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Mathematical Language and Symbols: (Reference: Chapter 1-4 of Schaum's Outline On Set Theory)

The document summarizes key concepts about relations and functions in mathematics. It defines relations as subsets of Cartesian products of sets that contain ordered pairs. It describes the domain and range of relations and functions. It also discusses operations on functions like composition and finding inverses. Concepts are explained through examples of specific relations and functions.

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44 views55 pages

Mathematical Language and Symbols: (Reference: Chapter 1-4 of Schaum's Outline On Set Theory)

The document summarizes key concepts about relations and functions in mathematics. It defines relations as subsets of Cartesian products of sets that contain ordered pairs. It describes the domain and range of relations and functions. It also discusses operations on functions like composition and finding inverses. Concepts are explained through examples of specific relations and functions.

Uploaded by

pijej25153
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER2

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
(Reference: Chapter 1-4 of Schaum’s
Outline on Set Theory )
Fundamental elements of the
language of Mathematics are
Numbers, Sets, Relations,
Functions, and Operations
• 2.1 Sets and Basic Operations on
Sets (Sec 1.1 to 1.6)
• 2.2 Sets and Elementary Properties
of Real Numbers (Sec 2.1 to 2.3)
• 2.3 Relations (Sec 3.1 to 3.4)
• 2.4 Functions (Sec 4.1 to 4.4)
• 2.5 Operations – binary, unary
2.3 RELATIONS
CHAPTER 3 OF SCHAUM’S
INTRODUCTION
• Ordered Pairs (a, b) of elements,
where a is designated as the first
element and b as the second element.

• 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑐, 𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 =
𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑

• In particular, (a, b) ≠ (b, a) unless a = b.


PRODUCT SETS
• Let A and B be sets.
• The product set or Cartesian product
of A and B, written as AxB, is the set
of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a
∈ A and b ∈ B.
• 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂 ∈ 𝑨 , 𝒃 ∈ 𝑩
Number of elements in a
product set
• n (A x B) = n (A) x n (B)
• n is number of elements or the
cardinality of the set
RELATIONS
• Let A and B be two sets.

• A binary relation or simply a relation


from A to B is a subset of A x B.
RELATIONS
• Suppose R is a relation from A to B. Then
R is a set of ordered pairs where each
first element comes from A and each
second element comes from B.
• That is, for each pair 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵,
exactly one of the following is true:
i. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅; we say “a is R-related to b,
written aRb.
ii. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅; we say “a is not R-related to
b, written aRb.
RELATIONS
• The domain of a relation R from A to
B is the set of all first elements of the
ordered pairs which belong to R, and
so it is a subset of A;
• and the range of R is the set of all
second elements and so it is a subset
of B.
Given the relation
{(3,2), (1,6), (-2,0)},
find the domain and range.

Domain = {3, 1, -2}


Range = {2, 6, 0}
RELATIONS
• Sometimes R is a relation from a set
to itself, that is, R is a subset of
A2 = A x A.
• In such a case, we say that R is a
relation on A.
UNIVERSAL, EMPTY,
EQUALITY RELATIONS
• Let A be any set.
• Then AxA and ∅ are subsets of AxA and
hence are relations on A called the
universal relation and empty relation,
respectively.
• Thus, for any relation R on A, we have
∅ ⊆ R ⊆ AxA
UNIVERSAL, EMPTY,
EQUALITY RELATIONS
• An important relation on the set A is
that of equality
𝑎, 𝑎 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
• Which is usually denoted by “=“
• This relation is also called the identity
or diagonal relation on A and it may
sometimes be denoted by
∆𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 ∆
INVERSE RELATION
• Let R be any relation from a set A to a
set B.
• The inverse of R, denoted by R-1 , is
the relation from B to A which
consists of those ordered pairs which,
when reversed, belong to R, that is,
•R-1 = {(b, a): (a, b) ∈ R}
INVERSE RELATION
•EXAMPLE
•Given R a relation from
A = {1, 2, 3} to B = {x, y, z}
• R = {(1, y), (1, z), (3, y)}
•Then
• R-1 = {(y, 1), (z, 1), (y, 3)}
INVERSE RELATION
• Clearly, if R is any relation,
then (R-1)-1 = R
• The domain of R-1 is the range of R
and vice versa.
• If R is a relation on A, i.e. R is a subset
of AxA, then R-1 is also a relation on A.
Representation of Relations on
Finite Sets
• Suppose A and B are finite sets. The two ways of
picturing a relation R from A to B:
i. MATRIX of the Relation
- Rectangular array whose rows are labeled by the
elements of A and whose columns are labeled by
the elements of B.
- 1 or 0 as 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 is or is not related to 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵
ii. ARROW DIAGRAM of the Relation
- Elements of A and B on two disjoint disks with
arrow from 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 to 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 whenever a is related
to b.
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATIONS
OF RELATIONS
The relation {(2,1), (-1,3), (0,4)}
can be shown by
x y
1) a table. 2 1
-1 3
0 4

