southeast Asia, uses an encircling net together with
pounding devices. These devices usually comprise large stones fitted on ropes that are pounded into the
coral reefs.

Cyanide fishing - is a method of collecting live fish mainly for use in aquariums , which involves spraying
a sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish's habitat in order to stun the fish. The practice hurts not
only the target population, but also many other marine organisms, including coral and coral reefs .

Ref Overfishing - is defined as catching more fish than the system can support.

Bottom Trawling - rockhopper trawls with large wheels or rollers are used to make fishing more efficient,
but too often are used in vulnerable reef areas. The trawls crush, scar, and destroy coral reefs, leaving
little more than a trail of rubble in their wake.

Solution - is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. The dissolving agent is the solvent.
The substance that is dissolved is the solute. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or
molecules, making them 10 m or smaller in diameter.

Example: Sugar and water

Suspensions - the particles in suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a
suspension can be evenly distributed by mechanical means, like by shaking the contents but the
components will eventually settle out.

Example: Oil and water

Colloids - particles intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions can be mixed
in such a way that they remain evenly distributed without settling out. The mixture they form is called a
colloidal dispersion . A colloidal dispersion consists of colloids in a dispersing medium.

Example: Milk

Other Dispersions

Liquids, solids, and gasses all may be mixed to form colloidal dispersions.

Aerosols: Solid or liquid particles in a gas

Examples: Smoke is solid in a gas. Fog is a liquid in a gas.

Sols : Solid particles in a liquid

Example: Milk of Magnesia is a sol with solid magnesium hydroxide in water.

Emulsions : Liquid particles in a liquid

Example: Mayonnaise is oil in water .

Gels: Liquids in solid

Examples: Gelatin is protein in water. Quicksand is sand in water.

Deep vein thrombosis - occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in
your body, usually in your legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling, but also can occur
with no symptoms. It can develop if you have certain medical conditions that affect how your blood
clots. It can also happen if you don't move for a long time, such as after surgery or an accident, or when
you're confined to bed.

Cerebrovascular accident - is the medical term for a stroke . A stroke is when blood flow to a part of your
brain is stopped either by a blockage or the rupture of a blood vessel.

Rheumatic heart disease - is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged by
rheumatic fever.

Myocardial infarction - also known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a
part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle .The most common symptom is chest pain or
discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.

Kerosene is also not miscible in water, just like other hyrocarbons. Therefore, kerosene will float on
water. Lighting the kerosene on fire will not affect the water beneath it.

Liver - Good for iron-deficiency

VITAMINS

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble nutrient. It helps your body form healthy teeth, bones, soft tissues, and skin. It
can also help you ward off bacterial and viral infections, prevent night blindness, and keep your hair and
nails healthy.
Foods that are particularly high in vitamin A include: carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash, cantaloupe,
apricots, spinach, kale, and collard greens

Some spices are also high in vitamin A, including paprika, red pepper, cayenne, and chili powder.

Vitamins B-6, B-12, and B-9 are essential for proper nerve function, the synthesis of DNA, and the
formation of red blood cells in your body. They also help maintain your brain function , prevent anemia ,
and support metabolism.

Foods that are particularly high in vitamins B-6 and B-12 include: meat, poultry, and fish, seafood
including mussels and oysters, eggs, milk

Foods that are particularly high in B-9, or folic acid, include leafy green vegetables and poultry. Some
breakfast cereals, fruit juices, and other products are fortified with folic acid.

Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. It’s a powerful antioxidant that helps protect the health of your
cells. It improves your body’s iron absorption. It’s also important for promoting healthy teeth and gums,
healing wounds, and helping you resist infection.

Foods that are particularly high in vitamin C include: papaya, citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers,
broccoli, Brussels sprouts, dark leafy greens, such as kale, mustard greens, and chard

Vitamin D is a unique vitamin. On top of absorbing it from foods you eat, your body can also synthesize
it from sunlight. It’s critical for the health of your bones and immune system, as well as calcium
absorption. According to the National Cancer Institute , it may also help lower your risk of developing
colorectal cancer .

Though sunshine is by far the richest source of vitamin D, foods that also provide vitamin D include:
some seafood, such as salmon, herring, catfish, trout, and oysters, milk, eggs, shiitake mushrooms

Like vitamin C, vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant. It helps protects your cells from damage. It also helps
your body use vitamin K and repair muscle cells.

Foods that are particularly high in vitamin E include: sunflower seeds and almonds, spinach, Swiss chard,
and turnip greens, bell peppers, asparagus

Vitamin K is critical for your body’s formation of blood clots. Without it, you could bleed to death from a
simple cut. It may also help maintain bone strength in older adults.

Foods that are particularly high in vitamin K include: kale, spinach, collard greens, Swiss chard, turnip
greens, and mustard greens, romaine lettuce, parsley, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus
Species - a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or
interbreeding.

Community - also called biological community, in biology, an interacting group of various species in a
common location.

Community ecology - study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages
of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.

Ecosystem - community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

PLANT TROPISMS

Phototropism is the directional growth of an organism in response to light.

Growth toward light, or positive tropism is demonstrated in many vascular plant, such as angiosperms,
gymnosperms, and ferns. Stems in these plants exhibit positive phototropism and grow in the direction
of a light source.

Plant stems and leaves demonstrate positive phototropism , while roots (mostly influenced by gravity)
tend to demonstrate negative phototropism.

Heliotropism is a type of phototropism in which certain plant structures, typically stems and flowers,
follow the path of the sun from east to west as it moves across the sky.

Thigmotropism describes plant growth in response to touch or contact with a solid object. Positive
thigmostropism is demonstrated by climbing plants or vines, which have specialized structures called
tendrils. A tendril is a thread-like appendage used for twinning around solid structures. While tendrils
demonstrate positive thigmotropism, roots can exhibit negative thigmotropism at times. As roots extend
into the ground, they often grow in the direction away from an object.

Gravitropism or geotropism is growth in response to gravity. Gravitropism is very important in plants as

it directs root growth toward the pull of gravity (positive gravitropism) and stem growth in the opposite
direction (negative gravitropism).

Hydrotropism is directional growth in response to water concentrations. This tropism is important in

plants for protection against drought conditions through positive hydrotropism and against water over-
saturation through negative hydrotropism.

Thermotropism is growth or movement in response to heat or temperature changes.

Chemotropism is growth in response to chemicals.

A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's
surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. The
primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide and ozone.

Homeostatic - a machine that regulates room temperature. At the centre of a thermostat is a bimetallic
strip that responds to temperature changes.

Pacemaker - is a small device that's placed under the skin in your chest to help control your heartbeat.

Haemoscope - An instrument for regulating and measuring the thickness of a layer of blood for
spectroscopic examination.

Hemodialyzer - or artificial kidney, is used to filter fluids and wastes from a dialysis patient's blood.

Tropical cyclone - also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense circular storm that originates over warm
tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.

Meteoroids are objects in space that range in size from dust grains to small asteroids. Think of them as
“space rocks."

When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere (or that of another planet, like Mars) at high speed and
burn up, the fireballs or “shooting stars” are called meteors .

When a meteoroid survives a trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it’s called a meteorite.

Comets are often referred to as "dirty snowballs." They are left over from the formation of stars and
planets billions of years ago.

Writ of Amparo - Right to life, liberty and security

Machismo is the sense of being ' manly' and self-reliant, the concept associated with "a strong sense of
masculine pride: an exaggerated masculinity. It is associated with "a man's responsibility to provide for,
protect, and defend his family.
Split personality: Multiple personality disorder, a neurosis in which the personality becomes dissociated
into two or more distinct parts each of which becomes dominant and controls behavior from time to
time to the exclusion of the other parts. A modern name for this condition is dissociative identity
disorder.

Cognitive dissonance (Leon Festinger) is the mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two
or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values.

For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition),
they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.

May apat (4) na uri ng pangungusap ayon sa pagkabuo o kayarian.

1. Payak – isang diwa lang ang tinatalakay.

– maaaring may payak na simuno at panaguri.

Hal. Maraming biyayang bigay ang Panginoon sa mga tao.

2. Tambalan – may higit sa dalawang kaisipan.

– binubuo ng dalawa o higit pang sugnay na nakapag-iisa.

– ginagamitan ng pangatnig na magkatimbang

Hal. Ang biyaya ay kusang-loob na ibinibigay at ito ay kaloob na walang bayad.

Ang mga pangatnig na magkatimbang ay at, pati, saka, o, ni , maging, ngunit .

3. Hugnayan – pangungusap na binubuo ng isang sugnay na makapag-iisa at sugnay na di makapag-iisa.

– ginagamitan ng pangatnig na di-magkatimbang ( kung, nang, bago, upang, kapag, dahil sa, sapagkat)

Hal. Mabuti ang mag-asawa sapagkat tumutulong sa mga kapitbahay na nangangailangan.

( ang may salungguhit ay sugnay na makapag-iisa; walang salungguhit ay sugnay na di makapag-iisa)

4. Langkapan – pangungusap na binubuo ng tambalan at hugnayang pangungusap. ( binubuo ng 2sugnay

na nakapag-iisa at sugnay na di nakapag-iisa)

Hal. Mabuti ang mag-asawa at sila ay may busilak na puso dahil sinusunod nila ang utos ng Panginoon.
Mga Uri Ng Bigkas Ng Mga Salita

1. Maragsâ – kapag ang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig, at binibigkas nang mabilis, tuloy-tuloy, at may
impit na mabilis sa dulo. Ang diin ay nasa huling patinig, at ang sagisag o tuldik ng diin ay pakupya (^).

/â /: akdâ, biglâ, digmâ, gawâ, hiyâ, likhâ, kutyâ, ngatâ, pisâ, tugmâ

/ê /: tulê

/î /: balî, daglî, gawî, hapdî, lunggatî, kimî, malî, ngitî, pigî, suhî, tupî

/ô/: bungô, gintô, hapô, kulô, pulô, samyô, tagô, upô, wastô, yukô

2. Malumì – kapag ang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig, at binibigkas nang dahan-dahan, may saglit na
paghaba o pagtaas ng patinig sa ikalawa sa huling pantig ( penultima) nito, at may impit na banayad sa
dulo. Ang diin ay nasa huling patinig, at ang sagisag ng diin ay paiwa (`).

/à /: binatà, diwà, galà, hinà, kalingà, lupà, malayà, pinsalà

/è /: nenè, tiyanggè

/ì /: amukì, busisì, dalirì, gusì, harì, kawalì, lipì, munì, ngingì, susì, tiyanì

/ò/: alò, birò, dapò, guhò, hangò, kurò, ligò, pugò, siphayò, tibò

3. Mabilís – kapag ang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig o katinig, at binibigkas nang tuloy-tuloy, walang
saglit na paghaba o pagtaas ng patinig sa penultima nito, at walang impit sa dulo. Ang diin ay nasa huling
patinig, at ang sagisag ng diin ay pahilis (′).

/á /: amá, buká, dalá, gandá, hiningá, iná, limá, masayá, nilá, puntá

/é /: ataké, baldé, ditsé, gulpé, helé, kapé, plaké, sisté, tangké

/í /: aní, bilí, dumí, gabí, kamí, liksí, marumí, nirí, putaktí, tutubí, wilí

/ó/: anó, butó, damó, guló, hiló, kayó, litó, noó, pitsó, sikó, tuliró

4. Malúmay – kapag ang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig o katinig, at binibigkas nang dahan-dahan, may
saglit na paghaba o pagtaas ng patinig sa penultima nito, at walang impit sa dulo. Ang diin ay nasa
patinig ng penultima, at ang sagisag ng diin ay pahilis (′) din.

/a/: búnga, gáya, hiléra, kúya, lása, múra, nípa, páta, ráya, tinóla

/e/: áte, babáe, dóte, gábe, héle, kaliwéte, líbre, mónghe, putáhe

/i /: anáki, dáti, halígi, ígi, laláki, mabúti, ngísi, rámi, síbi

/o /: anímo, búko, dáyo, góto, hílo, kúto, líbo, magkáno, púto, táo

5. Mariin – kapag ang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig o katinig, at binibigkas nang may-kabigatan
binibigkas sa ikatlo, ikaapat, ikalima, o higit pang pantig mula sa huling pantig. Ang diin ay nasa patinig
ng ikatlo, ikaapat, ikalima, o higit pang pantig, at ang sagisag ng diin ay pahilis (′) din. Maaaring sa patinig
ng huling pantig ay iba na ang diin.

ika-3 mula sa huling pantig: maáarì, nárito, páwíkan, Saligáng-batás

ika-4 mula sa huling pantig: ábuluyán, épilogó, nanggígitatà, nápipintô

ika-5 mula sa huling pantig: mápagkamalán, mápariwarà, nangángalumbabà

ika-6 mula sa huling pantig: págpapatiwakál

6. Malaw-aw – kapag ang salita ay binibigkas nang pahakdaw sa huling pantig ng salita, na mistulang
pinaghihiwalay ang ikalawang huling katinig o huling katinig at ang huling patinig sa pamamagitan ng
gitling (-) at hindi ng tuldik.

agay-ay, agaw-aw, alay-ay, aliw-iw, an-an

gab-i, ig-ig, palaman-an

salag-oy, tung-ol

PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

What is Philosophy? - the science that seeks to organize and systemize all fields of knowledge as a
means of understanding and interpreting the totality of reality. - systematic and logical explanation of
the nature, existence, purpose and relationships of things, including human beings in the universe.

Main Branches of Philosophy

1. Metaphysics – deals with the first principles, the origin an essence of things, the causes and end of
thing. - it is the science of existence.

2. Epistemology – deals with knowledge and with ways of knowing. - Conceptual - Perceptual – Intuitive

3. Axiology – deals with purposes and values. - Ethics

4. Logic – deals with the correct way of thinking.

Major Philosophies of Education

1. Idealism – (Platonic) Reality consists of transcendental universal, form, or ideals which are the object
of true knowledge. (DECS order No. 13 s 1998 – Revised rules and regulation on the teaching of religion
in public elementary and secondary schools)

2. Naturalism – This opposed to idealism. This is the view that the whole of reality is nature.

3. Pragmatism – a tendency, movement, or more definite system of thought in which stress is place
upon critical consequence and values as standard for explicating philosophic concept, and as a test of
truth lies in its practical consequence and that the purpose of conduct. - James - Chiller - Dewey

4. Supernaturalism – has a purpose to educate the individual for his life here on earth and to prepare for
the life beyond. Humanism – places human being over in above worldly things.

5. Realism– universals are independent of antecedent to and more real than the specific individual
instances in which they manifest.

6. Progressivism – dominated by the technological experimental advancement which have so powerfully

shaped our modern culture. (DECS order No. 57 s 1998 – Clarification on the changes in the Social
Studies Program, WH for 3rd year and Economics for 4th year) (DECS order No 91 s. 1998 – Changes in
the THE program of the NSEC) Some important features of Progressivism 1. The child as the center of
the educational process. 2. It emphasizes learning by doing. Advocates of Progressivism John Dewey
William Kilpatrick

7. Existentialism - Puts emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual. - Existence precedes, that is,
essence is created by existence. - Human nature is a product of existence. - Holds the view that human
existence, or the human situation is the starting point of thinking. – It emphasizes concreteness of the
individual. - It values the freedom of choice, individual dignity, personal love, and creative effort. (DECS
order no. 65 s. 1998 – revised Guidelines on the selection of honor students in secondary level) (DECS
order no. 10 s. 1998 – Revised system of rating and reporting of student performance for secondary
schools)

Freedom of choice is an important value of existentialism and is determined or affected to a large extent
several factors among which are the following: 1. Influence of the family especially the parents. 2.
Influence of peers and associates. 3. Religious orientation 4. Social approval 5. Cultural patterns 6.
Financial status 7. Psychological traits 8. Sex 9. Health and physical fitness 10. Education

8. Positivism - a philosophical movement characterized by an emphasis upon science and scientific

method as the only source of knowledge.

9. Relativism - a doctrine of relationism or relativity – a theory that knowledge is relative to the limited
nature of the mind and the condition of knowing.

10. Materialism - it maintains that all events are not true to the nature of independent reality and that
holds that absolutely true knowledge is impossible.
11. Empiricism - it spouses that legitimate human knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind
by the senses or by introspective awareness through experience. -hence it believes on education
through.

12. Romanticism - it questioned the notions of the enlightenment that had dominated Europe in the
early 18th century.

13. Epicureanism - philosophical teaching about nature and ethics that was derived from the writing of
Epicurus. - this philosophy base its knowledge on sense perception, asserting that sensations are
invariably good.

14. Hedonism - it centers on pleasure - learning is pleasurable

15. Utilitarianism - it believes that any moral theory that value of human actions, policies, and
institutions by their consequences in men’s experience or by general welfare of all person affected by
them.

16. Communism - disregard basic human rights and educates the young for subservience to the state.

17. Fascism – conceives that the state is an absolute.

18. Progressivism - it emphasizes that educational concern must be on the child interest, desires, and
the learners freedom as an individual rather than the subject matter.

19. Essentialism - it ascribes ultimate reality to immense embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses.

Figures of speech - are also known as figures of rhetoric, figures of style, rhetorical figures, figurative
language, and schemes.

1. Alliteration: The repetition of an initial consonant sound.

Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.

2. Anaphora: The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.

Example: Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" : "So let freedom ring from the prodigious
hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring
from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania..."

Addition: Anadiplosis - a word or group of words located at the end of one clause or sentence is
repeated at or near the beginning of the following clause or sentence.

Example: "Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task."
3. Antithesis: The juxtaposition of contrasting or opposing ideas.

Example: As Abraham Lincoln said, "Folks who have no vices have very few virtues."

"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." - Neil Armstrong.

"To err is human; to forgive divine." - Alexander Pope.

4. Apostrophe: Directly addressing a nonexistent person or an inanimate object as though it were a

living being.

Example: "Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to," Bert sighed.

5. Assonance: Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words. Example:
How now, brown cow?

6. Chiasmus: A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but
with the parts reversed.

Example: The famous chef said people should live to eat, not eat to live.

7. Euphemism: The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. Example:
"We're teaching our toddler how to go potty," Bob said.

8. Hyperbole: An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or
heightened effect.

Example: I have a ton of things to do when I get home.

9. Irony: The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or situation
where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

Example: "Oh, I love spending big bucks," said my dad, a notorious penny pincher.

10. Litotes: A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by

negating its opposite.

Example: A million dollars is no small chunk of change.

11. Metaphor: An implied comparison between two dissimilar things that have something in common.

Example: "All the world's a stage."

12. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is
closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things
around it.

Example: "That stuffed suit with the briefcase is a poor excuse for a salesman," the manager said angrily.
13. Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they
refer to.

Example: The clap of thunder went bang and scared my poor dog.

14. Oxymoron: A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.

Example: "He popped the jumbo shrimp in his mouth."

15. Paradox: A statement that appears to contradict itself.

Example: "This is the beginning of the end," said Eeyore, always the pessimist.

16. Personification: A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with
human qualities or abilities.

Example: That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your hand if you don't handle it safely.

17. Pun: A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the
similar sense or sound of different words.

Example: Jessie looked up from her breakfast and said, "A boiled egg every morning is hard to beat."

18. Simile: A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally
dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.

Example: Roberto was white as a sheet after he walked out of the horror movie.

19. Synecdoche: A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole.

Example: Tina is learning her ABC's in preschool.

20. Understatement: A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem
less important or serious than it is.

Example: "You could say Babe Ruth was a decent ballplayer," the reporter said with a wink.

180+ Sawikain at Kahulugan

Abot-tanaw

Kahulugan: Naaabot ng tingin

Halimbawa: Kahit saang sulok ng mundo ka pumunta, abot-tanaw ka pa rin ng ating Panginoong Diyos.

Agaw-buhay

Kahulugan: Naghihingalo; malapit nang mamatay; muntik nang maputulan ng hininga

Halimbawa: Pagkatapos malunod sa dagat si Cardo, nag-agaw-buhay siya nang dinala sa ospital.

Agaw-dilim

Kahulugan: Malapit na ang gabi

Halimbawa: Agaw-dilim nang lumabas sa paaralan si Pangulong Rodrigo Duterte.

Alilang-kanin

Kahulugan: Utusang walang bayad o katulong sa bahay na walang sweldo ngunit pinapakain

Halimbawa: Alilang-kanin lang si Michelle ng kanyang Tiya Sharon Cuneta.

Amoy-pinipig

Kahulugan: Mabango

Halimbawa: Amoy-pinipig ang sexy star na si Kim Domingo.

Amoy tsiko

Kahulugan: Lasing

Halimbawa: Amoy tsiko na si Tatay pagkatapos makipag-inuman sa kanyang mga kumpare.

Anak-dalita

Kahulugan: Mahirap o anak ng mahirap na mga magulang

Halimbawa: Kahit anak-dalita lang ang kaklase kong si Boboy, tunay na kaibigan ko pa rin siya.

Anak-pawis

Kahulugan: Trabahador, ordinaryong tao

Halimbawa: Anak-pawis ang tatay ni Bentong dahil nagtatrabaho lang siya sa pagawaan ng tsinelas.

Asal hayop
Kahulugan: Masama ang ugali; parang hayop na hindi nakakikilala ng masama at mabuti

Halimbawa: Asal hayop ang kapatid ng asawa ni Ben. Ang daming walang kwenta at hindi totoo ang mga
sinasabi.

Balat-kalabaw

Kahulugan: Matapang ang hiya o makapal ang mukha

Halimbawa: Balat-kalabaw ka na talaga kahit noon pa. Kahit saang birthday at piyesta, andun ka.

Balat-sibuyas

Kahulugan: maramdamin o sobrang sensitibo ang damdamin

Halimbawa: Hindi ka dapat maging Pangulo sa klase dahil balat-sibuyas ka.

Balik-harap

Kahulugan: Taksil (mabuti ang pakikitungo sa harap ngunit taksil sa likuran.)

Halimbawa: Naging balik-harap si Hudas kay Jesus.

Balitang kutsero

Kahulugan: Tsismis o Maling balita; Hindi totoong balita

Halimbawa: Mahilig magsasabi ng mga balitang kutsero si Aling Nena.

Bantay-salakay

Kahulugan: Hindi mapagkakatiwalaan

Halimbawa: Akala mo’y mabait ngunit bantay-salakay naman pala.

Basa ang papel

Kahulugan: Bistado na

Halimbawa: Basa na ang papel ninyo kay Pangulong Duterte kaya huwag na kayong magpanggap pa.
Maghintay na lang kayo sa inyong parusa.

Malapad ang papel

Kahulugan: Maraming koneksyon (tao); maraming kakilala na makapagbibigay ng tulong

Halimbawa: Malapad ang papel ni Mayor Duterte kaya madali niyang makuha ang mga impormasyong
gusto niyang malaman.

Bilang na ang araw

Kahulugan: Malapit ng mamatay

Halimbawa: Bilang na ang araw ni Lola Basyang.

Buhok anghel

Kahulugan: May magandang buhok

Halimbawa: May buhok anghel si Sarah Geronimo dahil sa kanyang ginamit na shampoo.

Bukal sa loob

Kahulugan: Taos puso o tapat

Halimbawa: Bukal sa loob ang pagtulong ni Bong Go sa kapwa.

Bukang liwayway

Kahulugan: Malapit nang mag-umaga

Halimbawa: Pagkatapos makipaglamay si Mang Juan sa kanilang Lola, bukang- liwayway na siyang
nakauwi.

Bukas ang isip

Kahulugan: Tumatanggap ng opinyon ng kapwa; handang dinggin at tanggapin ang sinasabi ng iba
(Open-minded)

Halimbawa: Mahusay na Presidente si Digong dahil bukas ang kanyang isip sa kanyang mga kaklase.

Makitid ang isip o Makitid ang utak

Kahulugan: Bobo o Mahinang umunawa; walang gaanong nalalaman

Halimbawa: Sa lahat ng mga naging kaklase ko, si Bentong ang may makitid ang isip.

Malawak ang isip

Kahulugan: Matalino o Madaling umunawa, maraming nalalaman

Halimbawa: Si Dolphy ang may malawak ang isip. Kaya siya naging Valedictorian sa skul.

Bukas na kaban

Kahulugan: Matulungin sa mahihirap o Mapagkawanggawa

Halimbawa: May bukas na kaban si Lakas sa mga mahihirap.

Bulaklak ng lipunan
Kahulugan: Sikat at respetadong babae sa lipunan

Halimbawa: Si Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ay itinuturing bulaklak ng lipunan.

Bumangga sa pader

Kahulugan: Lumaban sa makapangyarihan at mayamang tao o gawin ang akala ng iba na imposibleng
gawin.

Halimbawa: Kahit bumangga sa pader si Pangulong Duterte, gagawin niya ito para sa ikabubuti ng lahat
lalo na ng mga kabataan sa hinaharap.

Bungang-tulog

Kahulugan: Panaginip

Halimbawa: Nanalo ako ng 50 milyon sa Lotto! Bungang-tulog lang pala 'yon! Akala ko totoo!

Bungang-araw

Kahulugan: Sakit sa balat (maliliit na bilog-bilog sa balat)

Halimbawa: Karaniwang dinadapuan ng mga bungang-araw ang mga kabataan tuwing "summer".

Buntong hininga

Kahulugan: Himutok, hinagpis

Halimbawa: Napa-buntong hininga na lang si Cardo nang makita niyang binaril si Ganda.

Busilak ang puso

Kahulugan: Malinis ang kalooban

Halimbawa: Busilak ang puso ng batang si Santino.

Butas ang bulsa

Kahulugan: Walang pera

Halimbawa: Butas ang bulsa ni Mang Karyo kung kaya’t hindi siya nakabayad agad ng kuryente.

Sukat ang bulsa

Kahulugan: Marunong gumamit ng pera; marunong mamahala ng ari-arian, kayamanan o investments

Halimbawa: Sukat ang bulsa ni Manny Pakyaw kaya lalo pa siyang yumayaman.

Buto’t-balat
Kahulugan: Sobrang kapayatan

Halimbawa: Halos buto’t balat na si Buloy nang bisitahin namin sa bilangguan.

Buwaya sa katihan

Kahulugan: Ususera, nagpapautang na malaki ang tubo

Halimbawa: Lalong yumayaman si Mang Bombay sa pagiging buwaya sa katihan.

Di mahapayang gatang

Kahulugan: Sobrang yabang

Halimbawa: Dahil sa pagiging di mahapayang gatang ni Ruben, sinuntok siya ng kainuman niya kagabi.

Di makabasag-pinggan

Kahulugan: Mahinhin

Halimbawa: Sadya namang di makabasag pinggan iyang anak ni Feliciana.

Di malaglagang karayom o Di mahulugang karayom

Kahulugan: Napakaraming tao

Halimbawa: Di malaglagang karayom ang rally kahapon.

Galit sa pera

Kahulugan: Gastador

Halimbawa: Parang laging galit sa pera ang asawa ni Kathy tuwing araw ng swelduhan.