2) a mapping. 2 1
-1 3
0 4
3) a graph.
Given the following table, show the
relation, domain, range, and mapping.
x -1 0 4 7
y 3 6 -1 3

Relation = {(-1,3), (0,6), (4,-1), (7,3)}


Domain = {-1, 0, 4, 7}
Range = {3, 6, -1, 3}
Mapping
x -1 0 4 7
y 3 6 -1 3
-1 3
0 6
4 -1
7
You do not need to write 3 twice in the range!
Inverse of a Relation: For every
ordered pair (x,y) there must be a (y,x).
Write the relation and the inverse.
-1 -6
3 -4
4 2

Relation = {(-1,-6), (3,-4), (3,2), (4,2)}


Inverse = {(-6,-1), (-4,3), (2,3), (2,4)}
Write the inverse of the mapping.
4
3
-3
-1
2
1. {(4,-3),(2,-3),(3,-3),(-1,-3)}
2. {(-3,4),(-3,3),(-3,-1),(-3,2)}
3. {-3}
4. {-1, 2, 3, 4}
DIRECTED GRAPHS OF
RELATIONS ON SETS

• Draw an arrow from each element x to


each element y whenever x is related to
y.
• This diagram is called the directed
graph of the relation R.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)}
2.4 FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
Domain of a Function
• Unless otherwise stated, the domain of a function
is the set of all real numbers for which the
function makes sense and yields real numbers
Range of a Function
• The collection of all possible values of the
output or dependent variable
DOMAIN and RANGE of a FUNCTION

• The collection of all possible values of


the output or dependent variable.
• Example: Determine the domain and
range of each function:
• a) 𝐺 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3

2
• b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1
3
DOMAIN and RANGE of a FUNCTION

• Example: Determine the range of each


function:
• a) 𝐺 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3

• Domain: All real numbers

• Range: All real numbers greater than or


equal negative three. 𝑦 𝑦 ≥ −3
DOMAIN and RANGE of a FUNCTION

• Example: Determine the range of each


function:
2
• b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 −1

• Domain: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

• Range: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠


COMPOSITION OF
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE
OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES
𝑔 𝑓
• Find 𝑥 and 𝑥 for the functions
𝑓 𝑔
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2 . Then
determine the domain
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 4−𝑥 2 𝑥
• 𝑥 = 𝑥 = ∗
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥

4 − 𝑥2 𝑥 4 − 𝑥2 𝑥
∗ =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4 − 𝑥2 𝑥 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3
= ⟹
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
EXAMPLES
𝑔 𝑓
• Find 𝑓
𝑥 and 𝑔
𝑥 for the functions 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
and 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2. Then determine the domain.
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 4−𝑥 2 𝑥 4−𝑥 2
• 𝑥 = ⟹ ⟹
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 4−𝑥 2 4−𝑥 2 4−𝑥 2 2
4𝑥 − 𝑥 3
=
4 − 𝑥2

D: 𝑥 𝑥𝜖𝑅, 𝑥 < −2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2


Inverse of a Function
• Procedure to find an Equation of an Inverse
of a function:
Step 1: Replace 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑦
Step 2: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦
Step 3: Solve for 𝑦
Step 4: Replace 𝑦 by 𝑓 −1 𝑥
Inverse of a Function
• Example: What is the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1 Step 1: Replace 𝑓 𝑥 by 𝑦
𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 1 Step 2: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝑥 + 1 = 3𝑦
𝑥+1 3𝑦
 3 = 3
𝑥+1 Step 3: Solve for 𝑦
 3 =𝑦
𝑥+1
𝑦 =
3
𝑥+1
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = Step 4: Replace 𝑦 by 𝑓 −1 𝑥
3

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