Ginintuang tinig

Kahulugan: Maganda ang boses

Halimbawa: May ginintuang tinig si Myrna kaya laging nananalo sa "singing contest".

Guhit ng tadhana

Kahulugan: Itinakdang kapalaran

Halimbawa: Siya yung babae na guhit ng aking tadhana.

Halang ang kaluluwa

Kahulugan: Masamang tao

Halimbawa: Halang ang kaluluwa ng taong nang-rape sa isang matandang lola.

Halang ang bituka

Kahulugan: Salbahe, desperado, hindi nangingiming pumatay ng tao

Halimbawa: Kapag naka-shabu ka, magiging halang ang bituka mo sa paggawa krimen.

Mahapdi ang bituka

Kahulugan: Nagugutom

Halimbawa: Kanina pa tayo nag-aantay ng kainan sa birthday party na ito. Sobrang tagal. Mahapdi na
ang bituka ko.

Hampas ng langit

Kahulugan: Ngitngit ng Diyos

Halimbawa: Dahil sa kasamaan na ginawa mo nung una, narito pinaramdam sa iyo ngayon ang hampas
ng langit.

Hampas-lupa

Kahulugan: Lagalag, busabos

Halimbawa: Ang hampas-lupang kagaya ni Dan ay di nababagay sa ganda at yaman ni Marian.

Hawak sa leeg

Kahulugan: Sunud-sunuran

Halimbawa: Palibhasa’y hawak sa leeg ng kanyang amo kaya kahit anong iutos ay sinusunod ni Inday.

Hindi madapuan ng langaw

Kahulugan: Sobrang pinoprotektahan

Halimbawa: Hindi madapuan ng langaw ang batang iyan.

Ibong mandaragit

Kahulugan: Mananakop

Halimbawa: Napakaraming ibong mandaragit ang umaali-aligid sa bansa natin.

Ilaw ng tahanan

Kahulugan: Ina o Nanay

Halimbawa: Mahal na mahal ko ang aking ilaw ng tahanan.

Haligi ng tahanan

Kahulugan: Ama o Tatay

Halimbawa: Sobrang sipag ng aming haligi ng tahanan kaya hindi kami nagugutom dahil meron siyang
iniipon para sa panahon ng aming pangangailangan.

Isang bulate na lang ang hindi pumipirma

Kahulugan: malapit ng mamatay

Halimbawa: Isang bulate na lang ang hindi pumipirma kay Lola Basyang.

Isang kahig, isang tuka

Kahulugan: Nabubuhay sa hirap

Halimbawa: Ang pamilya niya’y isang kahig, isang tuka.

Itaga sa bato

Kahulugan: Tandaan

Halimbawa: Hindi na ako babalik dito kahit kailan. Itaga mo yan sa bato!

Isulat sa tubig

Kahulugan: Kalimutan

Halimbawa: Isulat mo na lang sa bibig lahat ng napag-usapan natin kanina.

Itim na tupa

Kahulugan: Masamang anak

Halimbawa: Itinuturing na itim na tupa si Pokwang ng kanyang nanay.

Kakaning-itik

Kahulugan: Walang gaanong halaga, hindi maipagpaparangalan

Halimbawa: Kakaning-itik kung ituring ni Mang Kepweng ang kanyang pamangkin.

Kalapating mababa ang lipad

Kahulugan: Babaeng nagbibili ng aliw

Halimbawa: Kayraming kalapating mababa ang lipad ang naglakad sa lansangan ng Maynila.
Kape at gatas

Kahulugan: Maitim at maputi

Halimbawa: Nang aking pagkumparahin, kape’t gatas pala ang kulay nina Petra at George.

Kapit tuko

Kahulugan: Mahigpit ang hawak

Halimbawa: Kapit tuko naman iyang si Vilma sa kanyang asawa.

Kidlat sa bilis

Kahulugan: Napakabilis

Halimbawa: Kidlat sa bilis kumalat sa ibang barangay yung tsismis tungkol sa iyo .

Kilos pagong

Kahulugan: Mabagal kumilos

Halimbawa: Kilos pagong kasi si Tonyo kaya nahuli sa klase.

Kumukulo ang sikmura

Kahulugan: Nagugutom

Halimbawa: Hindi ako nag-agahan kaya kumukulo ang sikmura ko ngayon.

Kutsarang ginto sa bibig

Kahulugan: Lumaki sa yaman

Halimbawa: Palibhasa’y lumaking may kutsarang ginto sa bibig kaya hindi siya namomroblema sa mga
bayarin.

Lahing kuwago

Kahulugan: Sa umaga natutulog

Halimbawa: Marami sa mga call center agent ay mga lahing kwago. Umaga na natutulog.

Lakad pagong

Kahulugan: Sobrang bagal na pag-usad tao man o sasakyan

Halimbawa: Pambihirang trapik yan, lakad pagong!

Laman ng lansangan
Kahulugan: Laging istambay sa kalye

Halimbawa: Drug addict si Botsokoy kaya siya laman ng lansangan.

Lamog ang katawan

Kahulugan: Sobrang pagod

Halimbawa: Napaka-daming trabaho sa opisina kaya lamog ang katawan ni Osang pag-uwi ng bahay.

Lantang gulay

Kahulugan: Halos hindi na maigalaw ang katawan sa sobrang pagod

Halimbawa: Ang layo ng tinakbo nya kaya lantang gulay na siya ng matapos ang "marathon".

Lawit ang dila

Kahulugan: Sobrang pagod

Halimbawa: Lawit ang dila ni Kurdapya pagkauwi galing "school".

Laylay ang balikat

Kahulugan: Bigong-bigo

Halimbawa: Laylay ang balikat ni Sharon dahil hindi siya nanalo sa "singing competition".

Luha ng buwaya

Kahulugan: Hindi totoong nag-dadalamhati, pakitang-tao

Halimbawa: Akala mo’y totoo pero luha ng buwaya lang naman ang ipinakita niya.

Lumagay sa tahimik

Kahulugan: Nagpakasal, nag-asawa

Halimbawa: Mula ng lumagay sa tahimik si Isko, di na siya muling ginambala pa ni Baste.

Lumuha man ng bato

Kahulugan: Hindi mapatawad

Halimbawa: Kahit pa lumuha man ng bato si Leni ay hindi na magbabago ang desisyon ni Ashley.

Maamong kordero

Kahulugan: Mabait na tao

Halimbawa: Mga maamong kordero talaga ang mga pari dahil sa sobrang pagmamahal nila sa Diyos at sa
tao.

Mababaw ang luha

Kahulugan: Iyakin

Halimbawa: Bata pa yan, ganyan na talaga si Junjun. Mababaw ang luha niyan.

Mabigat ang dugo

Kahulugan: Di makagiliwan

Halimbawa: Mabigat ang dugo ni Vic sa kanyang manugang.

Kumukulo ang dugo

Kahulugan: Naiinis, nasusuklam

Halimbawa: Sa tuwing nakikita ko pagmumukha at mayabang na asta niya, kumukulo ang dugo ko sa
kanya.

Magaan ang dugo

Kahulugan: Madaling makapalagayan ng loob

Halimbawa: Magaan ang dugo ni Pastor Eddie sa mga kapatiran niya sa kanyang simbahan.

Maitim ang dugo

Kahulugan: Salbahe, tampalasan

Halimbawa: Sa lahat ng mga kapatid ni Taloy, si Tiyoy ang may maitim ang dugo.

Magaan ang kamay

Kahulugan: Laging nananakit

Halimbawa: Masyadong magaan ang kamay ni Piloy sa kanyang mga anak.

Mabigat ang kamay

Kahulugan: Tamad magtrabaho

Halimbawa: Kailangan mong intindihin kapag nagkaroon ka ng Tatay na mabigat ang kamay.

Mabilis ang kamay

Kahulugan: Mandurukot
Halimbawa: Nung panahon ni Presidente Ninoy Aquino, marami ang mga mabilis ang kamay sa Colon,
Cebu City.

Malikot ang kamay

Kahulugan: Kumukuha ng hindi kanya, kawatan

Halimbawa: Kung alam ko lang na malikot ang kamay ni Pacita, di ko na sana siya kinaibigan.

Magaling ang kamay

Kahulugan: Mahusay gumuhit o magpinta

Halimbawa: Bihira lang ang taong may magaling ang kamay.

Magdilang-anghel

Kahulugan: Magkatotoo sana

Halimbawa: Magdilang anghel ka sana na manalo ako ng 50-milyon sa lotto.

Magkataling-puso

Kahulugan: Nag-iibigan, mag-asawa

Halimbawa: Hindi niyo ba alam na matagal ng magkataling-puso sina Cardo at Alyana?

Mahabang dulang

Kahulugan: Kasalan

Halimbawa: Nalalapit na ang mahabang dulang nina Julia Montes at Coco Martin.

Maitim ang budhi

Kahulugan: Tuso, masama ang ugali

Halimbawa: Maitim ang budhi ng babaeng iyan!

Makapal ang bulsa

Kahulugan: Mapera, mayaman

Halimbawa: Lagi na lang kumakain sa mga mamahaling restaurants si sir Lucio Tan dahil makapal ang
bulsa niya.

Makapal ang palad

Kahulugan: Masipag
Halimbawa: Makapal ang palad ni Manny Pangilinan kaya ang layo na ng narating niya ngayon.

Makapal ang mukha

Kahulugan: Walang hiya

Halimbawa: Pinagalitan na siya ni Maam pero makapal pa rin ang mukha niya na makipagsagutan kay
Maam.

Manipis ang mukha

Kahulugan: Mahiyain

Halimbawa: Manipis ang mukha ni Jenny. Takot siyang pagtawanan ng mga kaklase niya.

Maaliwalas ang mukha

Kahulugan: Masayahin, taong palangiti

Halimbawa: Hindi niyo ba alam na sa totoong buhay ay maaliwalas ang mukha ni Pangulong Rodrigo
Duterte?

Madilim ang mukha

Kahulugan: Nakasimangot, Problemado

Halimbawa: Madilim ang mukha ni Vice President Leni Robredo dahil sa sinabi ni President Rodrigo
Duterte.

Dalawa ang mukha

Kahulugan: Taksil, Kabilanin, Balik-harap

Halimbawa: Hindi maiiwasan na meron talagang dalawa ang mukha sa grupo niyo.

Malakas ang loob

Kahulugan: Magiting, matapang, buo ang loob

Halimbawa: Malakas ang loob ng mga sundalo na humarap sa mga rebelde.

Mahina ang loob

Kahulugan: Duwag

Halimbawa: Walang puwang sa politika ang mga mahihina ang loob.

Mababa ang loob

Kahulugan: Mas inuuna ang kapakanan ng iba; Maawain

Halimbawa: Mababa ang loob ng mga pari sa Sto. Niño Church.

Masama ang loob

Kahulugan: Nagdaramdam

Halimbawa: Masama ang loob ni Bobita sa nangyari sa pag-atake sa puso ng kanyang Tatay.

Mabigat ang loob

Kahulugan: Di makagiliwan; walang gana

Halimbawa: Mabigat ang loob ng mga taong nasalanta ng Bagyong Yolanda.

Mapait na lunukin

Kahulugan: Kahiya-hiyang pagkabigo

Halimbawa: Mapait na lunukin ang pagkatalo ni Bongbong Marcos sa pagka-Vice President ng Pilipinas.

Mapurol ang utak

Kahulugan: Bobo

Halimbawa: Mapurol ang utak ni Wangbu kaya nakailang balik na siya sa Grade 4.

Masama ang panahon

Kahulugan: May bagyo

Halimbawa: Masama ang panahon kaya walang pasok ngayon.

Matalas ang tainga

Kahulugan: Madaling makarinig o makaulinig

Halimbawa: Matalas ang tainga ng pusa ni Minda.

Matalas ang ulo o Matalas ang utak

Kahulugan: Matalino

Halimbawa: Masaya ako dahil matalas ang ulo ng aking anak.

Mahangin ang ulo

Kahulugan: Mayabang

Halimbawa: Nasaan na ang taong mahangin ang ulo? Turuan ng leksyon yan.
Malamig ang ulo

Kahulugan: Maganda ang "mood", nasa magandang kondisyon ang pakiramdam

Halimbawa: Malamig ang ulo ng asawa ni Ben ngayon. Nag-away sila kahapon.

Mainit ang ulo

Kahulugan: hindi maganda ang "mood", magalitin

Halimbawa: Mainit ang ulo ni Aling Kusing dahil marami ang hindi nagbayad ng utang sa kanya.

Lumaki ang ulo

Kahulugan: Nagyayabang dahil sa nakamit na tagumpay o pangarap

Halimbawa: Lumaki ang ulo niya dahil tumaas ang posisyon at sweldo niya sa trabaho.

Matigas ang ulo

Kahulugan: Ayaw makinig sa pangaral o utos

Halimbawa: Matigas talaga ang ulo ng batang yan. Ayaw makinig kaya tuloy nasagasaan ng sasakyan.

Basag-ulo

Kahulugan: Mahilig makipag-away

Halimbawa: Sinuntok ni Cardo ang tatlong basag-ulo na mahilig sa inuman sa kanto.

May ipot sa ulo

Kahulugan: Taong pinagtaksilan ng asawa

Halimbawa: May ipot siya sa ulo. Nagsisikap magtrabaho sa labas ng bansa pero yung asawa dito sa
bansa nakipaglindian sa ibang lalaki.

Matandang kalabaw

Kahulugan: Taong may edad na

Halimbawa: Kahit matandang kalabaw nang ituring ang tatay ni Pedro ay sige pa rin ito sa pagtatrabaho.

Nag-aapoy sa init

Kahulugan: Mataas na mataas ang lagnat

Halimbawa: Nag-aapoy sa init na ang bata bago pa man dalhin sa ospital.

Nagbibilang ng poste
Kahulugan: Walang trabaho

Halimbawa: Nagbibilang ng poste si Tokmol kung kaya bukas ay sasama ako sa kanya.

Nagmumurang kamatis

Kahulugan: Matandang lalaking nag-aayos binata, matandang babae nag-aayos dalaga

Halimbawa: Kung maka-porma iyang si Lucia akala mo’y nagmumurang kamatis.

Nagsusunog ng kilay

Kahulugan: Masipag mag-aral

Halimbawa: Laging nagsusunog ng kilay si Jose kung kaya nakatanggap siya ng maraming parangal.

Nakahiga sa salapi

Kahulugan: Mayaman

Halimbawa: Mabuti pa si Lando lumaking nakahiga sa salapi kaya hindi na niya kaylangang maghanap ng
trabaho.

Namamangka sa dalawang ilog

Kahulugan: Salawahan

Halimbawa: Hindi ko maintindihan kung bakit namamangka sa dalawang ilog itong si Puloy kahit
maganda naman at mabait ang kanyang asawa.

Naniningalang-pugad

Kahulugan: Nanliligaw

Halimbawa: Naniningalang-pugad na naman si Cardo kay Alyana.

Nagbukas ng dibdib

Kahulugan: Nagtapat na nais pakasalan ang kasintahan

Halimbawa: Nagbukas ng dibdib si Cardo para kay Alyana.

Pag-iisang dibdib

Kahulugan: Kasal

Halimbawa: Ang pag-iisang dibdib na inaasam ni Bosyo ay magaganap na bukas.

Kabiyak ng dibdib
Kahulugan: Asawa

Halimbawa: Si Cardo pala ang kabiyak ng dibdib ni Elsa.

Daga sa dibdib

Kahulugan: Takot

Halimbawa: Nagkaroon ng daga sa dibdib si Elena matapos mabaril ang kanyang asawa kahapon.

Pagputi ng uwak

Kahulugan: Walang maaasahan, walang kahihinatnan

Halimbawa: Babayaran ka rin nya sa kanyang pagkakautang pagputi ng uwak.

Panakip butas

Kahulugan: Panghalili, pamalit

Halimbawa: Akala mo totoong mahal ka niya pero panakip butas ka lang pala.

Pantay ang mga paa

Kahulugan: patay na

Halimbawa: Naawa ako sa mga anak ni Maria ng malaman kong pantay na ang mga paa niya.

Makati ang paa

Kahulugan: Mahilig gumala

Halimbawa: Makati ang paa ni Bulilit kahit wala namang pera.

Parang aso’t pusa

Kahulugan: Laging nag-aaway

Halimbawa: Parang aso’t pusa ang mag-asawang si Tikoy at Perla. Gabi-gabi na lang nag-aaway.

Parang kiti-kiti

Kahulugan: Malikot, galaw nang galaw

Halimbawa: Nung makita niya crush niya sa school, para na siyang kiti-kiti.

Patabaing baboy

Kahulugan: Walang hilig magtrabaho, tamad

Halimbawa: Patabaing baboy yung Tatay ng asawa niya.

Pusong mamon

Kahulugan: Maramdamin

Halimbawa: Hindi ko na sana biniro si Bong kung alam ko lang na pusong mamon pala siya.

Pusong-bakal

Kahulugan: Hindi marunong magpatawad

Halimbawa: Namatay na ang mga salarin ngunit pusong-bakal pa rin si Alfred.

Putok sa buho

Kahulugan: anak sa labas, anak ng taong nagsama ng hindi kasal

Halimbawa: Nakakaawa talaga ang batang putok sa buho.

Sira ang ulo o Sira ang tuktok

Kahulugan: Gago, loko-loko

Halimbawa: Hindi na nakakapagtaka kung may ginawa siyang hindi maganda. Palibhasa’y sira ang
tuktok.

Takaw-tulog

Kahulugan: Mahilig matulog

Halimbawa: Takaw-tulog si Juan Tam-ad.

Tengang kawali

Kahulugan: Nagbibingi-bingihan

Halimbawa: Nagtetengang-kawali na naman si Boyet kahit pasigaw na tinatawag siya ng kanyang Nanay.

Tinik sa lalamunan

Kahulugan: Hadlang sa layunin

Halimbawa: Huwag kang maging tinik sa lalamunan. Gusto kong pakasalan si Leni.

Tulak ng bibig

Kahulugan: Salita lamang, di tunay sa loob

Halimbawa: Puro tulak ng bibig lamang naman ang alam ni Eya.

Dalawa ang bibig

Kahulugan: Mabunganga o madaldal

Halimbawa: Kahit dalawa ang bibig ni Ethel, mahal ko pa rin siya.

Utak-biya

Kahulugan: Walang nalalaman

Halimbawa: Kung makapag-salita akala mo’y maraming alam pero utak-biya naman.

Walang bahid

Kahulugan: Walang maipipintas

Halimbawa: Sadyang mababait at walang bahid ang pamilya ni Lanie.

Nagbabatak ng buto

Kahulugan: Nagtatrabaho nang higit sa kinakailangan; sobrang sipag magtrabaho

Halimbawa: Nagbabatak ng buto si George para matustusan ang pag-aaral ng walong anak niya.

Matigas ang buto

Kahulugan: Malakas

Halimbawa: Sobrang tigas ng buto ni Kulas. Kahit motorsiklo kaya niyang buhatin.

Kidlat sa bilis

Kahulugan: Sobrang bilis

Halimbawa: Kidlat sa bilis si Rodrigo sa pagsagot sa 100-item exam.

Kusang palo

Kahulugan: Sariling sipag

Halimbawa: Sa sariling palo galing yung kayamanan ng pamilya ng pinakamayan na tao sa Pilipinas na si
Henry Sy.

Bulaklak ng dila

Kahulugan: Pagpapalabis sa katotohanan

Halimbawa: Maraming mga news reporter ngayon ang may bulaklak ng dila.

Makati ang dila

Kahulugan: Madaldal; mahilig pumuna

Halimbawa: Makati talaga ang dila ng mga oposisyon ni Pangulong Duterte. Kahit kunting pagkakamali,
pinapalaki.

Matalas ang dila

Kahulugan: Masakit magsalita

Halimbawa: Matalas ang dila ng tatay ni Paolo kaya ganyan siya ka-disiplinado.

Maanghang ang dila

Kahulugan: bastos magsalita

Halimbawa: Ang anghang ng dila ni Choba! Akala mo kung sino!

Matamis ang dila

Kahulugan: Magaling manghikayat

Halimbawa: Kadalasan, matamis talaga ang dila ng mga real estate agent at tsaka mga insurance agent.
Sasabihin nila lahat ng magagandang salita sa kliyente nila.

Kaututang dila

Kahulugan: Katsisman

Halimbawa: Kaututang dila ko na yan si Aling Berta simula nung bata pa kami.

Sanga-sangang dila

Kahulugan: Sinungaling

Halimbawa: Akala mo totoo ang inaalok na produktong binebenta sa Facebook pero sangang dila pala
yang "seller" na yan.

May krus ang dila

Kahulugan: Nakapanghihimatong, taong may alam sa kung ano ang mangyayari sa hinaharap

Halimbawa: May krus ang dila ni Father Nestor.

Makalaglag-matsing

Kahulugan: Nakakaakit

Halimbawa: Makalaglag matsing yung palabas ng gwapong si Cardo at ng magandang si Alyana.

Makuskos-balungos
Kahulugan: Mareklamo, mahirap amuin, mahirap pasayahin

Halimbawa: Makuskos-balungos talaga titser namin. Nahihirapan talaga kami sa klase.

Mahaba ang buntot

Kahulugan: Laging nasusunod ang gusto, kulang sa palo, salbahe

Halimbawa: Palibhasa galing kasi sa mayamang pamilya, mahaba ang buntot ni Carmen. Binibigay ng
daddy niya lahat ng gusto niya.

May magandang hinaharap

Kahulugan: May magandang kinabukasan

Halimbawa: Mabait at mapagkumbaba si Sir Eddie. Tiyak may magandang hinaharap siya.

May sinasabi

Kahulugan: Mahusay, Magaling, May maipagmamalaki, Mayaman, May likas na talino

Halimbawa: May sinasabi itong anak ni Kris Aquino. Ang yaman at ang talino pa.

Matalas ang mata

Kahulugan: Madaling makakita

Halimbawa: Itong si Cesar Montano, matalas ang mata pagdating sa "chicks".

Tatlo ang mata

Kahulugan: Maraming nakikita, mapaghanap ng mali

Halimbawa: Tatlo ang mata ng titser namin. Kunting pagkakamali lang namin, pinapagalitan kami agad.

Namuti ang mata

Kahulugan: Nainip sa kahihintay, matagal nang naghihintay

Halimbawa: Ang tagal niyong dumating! Namuti na ang mata ko sa kahihintay.

Matigas ang leeg

Kahulugan: Mapagmataas, di namamansin

Halimbawa: Nakapagtrabaho ka lang ng bangko, matigas na ang leeg mo.

Matigas ang katawan

Kahulugan: Tamad
Halimbawa: Ang tigas ng katawan ni Goryo. Buong araw, ayaw magtrabaho. Lagi na lang nanonood ng
TV.

Ningas-kugon

Kahulugan: Mabuti sa simula pero sa hindi maganda sa katagalan; Panandalian, Di pang-matagalan

Halimbawa: Yang bagong kaklase natin. Ningas-kugon lang ang pagiging masipag niyan.

Panis ang laway

Kahulugan: Taong di-palakibo

Halimbawa: Ito namang si Tikboy panis ang laway. Kanina pa to nakaupo dito. Hindi umiimik.

Pagkagat ng dilim

Kahulugan: Paglubog ng araw

Halimbawa: Sabi ng mga matatanda, ang mga aswang, tikbalang at mga halimaw gumigising pagkagat ng
dilim.

Patay-gutom

Kahulugan: Matakaw

Halimbawa: Hoy, Tabachoy! Hindi mo ako tinirhan ng ulam. Patay-gutom ka talaga!

Pulot-gata

Kahulugan: Pagtatalik ng bagong kasal (honeymoon)

Halimbawa: Honey, sa wakas tapos na ang kasal natin! Excited na akong mag pulot-gata mamayang gabi!

Nagpupusa

Kahulugan: Nagsasabi ng mga kwento ukol sa isang tao

Halimbawa: Kadalasan sa mga matatandang babae, mahilig magpupusa. Ang iba nakakasakit na ng
damdamin ng ibang tao.

Saling-pusa

Kahulugan: Pansamantalang kasali sa laro o trabaho

Halimbawa: Kawawa naman si Boy, saling-pusa lang siya sa trabaho natin. Ang dami ng anak na
pinapakain niyan.

Sampid-bakod
Kahulugan: Nakikisunod, nakikikain, o nakikitira

Halimbawa: Sampid-bakod lang kami dito sa tahanan ng aming ante Mercy. Wala na kasi kaming mga
magulang.

Samaing-palad

Kahulugan: Malas na tao

Halimbawa: Sunod-sunod na trahedya ang nangyari sa buhay ni Mayor Ricardo Parojinog. Naging
samaing-palad siya nung pagtungtung ni Pangulong Duterte.

Sampay-bakod

Kahulugan: taong nagpapanggap, hindi mapagkakatiwalaan ang sinasabi

Halimbawa: Mag-ingat kayo sa mga taong sampay-bakod.

Takipsilim

Kahulugan: Paglubog ng araw

Halimbawa: Takipsilim na nang umuwi si Empoy galing sa trabaho.

Talusaling

Kahulugan: Manipis ang balat

Halimbawa: Huwag kang masyadong magbilad sa araw kasi sabi ni Inay talusaling ka raw.

Talusira

Kahulugan: Madaling magbago

Halimbawa: Hindi magandang gawing presidente ang isang talusira. Kelangan natin isang pangulo na
may isang salita.

Tawang-aso

Kahulugan: Nagmamayabang

Halimbawa: Nakabili lang ng bagong sasakyan si Pikoy, nagtatawang-aso na.

Maputi ang tainga

Kahulugan: Kuripot

Halimbawa: Sabi ng Mama ko, ang mga intsik daw kaya sila yumayaman dahil mapuputi daw ang
kanilang tainga.
Nakapinid ang tainga

Kahulugan: Nagbibingi-bingihan

Halimbawa: Nakapinid ang tainga ni Gongong nung pinagalitan siya ni Digong.

Taingang kawali

Kahulugan: Nagbibingi-bingihan

Halimbawa: Nag taingang-kawali si Philip nung inutusan siya ni Nanay.

Utang na loob

Kahulugan: malaking pasasalamat na hindi kayang bayaran ng ano pa man

Halimbawa: Utang na loob ang buhay ko sa iyo dahil sa tulong na binigay mo.

Dapit-hapon

Kahulugan: Malapit ng dumapo ang hapon

Halimbawa: Bilisan mo ang trabaho mo dahil mag dadapit-hapon na.

Mga Teorya ng Pinagmulan ng Wika

Bow-wow

Ayon sa teoryang ito, maaaring ang wika raw ng tao ay mula sa panggagaya sa mga tunog ng kalikasan.

Hal. - Tuko, miyaw, aw aw

Ding-dong

Kahawig ng teoryang bow-bow, nagkaroon daw ng wika ang tao, ayon sa teoryang ito, sa pamamagitan
ng mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga bagay-bagay sa paligid. Tinawag din ito ni Max Muller na simbolismo
ng tunog.

Pooh-pooh
Unang natutong magsalita ang mga tao, ayon teoryang ito, nang hindi sinasadya ay napabulalas sila
bunga ng mga masisidhing damdamin tulad ng sakit, tuwa, sarap, kalungkutan, takot, pagkabigla at iba
pa.

Yo-he-ho

ang tao ay natutong magsalita bunga diumano ng kanyang pwersang pisikal.

Ta-ta (paalam)

Ayon naman sa teoryang ito, ang kumpas o galaw ng kamay ng tao na kanyang ginagawa sa bawat
partikular na okasyon ay ginaya ng dila

Coo Coo

Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang wika ay nagmula sa mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga sanggol.

Babble Lucky

Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang wika raw ay nagmula sa mga walang kahulugang bulalas ng tao.

Hocus Pocus

mahikal o relihiyosong aspeto ng pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno. Pagtawag sa mga hayop sa
pamamagitan ng mahika.

Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay

Likas sa mga sinaunang tao ang mga ritwal. Sila ay may mga ritwal sa halos lahat ng gawain tulad ng sa
pakikidigma, pagtatanim, pag-aani, pangingisda, pagkakasal, pagpaparusa sa nagkasala, panggagamot,
maging sa paliligo at pagluluto.

Tungkulin Ng Wika
1. Interaksyunal- nagpapanatili ng relasyong sosyal.

halimbawa:

pasalita: pangangamusta

pasulat: liham pang-kaibigan

2. Instrumental- tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan.

halimbawa:

pasalita: pag-uutos

pasulat: liham pang-aplay

3. Regulatori- kumukontrol/gumagabay sa kilos o asal ng iba.

halimbawa:

pasalita: pagbibigay ng direksyon

pasulat: panuto

4. Personal- nagpapahayag ng sariling damdamin o opinyon.

halimbawa:

pasalita: pormal o di-pormal na talakayan

pasulat: liham sa patnugot

5. Imahinasyon- nagpapahayag ng imahinasyon sa malikhaing paraan.

halimbawa:

pasalita: malikhaing pagsasabuhay/pamamaraan

pasulat: mga akdang pampanitikan

6. Heuristic- naghahanap ng mga impormasyon o datos.

halimbawa:

pasalita: pagtatanong

pasulat: survey

7. Informative- nagbibigay ng mga impormasyon.

halimbawa:

pasalita: pag-uulat

pasulat: balita sa pahayagan

Malalalim na Salitang Filipino

anluwage - karpintero

bagwis- pakpak

batlag - kotse

buntala (bungang-tala) - planeta

burok - pula

hinuhod - sang-ayon

ibay - lango; lasing

iring - ayaw, tanggi

magpahingalay - magpahinga

mahumaling - magkagusto

makabuntala - asteroyd

malabuntala - planetoyd

malasaluyan - semikonduktor
mamangha- magtaka

manukala - suhestiyon

mapakilangkap - maisama

mapalisya - magkamali

mapalugmok - mapadapa

mapaluwal - mapalabas

mapaniil - abusado

marahuyo - maakit

masimod - matakaw

matarik - makakapiling

matarok - maunawaan

naapuhap - nahanap

nag-aalimpuyo - nangangalit

nagahis - natalo

nag-apuhap - nag-isip, naghanap

naghamok - naglaban

nakadatal - nakarating

nalilingid - natatago

namanatag - namayapa

nanambitan - nakiusap

nangaduhagi - nangatalo

nautas - napatay

nawawaglit - nawawala

nililo - dinaya

palamara - masama
panuos - kompyuter

pook-sapot - website

refran - kasabihan; salawikain

salanggapang - walanghiya

salinlahi - henerasyon

salipawpaw - eroplano

saloy - kasalukuyan

salumpuwit - upuan

saluyan - konduktor

sanlibutan - galaksiya

sansinukob - uniberso

sanyo - baribulo

sapantaha - hinala

sayad - ilalam

sigwasan - mekanika

sihay - selula

siksin - matatag

simpan - ngat; sinop

sinamomo - isang uri ng halaman

sinsay - awit; pigil-pigil

sipnayan - matematika

subyang - tinik

sugaan - optika

suglamuman - potosintesiso

sukgisan - heometriya
sulatroniko - email

sunurang kabit - seryang koneksiyon

tablay - elektrikong singil

taborete - upuan

tadlong - perpendikular

tagil, tagilo - piramide, piramid

takap - hamon

talaksan - papeles

talinghaga - misteryo

talipandas - makapal ang mukha

talukay - trinomyal

talundas - triyoda

tampalasan - malupit

tangkakal - tanggol; ligtas

taol - kombulsiyon

tapapetso - panakip sa dibdib

tatsihaan - trigonometriya

tayahan - kalkulo

tigal - intertya

tigilan - istatika

tika - mithi

tikop - kirkumperensiya

timbulog - isperikal

tingirin - diperensiyal

tsubibo - ferris-wheel
tugoy - oskilasyon

tugoysipat - oskilaskopa

tulig - tuliro; taranta

tumahan - tumira

tumalima - sumunod

tumangan - humawak

tumbasan - ekwasyon

tungayaw - talak

tunugan - akustika

tuwang - tulong

tuwirang saloy - idirektang kasalukuyan

ulyabid, ulay - bulate

umagapay - sumabay

urian - kwalitatibang kimika

wani - ayos; husay; kalinisan

wilik - mamalya

yamo - imbot; sakim

Mga Katangian ng Wika

1. Balangkas

Ang balangkas ay isang wika ay mayroong sistema sa pag-aayos ng mga salita upang mgakabuo ng mga
pangungusap na mayroong diwa.

May balangkas: Ako ay mahlig magbasa.

Walang balangkas: Magbasa ako, mahilig ay!

2. Nabubuo ng mga makahulugang tunog

Ito ay sa pamamagitan ng mga napagkasunduang kumbinasyon ng tunog, nagagamit ng mga tao ang
isang wika upang magkaintindihan.

3. Pinipili at isinasa-ayos

Ito ay mayroong sistematikong pagkakaayos at pagkakapili ang bawat salita. Hindi mo maaring gamitin
ang kahit na anong salita upang makabuo lamang ng pangungusap.

4. Arbitraryo

Ito ay may pagbabago at sumusulong ang paggamit ng mga bagong salita.

5. Nakabatay sa kultura

Ito ay ang mga taong kabilang sa iisang kultura o rehiyon ay ang nagtatakda ng kanilang wika. May iba't
ibang paggamit ng mga salita sa bawat lugar o kultura.

6. Ginagamit

Ang wika upang maging buhay, kailangan nagagamit sa pang-araw-araw na pakikipag-ugnayan.

7. Kagila-gilagis

Ito ay maaring gamitin ang wika upang bumuo ng mga pangungusap na kagiliw-giliw sa damdamin.

8. Makapangyarihan

Ito ay nagagawa ng isang wika na mapukaw ang damdamin at mapilit ang isang indibidwal o grupo ng
mga indibidwal upang kumilos patungo sa iisang layunin.

9.May antas

Ito ay ang Filipino ay may ibatibang  antas.

Iba't Ibang Uri ng Pagbabagong Morpoponemiko

1. Asimilasyon - kapag ang kasunod na tunog ay alinman sa / d, l, r, s, t /, ang panlaping pang- ay
nagiging pan-. Ito ay nagiging pam- naman kapag ang kasunod na tunog ay alinman sa / b, p /.

Paalala: Nananatilinng pang- kapag ang kasunod na tunog ay mga katinig na / k, m, n, ng, w, y / o patinig
( a, e, I, o, u ). Nilalagyan ng gitling ( - ) kapag ang salitang ugat ay nagsisimula sa patinig.

Halimbawa:

1. Pang + lunas - panglunas - panlunas

2. Pang = baon - pangbaon - pambaon

3. Pang + kulay - pangkulay

4. Pang + isahan - pang - isahan

Asimilasyong parsyal - ito ang pagbabagong nagaganap sa ponemang /ng/ na nagiging /n/ o /m/ o
nanatiling /ng/ dahil sa kasunod na tunog.

Halimbawa:

[pang]+paaralan →pampaaralan

[pang]+bayan → pambayan

Asimilasyong ganap- sa asimilasyong ganap, bukod sa pagbabagong nagaganap sa ponemang /ng/ ayon
sa punto ng artikulasyon na kasunod na tunog, nawawala rin ang unang ponema ng nilalapiang salita
dahil sa ito ay napapaloob na sa sinusundang ponema.

Halimbawa:

[pang]+palo → pampalo → pamalo

[pang]+tali → pantali → panali

2. Pagkakaltas - sa pagbabagong ito, may nawawalang ponema sa loob ng salita

Halimbawa:

1. Sunod + in - sunodin - sundin

2. Takip + an - takipan - takpan

3. Dala + han - dalahan - dalhan

3. Maypalit - may mga ponemang napapalitan o nagbabago sa pagbuo ng salita. Nagaganap ang
pagpapalitan ng /r/ at /d/ kapag ang /d/ ay nasa pagitan ng dalawang patinig.

Halimbawa:

1. Ma + dami - madami - marami

2. Bakod + bakudan - bakuran

4. Pagpapaikli ng salita - Pagpapaikli at pagpapabilis ng pagbigkas ng salita.

Halimbawa:

1. Hinatay ka - Tayka - teka

2. Tayo na - Tayna - tena, tana

3. Wikain mo - Ikamo - kamo

4. Wika ko - ikako - kako

5. METATESIS– pagpapalitan ng posisyon ang mga ponema sa loob ng isang salitang nilalapian. May mga
salita ring maliban sa nagpapalitan ng ponema ay nagaganap din ang pagkaltas ng ponema.

Hal.

in + luto = linutoin = lutuin

in + yakap = yinakap = niyakap

6. PAG-AANGKOP – pinagsasama ang dalawang salita upang makabuo ng isang bagong salita. Hindi
maiiwasang magkaroon din ito ng pagkakaltas upang mapaikliang nabuong bagong salita.

Halimbawa:

Hintay ka =teka

Hayaan mo =hamo
Tingnan mo = tamo

Tayo na = tana

Apat Na Uri ng Sagabal sa Komunikasyon

Semantikong Sagabal

- Ang pagkakaroon ng isang salita na dalawa o higit pa ang kahulugan.

Pisikal na Sagabal

- Ingay sa paligid, distraksyong biswal, suliraning teknikal na kaugnay ng sound system, hindi mahusay na
pag-iilaw, hindi komportableng upuan

Pisyolohikal na Sagabal

- Hindi maayos na pagbigkas sa mga salita, hindi mabigkas ang mga salita, may kahinaan ang boses

Sikolohikal na Sagabal

- Pagkakaiba-iba ng mga kinalakhang paligid at pagkakaiba-iba ng mga nakagawiang kultura na maaaring

magbunga ng misinterpretasyon sa kahulugan ng mensahe

Incest - is human sexual activity between family members or close relatives.

Marital rape or spousal rape - is the act of sexual intercourse with one's spouse without the spouse's
consent.

Concubinage - is an interpersonal and sexual relationship in which the couple are not or cannot be
married.
Mga Uri ng Pangungusap na Walang Paksa

1. Eksistensyal - nagsasaad ng pagkamayroon at pagkawala.

Hal: Wala pa akong sundo

May baon ako.

2. Padamdam - nagpapahayag ng matinding damdamin ng tao.

Hal: Ay mali!

Aray ko!

3. Pakiusap - nagpapahayag ng kahilingan o pakiusap.

Halimbawa: Paki-abot naman ng baso.

4. Temporal - nagsasaad ito ng panandaliang kalagayan ng panahon.

Hal: Umaga na.

Bukas ay Lunes.

5. Modal - nangangahulugan itong gusto, nais, pwede, maaari, dapat, kailangan.

6. Mga ka-pandiwa - Nagsasaad ng katatapos lang na pangyayari o kilos.

Hal: kaluluto pa lang.

7. Ito ang tumutukoy sa kalagayan ng panahon sa kapaligiran.

Hal: Umuulan.

Maginaw ngayon.

8. Panawag - "vocative"

Hal: Nene!

9. Pambating panlipunan - ginagamitan ng magagalang na salita.

Hal: Magandang umaga po.

Salamat po.
A panel discussion is a specific format used in a meeting, conference or convention. It is a live or virtual
discussion about a specific topic amongst a selected group of panelists who share differing perspectives
in front of a large audience.

A symposium is a public meeting about a topic in which people give presentations. If your knitting club
holds a symposium, various knitters will give presentations about anything having to do with knitting.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Vicarious punishment refers to the tendency not to repeat behaviours that others are seen punished for.

The Socratic method, also known as method of Elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a
form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering
questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions.

Morrison method - "individualized instruction" and "mastery learning"

Eclectic approach is a method of language education that combines various approaches and
methodologies to teach language depending on the aims of the lesson and the abilities of the learners.
Different teaching methods are borrowed and adapted to suit the requirement of the learners.
Semantic mapping or semantic webbing, in literacy, is a method of teaching reading using graphical
representations of concepts and the relationships between them.

Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the
average (mean), or expected value. A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close
to the average. A high standard deviation means that the numbers are more spread out.

Attribution theory proposes that the attributions people make about events and behavior can be classed
as either internal or external.

Example: Maria’s car breaks down on the freeway. If she believes the breakdown happened because of
her ignorance about cars, she is making an internal attribution. If she believes that the breakdown
happened because her car is old, she is making an external attribution.

Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an
unrelated unconditioned stimulus, in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned
response.

K-W-L (Know, Want to Know, Learned)

Epistolary is a literary genre pertaining to letters, in which writers use letters, journals, and diary entries
in their works, or they tell their stories or deliver messages through a series of letters.

Classical is used for the literature of any language in a period notable for the excellence and enduring
quality of its writers' works.

An episodic novel is a narrative composed of loosely connected incidents.

Philosophy is the study or creation of theories about basic things such as the nature of existence,
knowledge, and thought, or about how people should live.

Morality is principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

Ethics is defined as a moral philosophy or code of morals practiced by a person or group of people.

Metaphysics is a field of philosophy that is generally focused on how reality and the universe began. the
branch of philosophy that deals with first principles and seeks to explain the nature of being or reality
(ontology) and of the origin and structure of the universe (cosmology): it is also closely associated with
the study of the nature of knowledge (epistemology)
Rig Veda - collection of Indian hymn

Mahabharata - longest epic in the world. Most popular Indian epic.

Ramayana - 2nd most popular Indian epic.

Upanishads are a collection of texts of religious and philosophical nature, written in India. Mystic
teaching.

Hamlet - longest play of Shakespeare

Comedy of errors - shortest play of Shakespeare

Socrates - influenced Western philosophy. Arts of questioning.

Plato - student of Socrates. Founded academy.

Aristotle - student of Plato. Reasoning

Alexander the great - student of Aristotle

Virgil - wrote Aeneid

Bienvenido Santos - use Filipino-American culture and tradition in his fiction works.

Lucio San Pedro - wrote "Ugoy sa Duyan" and composer of Angono

Different Parts of Newspaper and their Meaning:

- General News - found on front page that tells the current news.

- Local News and Foreign News - news about the happening inside and outside the country.

- Editorial Page - articles and opinions of the editor or the publisher. Comment section. (Pangulong
tudling)

- Sports Page - contains the sport news locally and abroad.

- Classified Ads Section - advertisements about job search, lots and space for Lease or Sale, products to
buy.
- Business and Finance Section - provides businessmen and people interested in business with
information on banking, foreign exchange rates, imports and exports, and prices of prime commodities.

- Entertainment Section - tells information about movies, radio, television, and other activities for
entertainment, games and puzzles, comic strips and cartoons, and the daily horoscope.

 - Home and Culture Section- contains ideas about budgeting, food preparation, house improvement,
proper plant care, and the like.

 - Society Page- contains news about important or well-known people who are celebrating special
occasions or performing at a particular place.

- Travel and Tourism Section- provides a guide to enjoyable travel. It directs tourists to scenic vacation
spots and gives information on the activities in these places. Also found in this section are the schedules
of the departure and arrival of ships and airplanes, both domestic and international. 

- Announcements and Obituary Page - list of religious meeting schedules and people who died.

Diego de los Ríos - the last Spanish Governor- General of the Philippines.

Community tax - paid by all adults person in thr country

Real estate tax - property tax or millage rate

Distributive justice refers to fairness in the allocation of the rewards or benefits of society.

Retributive justice refers to fairness in the administration and imposition of punishment on those who
have brought harm or negative consequences on individuals or society.

Meritrocacy - power are vested in individual people on the basis of talent, effort, and achievement.

Ombudsman - an official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against maladministration,

especially that of public authorities.

Writ of habeas corpus - Right to information privacy. Privacy in life, liberty and security

Writ of Amparo - right to life, liberty amd security

Constitution - fundamental law of the land

Isabelo delos Reyes - father of Philippine labor

Philippine Independence Church - only living remnant of Philippine. Revolution

Matriarchal -mother

Patriarchal - father
Egalitarian - equal

Aquilino Pimentel - Father of local government code or RA 7160

crustacean - crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle.

Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed legs. They make up about 75% of all animals on Earth and
have a major role in maintaining ecosystems as pollinators, recyclers of nutrients, scavengers and food
for other animals.

4 major groups:

1. insects

2. myriapods (including centipedes and millipedes)

3. arachnids (including spiders, mites and scorpions)

4. crustaceans (including slaters, prawn and crabs)

Nucleotides - molecules that made up the DNA

Double helix - structure of DNA

Neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base which produces a more
neutral solution (closer to a pH of 7)

Pasteurization (or pasteurisation) is the process by which heat is applied to food and beverages to kill
pathogens and extend shelf life.

Radar is an acronym for "radio detection and ranging." It is a detection system that uses radio waves to
determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft,
guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.

Sonar (originally an acronym for sound navigation ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation
(usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or
under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

Doppler ultrasound is a test that uses high-frequency sound waves to measure the amount of blood flow
through your arteries and veins, usually those that supply blood to your arms and legs.

Parts of Atmosphere
1. Troposphere - This is the lowest part of the atmosphere - the part we live in. It contains most of our
weather - clouds, rain, snow.

Boundary layer - lowest part of troposphere

Tropopause - top most part of troposphere

2. Stratosphere - It contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere. By absorbing dangerous UV

radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere protects us from skin cancer and other health damage.

3. Mesosphere - found above our planet. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. The air in the
mesosphere is far too thin to breathe.

4. Thermosphere - High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in it. Satellites,
aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the thermosphere.

5. Exosphere - "final frontier" of Earth's gaseous envelope.

6. Ionosphere - it is a series of region where the electrically charged atoms and molecules that are
formed in this way are called ions, giving the ionosphere its name

Transpiration is the evaporation of water through minute pores, or stomata, in the leaves of plants.

Condensation - transition process from the vapour state to the liquid state

Perspiration - sweating

Ecological relationships describe the interactions between and among organisms within their
environment.

Interspecific competition - happens bet. different species

Intraspecific competition - happens bet. same species

Amensalism, association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or
destroyed and the other is unaffected.

Graphite - used in pencil. It's main function is as a lubricant. It has many electrical uses, primarily
because it is the only common nonmetal that is a good conductor of electricity.
Lead has many industrial uses such as production of petrol, batteries, paints and ceramic glazes, and is
used in solder applied to water distribution pipes and to seam of food cans, and in crystal glassware

Magnesium - It ignites easily in air and generates bright light, and hence is used in fireworks, sparklers,
etc.

Most to least abundant gas in the atmosphere

- Nitrogen

- Oxygen

- Argon

- Carbon dioxide

H5N6 - bird's flu that hit the Philippines

Walther Flemming founded the study of cytogenetics (mitosis,meiosis) with his careful observations and
documentation ofcell structure and cell division. He discovered penicillin.

Meiosis (gametes) is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the
original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.

Mitosis (Somatic) is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).
During mitosis one cell divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for
growth and to replace worn out cells.

Diploid - have two sets of chromosomes

Prophase - the chromosomes are visible

Metaphase - alignment of chromosomes

Anaphase - separation of chromosomes

Telophase - division of cells

Calvin cycle - dark reaction process. Light independent

Insulin - produce by pancreas. It regulates sugar

Levels of biodiversity

1. Genetic diversity - is the variety of genes within a species.

2. Species diversity - is the variety of species within a habitat or a region.

3. Ecosystem diversity - is the variety of ecosystems in a given place.

Down syndrome - also known as trisonomy 21

William syndrome - This condition is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning
problems, unique personality characteristics, distinctive facial features, and heart and blood vessel
(cardiovascular) problems.

Cri du chat syndrome - also known as 5p- (5p minus) syndrome or cat cry syndrome. Infants with this
condition often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat.

Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system.
Characteristic features of this condition include delayed development, intellectual disability, severe
speech impairment, and problems with movement and balance (ataxia).

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome - Known also as Todd Syndrome. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome causes
one’s surroundings to appear distorted. Just as Alice grows too tall for the house, those suffering from
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome will hear sounds either quieter or louder than they actually are, see
objects larger or smaller than reality.

Apotemnophilia - Known also as Body Integrity Disorder and Amputee Identity Disorder, Apotemnophilia
is a neurological disorder characterized by the overwhelming desire to amputate or damage healthy
parts of the body.

Boanthropy believe they are cows, often going as far as to behave as such. Sometimes those with
Boanthropy are even found in fields with cows, walking on all fours and chewing grass as if they were a
true member of the herd.

Capras Delusion - fascinated by the illusion of doubles, is a debilitating mental disorder in which one
believes that the people around them have been replaced by imposters.

Clinical Lycanthropy also believe themselves to be able to turn into animals — in this case, wolves and
werewolves.

Cotard Delusion - this mental disorder causes the sufferer to believe that they are the walking dead
(literally) or a ghost, and that their body is decaying.
Diogenes Syndrome is more commonly referred to as simply “hoarding,”. this syndrome is usually
characterized by the overwhelming desire to collect seemingly random items.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), known formerly as Multiple Personality Disorder

Factitious Disorder - This scary mental disorder is characterized by an obsession with being sick. In
fact, most people with Factitious Disorder intentionally make themselves ill in order to receive
treatment.

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - a scary mental disorder characterized by memory loss, the desire to eat
inedible objects, and sexual attraction to inanimate objects such as automobiles.

Reduplicative Amnesia believe that a location has been duplicated.

Fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K

Water soluble - C and B-complex,

Vitamin A - also called retinol

Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines

Rote learning - learning through repetition

greek alphabet - composed of 24 letters

Persona non grata - unwelcome

7 liberal arts

Trivium:

1. Grammar, the science of the correct usage of language. It helps a person to speak and write correctly;

2. Dialectic (or logic), the science of correct thinking. It helps you to arrive at the truth;

3. Rhetoric, the science of expression, especially persuasion. Ways of organizing a speech or document.
Adapting it so that people understand it, and believe it.

Quadrivium:

4. arithmetic teaches about numbers;

5. geometry teaches about calculating spaces;

6. astronomy teaches about the stars;

7. music teaches ratio and proportion and is related to melody and song as it was in the Middle Ages.

Sonnet has 14 lines

Beat around the bush - avoiding the topic

Kick the bucket - death

Samuel Clemens - has penname of Mark Twain. He wrote the novel "The adventure of Tom Sawyer".

Shakespeare's famous novels

Hamlet - Hamlet's father was prisoned by his uncle who now is the new king. His father told it by
ghosting

Macbeth - nagpahula si Macbeth at ayon sa manghubula, sya ay magiging hari. Pinatay nya ang hari.
Pero sya rin ay namatay dahil ipinanganak ang anak ni Macduff

Merchant of Venice - It is about loaning. Choosing casket (gold, silver and lead) should pick lead.

Kabatakang kumot - kaibigan

Mga Uri ng Panghalip

1. Panghalip na Panao (Personal Pronoun)

Halimbawa: ako, ko, akin, amin, kami, kayo, atin, inyo, kita, kata, mo, siya, kanila, siya, kanya

2. Panghalip na Pamatlig (Demonstrative Pronoun)

malapit sa nagsasalita: ito, ire, niri, nito, ganito, ganire

malapit sa kinakausap: iyan niya ayan hayan diyan

malayo sa nag-uusap: ayun, hayun, iyon, yaon, niyon, noon, doon

3. Panghalip na Pananong (Interrogative Pronoun)

Halimbawa: ano, anu-ano, sino, sinu-sino, nino, alin, alin-alin

4. Panghalip na Panaklaw (Indefinite Pronoun)

Halimbawa: lahat, madla, sinuman, alinman, anuman, pawang

5. Panghalip na Pamanggit

Halimbawa: na, -ng

Severino Reyes - ama ng zarzuelang tagalog

Pascual Poblete - ama ng pahayagang tagalog

Sapantaha - hinuha

Famous Filipino writers and their pennames

Antonio K. Abad - Akasia

Jose Abreu - Kaibigan

Macario Adriatico - Amaori, C. Amabri and Felipe Malayo

Faustino Aguilar - Sinag-Ina

Emilio Aguinaldo - Magdalo

Virgilio Almario - Rio Alma

Pascual Alvarez - Bagongbuhay

Aurelio Alvero - Magtanggul Asa

Cecilio Apostol - Catulo, Calipso and Calypso

Francisco Arcellana - Franz Arcellana

Pedro de Govantes de Azcarraga - Conde de Albay

Francisco dela Cruz Balagtas - Francisco Baltazar

Asuncion Lopez Bantug (Rizal’s grand niece) - Apo ni Dimas

Jose Ma. Basa - Isaac Fernando delos Rios

Bautista - Ba Basiong

Gen. Vito Belarmino - Blind Veteran

Andres Bonifacio - Agapito Bagumbayan, while his inspiring Katipunan name was Maypagasa

Felipe Calderon - Simoun and Elias (names from Rizal’s novels)

José Corazón de Jesús - Huseng Batute

Jose dela Cruz - Huseng Sisiw

Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo, Kupang, Haitalaga, Patos,
Carmelo, D.A. Murgas, L.O. Crame D.M. Calero, Hilario, and M. Dati.

Severino de las Alas - Di-kilala

Epifanio delos Santos - G. Solon

Valeriano Hernandez Peña - Ahas na Tulog, Anong, Damulag, Dating Alba, Isang Dukha, Kalampag and
Kintin Kulirat

Severino Reyes - Lola Basyang

Mariano del Rosario - Tito-Tato

Salvador Vivencio del Rosario - X and Juan Tagalo

Domingo Gomez - Romero Franco

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez - N.V.M. Gonzalez

Fernando Ma. Guerrero - Fluvio Gil

Amado Hernandez - Amante Ernani, Herininia de la Riva and Julio Abril

Emilio Jacinto - Dimas-ilaw and his Katipunan name was Pingkian

Nick Joaquin - Quijano de Manila

Jesus Lava - B. Ambrosio Rianzares

Sixto Lopez - Batulaw

Gen. Antonio Luna - Taga-Ilog

Juan Luna - J.B. and Buan (a translation of his surname Luna which means moon)
Apolinario Mabini - Bini and Paralitico

Jose Palma - Ana-haw, Esteban Estebanes and Gan Hantik

Rafael Palma - Hapon and Dapit-Hapon

Jose Maria Panganiban - Jomapa and J.M.P.

Pascual H. Poblete - Anak-Bayan

Mariano Ponce - Naning, Tikbalang, and Kalipulako

Dr. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - José Rizal, Dimas-alang (Tagalog for Touch me not),
Laong-Laan (which means Ever-prepared), Agno and Calambeño

Hugo Salazar - Ambut

Moises Salvador - Araw

Jose Turiano Santiago - Tiktik

Lope K. Santos - Anak-Bayan and Doctor Lukas

Juan Crisostomo Soto - Crissot

Luis Taruc - Alipato (which means spark that spreads a fire and one of Rizal’s pet dogs)

Jose Ma. Sison - Amado Guerrero

Dr. Pio Valenzuela -Madlang-Away

Clemente Jose Zulueta - M. Kaun

J. Zulueta - Juan Totoó

Kinds of Power

1. Coercive Power is often the least effective but most employed (and abused) type of power in the
corporate world.

2. Reward Power - second weakest form of power. It is the concept of do this and get that. Or (said
another way) if you do this, you will receive something in return.
3. Legitimate Power is the power of position or role. This is the typical “command and control” structure
that is employed by the Military world.

4.Referent Power is the “cult of personality”. This is the power and ability for an individual to attract
others and to build loyalty within them.

5. Informational Power is the power of having information that another does not have, or, the
distribution of information as a means of effecting change.

6. Expert Power is when an individual possesses in-depth information, knowledge, or expertise in the
area that they are responsible for.

Philippine presidents and their achievements

1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1899-1901

One way to remember the first president of the Philippines First Republic is to look at the five peso coin.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's face used to grace the five peso bill (which is not used anymore). The back of
the bill shows him holding the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day.

Contributions and Achievements:

- first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolo Republic)

- signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine revolutionaries

- known as the President of the Revolutionary Government

- led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War

- youngest president, taking office at age 28

- longest-lived president, passing away at 94

2. Manuel L. Quezon, 1935-1944

After 34 years of Insular Government under American rule, Philippine voters elected Manuel Luis
Quezon first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is known as the “Father of National
Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.
Contributions and Achievements:

- first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines

- first president elected through a national election

- first president under the Commonwealth

- created National Council of Education

- initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth

- approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines

- appears on the twenty-peso bill

- a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him

- his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

3. José P. Laurel, 1943-1945

José P. Laurel's presidency is controversial. He was officially the government's caretaker during the
Japanese occupation of World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment for treason was
superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in 1948.

Contributions and Achievements:

- since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines

- organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the
New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation

- declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944

- with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines

4. Sergio Osmeña, 1944-1946

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the Philippines
joined the International Monetary Fund.
Contributions and Achievements:

- became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office

- first Visayan to become president

- joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of Philippine
freedom after Japanese occupation

- Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund
during his presidency

- Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency

- appears on the 50-peso bill

5. Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948

Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the
Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only
one year, 10 months, and 18 days.

Contributions and Achievements:

- inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II

- reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency

- under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by
Congress

- appears on the 100-peso bill

6. Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953

Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino became
president.

Contributions and Achievements:

- Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency

- created Social Security Commission

- created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption

- Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

7. Ramon Magsaysay, 1953-1957

Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer. He died in an
aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential plane.

Contributions and Achievements:

- Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency

- chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs

- first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration

- presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption

- Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency

- established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian
reforms

8. Carlos P. Garcia, 1957-1961

A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War.
Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign
Affairs for four years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957.

Contributions and Achievements:

- known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors

- established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce

- known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”

- cultural arts was revived during his term

- was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

9. Diosdado Macapagal, 1961-1965

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

- established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed
in inexpensive, small lots to the landless

- placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market

- declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day

signed the Minimum Wage Law

- created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

10. Ferdinand Marcos, 1965-1986

Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for three
years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was known for its
corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People Power Revolution.

Contributions and Achievements:

- -first president to win a second term

declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972

- increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces

- by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972

- by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia

- built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents
combined
- the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt

11. Corazon Aquino, 1986-1992

The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of an Asian
country, Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in the People Power
Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship. Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., was a
senator during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was assassinated while Marcos was still in
power.

Contributions and Achievements:

- first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

- restored democracy

- abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines

- reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government

signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code, which

reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government

- initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy

- named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine

- on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino

- Received honors and awards including:

100 Women Who Shaped World History

20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century

65 Great Asian Heroes

J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

12. Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998

Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became
president. He was also a civil engineer. As president, he restored economic growth and stability in the
country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first, and so far the only, non-Catholic
president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

- oversaw Philippine economic growth

- presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998

- received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of St. Michael and St. George)

- hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines in 1996

- Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency

- death penalty reinstated while he was in office

- signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front

13. Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001

Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first president who had been a famous film actor. His presidency
was controversial. During his years in office economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment
proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of stealing from the
government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2010.

Contributions and Achievements:

- during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured

- joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution

- cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989

among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control of Clark
Airbase and Subic Naval Base

14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001-2010

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, president of the Philippines (and the second female president).
The Oakwood Mutiny occurred during her term. Arroyo oversaw road and infrastructure improvements
and higher economic growth that presidents before her, but there was also controversy. The so-called
"Hello Garci" controversy involved recordings that allegedly captured Arroyo ordering the rigging of the
election that put her in office. In 2005 Arroyo faced impeachment proceedings related to the recordings
but the impeachment failed. After she had left office Arroyo faced additional charges of election fraud
and misuse of state funds.

Contributions and Achievements:

- second female president of the country

- first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far

- first president to take oath outside Luzon

- former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current president Benigno
Aquino III was one of her students

- ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign
Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status

- oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her

- peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007

- eVAT Law was implemented under her term

- currently on the 200-peso bill

15. Benigno Aquino III, 2010-present

Benigno Aquino III joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the
first president who is a bachelor; he is unmarried and has no children.

Contributions and Achievements:

- created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

- appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local Government in 2010,
where Robredo served until his death in 2012
- initiated K-12 education in the Philippines

renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations Office and
appointed new officers

- suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation and
Government Financial Institution board members

- oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012

Teresa Ferraris Magbanua - known as Teresa Magbanua, dubbed as the "Visayan Joan of Arc" was a
Filipino schoolteacher and military leader.

Melchora Aquino was a Filipina revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" because of her age
during the Philippine Revolution. She was known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the
"Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions.

Trinidad Perez Tecson, known as the "Mother of Biak-na-Bato" and "Mother of Mercy", fought to gain
Philippines independence. She was given the title "Mother of Biak-na-Bato" by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.
She was also cited as the "Mother of the Philippine National Red Cross" for her service to her fellow
Katipuneros.

Emilio Jacinto - right hand and adviser of Andres Bonifacio

Gregorio del Pilar - hero of the battle of tirad pass

Balitaw - Ito'y mga awit ng pagibig na ginagamit sa paghaharana ng mga bisaya

talindaw - matandang awit sa pamamangka

dung aw - is song of the soul

oyayi - isang kanta pampatulog sa sanggol

Kumintang - preparation song for war

1956 - unang kinanta ang Lupang Hinirang

Henry Oatly Beyer - father of Philippine anthropology

Sultanato ng Sulu - kaunaunahang sultan ng Pilipinas

May 23, 2017 - start of Marawi Siege

35 yrs old - edad na namatay si Rizal. 158 years

Nonpathogenic: Incapable of causing disease. For example, nonpathogenic E. coli are E. coli bacteria
that do not cause disease, but instead live naturally in the large intestine.

Solutes are the particles that are dissolved in a solvent, and together they form a solution. In your
body, these solutes are ions like sodium and potassium. There are three types of solutions that can
occur in your body based on solute concentration: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. An isotonic
solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside of the cell. A
hypotonic solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside
of it, and a hypertonic solution is one where the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell
than inside it.

Swell - happens when the cell is in hypotonic solution.

Shrink - happens when the cell is in hypertonic solution.

Myosin filaments play two key roles in muscle contraction and cell motility.

Microfilament functions include cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and cell motility in general,
changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility and mechanical stability.

Pseudopods/pseudifilament have two main functions: locomotion and capture of prey or engulfing of
food.

Auxins and Gibberellins are growth hormones that stimulate cell elongation and cause plants to grow
taller.

Cytokinins are a group of hormones that promote cell division in plant roots and shoots and the
growth of buds.
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes,
including seed and bud dormancy, the control of organ size and stomatal closure.

Kolokyal - pinaikling mga salita. Aywan-ewan, nasaan-nasan

Parameter-gives numerical value of population

Convection - Heat energy is transferred from hot place to cool place.

When the warm air and cool air converge, it forms/causes stormy weather.

Thyroxine plays a crucial role in heart and digestive function, metabolism, brain development, bone
health, and muscle control. It affects almost all of the body's systems, which means proper thyroxine
levels are vital for health.

Lack of thyroxin will cause a person to be mentally retarded.

Epiphyte, also called air plant, any plant that grows upon another plant or object merely for physical
support.

Saprophyte - a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Natural Selection - parang survival of the fittest. Kung sino ang makaka-adapt sa environment at
makakatakas sa predators, most likely, they can continue produce offspring of their likes.

Parts of flower

1. Pistil - is considered the “female” part of a flower because it produces seeds. Its purpose is
reproduction. It’s made up of the following parts:

Stigma - is the upper part of the pistil. It receives the pollen to affect reproduction.

Style - is the long part of the pistil. It provides a place for the pollen tube to grow. It also acts as a barrier
for bad pollen.

Pollen Tube - is a part of the pistil that is located inside of the style. It enables the pollen to go from the
stigma through the style to the ovary.

Ovary - is the enlarged part of the pistil located at the end of the style. The ovary is designed to protect
the ovules. It’s the job of the ovules to fertilize the pollen to grow it into a seed.
In flowering plants that produce fruit, the ovary usually develops into the fleshy fruit that surrounds the
inner seed.

Ovule - is located inside of the ovary. Basically, these are the flower’s eggs.

The pollen will travel from the stigma through the style to the ovary. Once in the ovary, the pollen will
then fertilize the ovules.

This fertilization ensures the ovule will eventually develop into a seed. In some plants, only a seed will be
grown. In other plants, a seed and a fleshy fruit will be grown simultaneously.

2. Petal - is the colored part of the flower that gives it a unique shape. Petals are often brightly colored
to attract insects, birds, bees, and other animals. In this way, the petals aid with the pollination of the
plant.

3. Stamen - is considered the “male” part of a flower because it produces the pollen. Its job is
reproduction.

Anther - is located on the end of the filament. It’s usually fairly compact and is where the pollen is
created.

Filament - is the long narrow part of the stamen that supports the anther. It connects the anther to the
rest of the flower.

4. Leaf - is the part of the flower responsible for making food for the process of photosynthesis. Carbon
dioxide, water, and light are turned into glucose.

5. Stem - is the part of the flower that attaches it to the rest of the plant. It also supports the rest of the
flower.

In addition to supporting the flower, the stem enables water and nutrients to flow from the soil into the
leaf for the process of photosynthesis to take place.

A flower’s stem is made up of the following parts:

Xylem - The part of the stem that moves food to the rest of the plant is called the xylem.

Phloem - The part of the stem that moves water to the rest of the plant is called the phloem.

Cambium - The cambium is located inside of the stem and provides a continuous cylinder. It enables the
food and water to be transported to the rest of the plant together.
Vascular Bundles (Dichotomous Plant) - The vascular bundles of the stem are the groupings of the xylem
cells, phloem cells, and cambium. They only occur in dichotomous plants.

6. Receptacle - is where the stem connects to the rest of the flower. It provides support to the rest of
the flower.

7. Sepal - These are leaf-like structures attached to the outside of the flower. They’re very similar to
petals but with the function of enclosing the developing bud. Some sepals are green while others look
similar to the flower’s petals.

Boron - green gas

Krypton - colorless, odorless gas

Radon - yellow

Chlorine - yellow green

Strontium - metals hat gives brilliance to fireworks

Saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent.

Saturated solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being
dissolved.

Unsaturated solution: A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that is capable
of being dissolved.

Groups/Families - the vertical columns on the periodic table. All the members of a family of elements
have the same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.

Periods/Series - the horizontal rows on the periodic table.

Lithosphere - the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

Asthenosphere is a layer of the inner earth where the crust begins to melt into the mantle.

10 - numerical value of the hardest mineral on Moh Scale

Diamond - hardest mineral

Talc - softest mineral

Jadeite - is the most expensive mineral, or rock, in the world at this time.

Pyroclastic flow - is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases.

Types of clouds

Cirrus Clouds (Curl of the hair) - is one of the most common types of clouds that can be seen at any
time of the year. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere. These clouds are usually made up of
ice crystals which give them a bright white appearance.

Cirrocumulus clouds are among the most gorgeous out there. They’re sometimes called ‘mackerel
skies’ because they can sometimes have a grayish color which makes the clouds look a bit like fish
scales.

Cumulus clouds are bright white and look like big puffs of cotton. The word cumulus is Latin for
"heap" or "pile."

Stratus clouds are thick, gray clouds that look like fog that hasn't touched the ground.

Nimbus is a type of rain cloud.

Nimbostratus comes from the Latin words nimbus which means “rain” and stratus for “spread out”.
These gloomy clouds are the heavy rain bearers out there forming thick and dark layers of clouds that
can completely block out the sun.

Types of Rock

Sedimentary - rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of
material.

Igneous rocks - are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens.

Metamorphic rocks - are formed when rocks change their original shape and form due to intense heat
or pressure.

Marbles are formerly limestone before metamorphism.

Insulator - a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound.

Radioactive decay is the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of
energy and matter from the nucleus.

Nuclear fission is a process in nuclear physics in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more
smaller nuclei.

Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a
heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

The liver both stores and produces sugar.

Endocrine gland -A gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless
gland.

Exocrine glands - secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the
lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.

-include sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and digestive glands

Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.

Thyroid gland - regulates growth

Pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain, just behind the bridge of your nose. It’s
controlled by the hypothalamus, which sits just above it. The pituitary gland is often called the 'master
gland' because it controls a number of other hormone glands.

Hypothalamus functions as a communication center for your pituitary gland.

Sebaceous glands - They secrete an oily substance called sebum that lubricates your skin.

Mammary glands, which are a type of sweat gland, are responsible for the production of breastmilk.

Pancreas breaks down carbohydrates, fats and protein.

Gall bladder - storage of biles and it helps digest fats

Small intestine - absorbs water nutrients

Liver - produces biles that helps break down fats

Cellular respiration - the process that most living organism perform to obtain energy from sugar and
oxygen.

Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs
higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions,
learning, and fine control of movement.

Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain
posture, and balance

Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It
performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep
cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.

Thermodynamics - states how heat flows from high temperature to low temperature.

Neutron - determines the isotope of an element

Lamarck’s theory of evolution was based around how organisms (e.g. animals, plants) change during
their lifetime, and then pass these changes onto their offspring. For example, Lamarck believes that the
giraffe had a long neck because its neck grew longer during its lifetime, as it stretched to reach leaves in
high-up trees, meaning that each generation of giraffe had a longer neck than previous generations.

Natural Selection - Charles Darwin

Mendel - Law of inheritance

James Watson - discovered structure of DNA

Anemometer - an instrument for measuring the speed of the wind, or of any current of gas.

A clinometer is a tool that is used to measure the angle of elevation, or angle from the ground, in a right
- angled triangle.

Asthma - a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in
breathing.

Emphysema - disease that affects lungs and is common among cigarette smokers.

A hinge joint is a common class of synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints.
Cartilage - This is a type of tissue that covers the surface of a bone at a joint. Cartilage helps reduce the
friction of movement within a joint.

Synovial membrane - A tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint
capsule. The synovial membrane secretes a clear, sticky fluid (synovial fluid) around the joint to lubricate
it.

Ligaments - Strong ligaments (tough, elastic bands of connective tissue) surround the joint to give
support and limit the joint's movement. Ligaments connect bones together.

Tendons - Tendons (another type of tough connective tissue) on each side of a joint attach to muscles
that control movement of the joint. Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Bursas - Fluid-filled sacs, called bursas, between bones, ligaments, or other nearby structures. They help
cushion the friction in a joint.

Synovial fluid - A clear, sticky fluid secreted by the synovial membrane.

Meniscus - This is a curved part of cartilage in the knees and other joints.

Ball-and-socket joints -such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow backward, forward, sideways, and
rotating movements.

Hinge joints -such as in the fingers, knees, elbows, and toes, allow only bending and straightening
movements.

Pivot joints -such as the neck joints, allow limited rotating movements.

Ellipsoidal joints -such as the wrist joint, allow all types of movement except pivotal movements.

Albumin is the key protein in the blood, which regulates the osmotic pressure of blood.

Globulin is the second abundant type of proteins in the blood and is important in liver function, blood
clotting, and fighting infections.

Serum - is used in numerous diagnostic tests, as well as blood typing.

Fribrinogen - responsible for blood clotting.

Deciduous forest is a biome dominated by deciduous trees which lose their leaves seasonally.

Taiga is the world's largest terrestrial biome.

A biome is a large region of Earth that has a certain climate and certain types of living things. Major
biomes include tundra, forests, grasslands, and deserts.

Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. It is treeless plain.

Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is
no dry season

Geotropism is the influence of gravity on plant growth or movement. Simply put, this means that
roots grow down and stems grow up.

Negatove geotropism - Upward growth of plant parts, against gravity.

Positive geotropism - Downward growth of roots.

Thigmotropism is the directional response of a plant organ to touch or physical contact with a solid
object.

Hydrotropism - the growth or turning of plant roots toward or away from moisture.

Positive hydrotropism is one in which the organism tends to grow towards moisture.

Negative hydrotropism is when the organism grows away from it.

Cambium - promote growth of secondary xylem and phloem.

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Only one plant is involved and
the offspring is the result of one parent. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent.

Archimedes' principle - object bouyed up by force is equal to the weight of the fluid displayed.

Red - longest wavelength

Violet - shortest wavelength

Weathering - is the natural process that causes rock to break down over time.

Erosion - is the moving or shifting of those smaller pieces of broken rock by natural forces, such as
wind, water or ice.

Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or
land mass.

Deposition is the phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the
liquid phase.

Siltation is a process by which water becomes dirty as a result of fine mineral particles in the water.

Hooke's law is about the way springs contract and expand. It is a law of mechanics and physics by
Robert Hooke. This theory of elasticity says the extension of a spring is proportional to the load
applied to it.

Genetically modified organisms - has the advantage of resistance to diseases, pests and enhance taste
and quality. Its disadvantage os human health impact like allergens.

The Chernobyl disaster - a nuclear accident that sparked debate.

Minamata disease is methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning that occurred in humans who ingested fish and
shellfish contaminated by MeHg discharged in waste water from a chemical plant.

Haiti incident - devastating earthquake occured in Haiti.

Ormoc tragedy - Flash flood caused by typhoon Thelma.

Landfill - burying waste materials.

Incineration - burning of waste materials.

Dioxin and Furan emission - caused by incineration. These are very toxic to human health.

Hydrochloric acid - strong acidic solution that can melt even metals.

Mga sumakop sa Pilipinas

Spain/ Kastila - 333 Taon

America /Amerikano - 44 Taon

Japan/Hapones - 3 Taon

Parliamentary system, democratic form of government in which the party with the greatest
representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister
or chancellor.

Government: The body with the power to make and/or enforce laws to control a country, land area,
people or organization.

State: A political division of a federation retaining a degree of autonomy.

Aristarchy attributes are traditionally ruled by the “best” people. Examples include aristocracy,
technocracy and meritocracy.

Autocratic attributes are ruled by one person who has all the power over the people in a country.
Examples include authoritarian, totalitarian and fascist governments.

Monarchic attributes are ruled by a king or a queen who inherits their position from their family, which
is often called the royal family.

Absolute monarchy - undemocratic monarchy. Only the king and queen rule.

Constitutional monarchy - liberal monarchy. The king and queen rule along with parliament (Prime
minister).

Oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of powerful and/or influential people. These people may
spread power equally or not equally.

Plutocracy defines a society or a system ruled and dominated by the small minority of the wealthiest
citizens.

Theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders acting in the place of God rule the state.

Technocracy is a form of government in which experts in technology would be in control of all decision
making.

Egalitarian - relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights
and opportunities.

Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the
Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential appointments, and has the
authority to declare war. This branch includes Congress (the Senate and House of Representatives) and
several agencies that provide support services to Congress.

Senate – The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by the
qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.

House of Representatives – The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two
hundred and fifty members

Executive branch carries out laws. It is composed of the President and the Vice President.

Executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the President, Vice President, the Cabinet,
executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees.

Key roles of the executive branch include:

President – The President leads the country. He/she is the head of state, leader of the national
government, and Commander in Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines. The President serves a six-
year term and cannot be re-elected.

Vice President – The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve, the Vice
President becomes President. He/she serves a six-year term.

The Cabinet – Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice President and
the heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by the President and must be
confirmed by the Commission of Appointments.

Judicial branch evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government.
It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.

Aim of social justice - to bridge the gap of rich and poor

Freedom of Information of Full public disclosure is the right of every citizen to access official records,
documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development.

Wiretapping - the practice of connecting a listening device to a telephone line to secretly monitor a
conversation.

Joint committee of congress - canvass votes for pres and v-pres.

House of representatives - administer tariff bills, appropriation and revenue (income)

In law, a commutation is the substitution of a lesser penalty for that given after a conviction for a crime.

Amnesty ("forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group
or class of people, usually for a political offense.

Pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be absolved of guilt for an alleged crime or other
legal offense, as if the act never occurred.

Reprieve - a temporary suspension of a criminal sentence (usually the death penalty) for a certain period
of time, usually for the purpose of examining new information or permitting an appeal to take place.

Tribunal - court of justice

Slander - the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Malicious mischief means the intentional destroying or damaging of the personal property of another,
from actual ill will or resentment towards its owner or possessor.

Reclusion perpetua - life imprisonment

Res ipsa loquitur means that because the facts are so obvious, a party need not explain any more. For
example: "There is a prima facie case that the defendant is liable. They controlled the pump. The pump
was left on and flooded the plaintiff's house.

Arresto mayor means arrest for a period from one to six months.

A writ of habeas corpus ("may you have the body") is a writ (legal action) that requires a person who has
been arrested or imprisoned to be brought to a judge or into court.

Constitutional convention is a representative body meeting to form and adopt a new constitution or to
form, consider, and adopt amendments to an existing constitution.

Charter Change refers to the political and legal processes needed to amend the current 1987
Constitution of the Philippines
Co-dominance - two alleles will result to fair trait. Ex: white flower combined with red flower will result
to pink.

MTB-MLE refers to “first-language-first” education that is, schooling which begins in the mother tongue
and transitions to additional languages particularly Filipino and English.

NCBTS National Competency -Based Teacher Standards - heart of TEPD (Teacher Education and
Development Program)

NCBTS - composed of 7 domains, 23 strands, and 80 performance indicators

Domain 1. Social Regard for Learning (SRFL)

The SRFL domain focuses on the ideal that teachers serve as positive and pjowerful role models of the
value in the pursuit of different efforts to learn. The teacher’s action, statements, and different types of
social interactions with students exemplify this ideal.

Domain 2. Learning Environment (LE)

This domain focuses on importance of providing a social, psychological and physical environment within
which all students, regardless of their individual differences in learning, can engage in the different
learning activities and work towards attaining high standards of learning

Domain 3. Diversity of Learners (DOL)

The DOL domain emphasizes the ideal that teachers can facilitate the learning process even with diverse
learners, by recognizing and respecting individual differences and by using knowledge about their
differences to design diverse sets of learning activities to ensure that all learners can attain the desired
learning goals.

Domain 4. Curriculum (Curr.)

The curriculum domain refers to all elements of the teaching-learning process that work in convergence
to help students understand the curricular goals and objectives, and to attain high standards of learning
defined in the curriculum. These elements include the teacher’s knowledge of subject matter and the
learning process, teaching-learning approaches and activities, instructional materials and learning
resources.

Domain 5. Planning, Assessing & Reporting (PAR)

This domain refers to the alignment of assessment and planning activities. In particular, the PAR focuses
on the (1) use of assessment data to plan and revise teaching-learning plans; (2) integration of
assessment procedures in the plan and implementation of teaching-learning activities, and (3) reporting
of the learners’ actual achievement and behavior.

Domain 6. Community Linkages (CL)

The LC domain refers to the ideal that classroom activities are meaningfully linked to the experiences
and aspirations of the learners in their homes and communities. Thus, this domain focuses on teachers’
efforts directed at strengthening the links between schools and communities to help in the attainment
of the curricular goals.

Domain 7. Personal Growth & Professional Development (PGPD)

The PGPD domain emphasizes the ideal that teachers value having a high personal regard for the
teaching profession, concern for professional development, and continuous improvement as teachers.

Education Decree of 1863 provided for the establishment of at least two free primary schools, one for
boys and another for girls, in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government.

RA 7722 - CHED

RA 7796 - TESDA

PD 1006 - Professionalization of teachers

RA 7836 - Philippine teachers professionalization act

Philippines has 17 regions

The United States has the largest Christian population in the world, followed by Brazil and Mexico.

7641 - islands in the Philippines

Cory Aquino - Icon of democracy

Cha-Cha and con ass - amendment of Phil. Constitution

Strong Republic - Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

Legaspi-Sikatuna blood compact

Sinaunang tao sa Pilipinas

Negrito - tulay na lupa

Indonesians - dagat
Malay - katulad ng Indonesians

Galing Arabic ang mga salitang salamat, hukom, alam

William McKinley - proclaimed Benevolent Assimilation Policy

Mukdum - introduced Isoamic to the Philippines

Idi Amin - Popularly known as the "Butcher of Uganda," he is considered one of the cruelest despots in
African history.

Macario Sakay - established Tagalog Republic

Claro Recto - the great Dissenter

Dagohoy - waged the longest revolution in the Philippines

Proclamation 1081 - Martial Law

San Aguatin Church - only one remain intact after the battle of Manila

GDP - total value in peso of goods and service produced in 1 year

"to the strongest goes the spoil" - goods are distributed among the members

Double jeopardy clause holds that once an accused person has been acquitted, convicted, or punished
for a particular crime, they cannot be prosecuted or punished again for the same crime in the same
jurisdiction.

Social inequality refers to relational processes in society that have the effect of limiting or harming a
group's social status, social class, and social circle.

A progressive tax is a tax in which the average tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases.

Equity in taxation emands that the rich people should bear a heavier burden of tax and the poor a lesser
burden.

Evasion - Escaping from payment of taxes

Fiscal - relating to government revenue, especially taxes.

Fiscal deficit is a shortfall in a government's income compared with its spending.

Tariff - a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

Industrialization - better solution for poverty and unemployment

PPST - DepEd order no. 42 s. 2017

Carl Linnaeus - father of taxonony

School - heart of formal education

Abueva - recently awarded as National artist for sculpture