‘ Functions In this Chapter + Relations Ont Lec A and B be wo non-empty sets, then a relation R from set A co set Bis a subset of Ax B, ie. RCAXB IF, B) © R, then we write is as aRb and we say that a is related to b under che relation R. If (a,b) ¢ R, then wwe write it as 2b and we say that a is not related 10 6 under the relation R. Here, the second element is called image of first element. eg For set A =(1, 3, 5} and set B= {2, 6, 10}, the selation R from set A to set B is R= {(a, |) AXB:b=2a} =1,b=2x1=2; 4=3,6=2x3=6; 5, b= 2% 0 (1, 2), (3, 6), (5, 10)} Relation on a Set Fora non-empty set A, the relation from A to itself, ie. a subset of A x A, is called a relation on set A. eg. Let A = fl, 2, 3, 4}, then R=((a De AXA:a-b= ={4,)} relation on set A. Range and Codomain of Relation a relation R from set A to set Bis defined as Ax B}, Then, the set of all first elements yairs in Ris called the domain of * Furctions and Their Tysee relation and the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of relation. Domain (R) (a, b) Ry Range (R) = {b:(a, 6) © Rt ‘The set B in relation R is called the codomain. ‘Codomain (R) eg. For set A={1, 3, 4,5, 6} to set B= (2, 4,6, 9} 2 relation R is given as R = {(1, 2), (3, 6), (4, 9)} Here, domain (R) = {set of first element of all ordered ={1, 3, 4} os Range (2) = {set of second element of all ordered pairs} = (2,69) Codomain (A) = set B= {2, 4, 6, 9} Types of Relations ‘There are vatious types of relations on a set 4, which are given below 1. Empty or Void Relation Relation R in a set A is called an empty relation, if n clement of 4 is related to any element of A, ie. R=oCAXxA exg, Let set A= {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11} and R bea relatior A, given by R={(a, ») :a@—6 = 4}, Then, Ris an empry relation. Since, no element (a, 6) € AX A satisfy the proper a-b=4,y 1 he ct For any to non-empty sets A and B, a function f from A to Bis a rule which associates each element of ny get Atoa unique element of set B. c Pec u LLC ce ‘Then, domain = {a,6,c}, codomain = {2, 4, 8 16} and range ={2,4,8) EXAMPLE T. Let A ={1,2,3) and = the rule f:A—> B, defined as f(x) the domain, codomain and range off {2,4,6,8}. Consider “function f from A to Bis represented by 22s, xe A.Find FASB or AS Bor fiw) eg [NN define as f(x) = x? is a function, where JV is the set of natural numbers Function (Mapping) as a Set of Ordered Pairs For any NE a sets A and B, a function from set Bis a relation from A to B (denote: g the following condi ee @ Poreachae A, there exiss€ B such that(a, de f. (i) (a, Ae fand(acle fb Here, is called f-image orimage of under f and a is called pre-image of b under f. eg IFA= (1,2, 3} and B= (4, 5}, thea =i, 9, 2, 5), G, 4} isa function but F={(1, 4), (1, 5), @, 4), 3, 5) is nota function as Gdef. (ef ‘One important point is that every function is a relation but converse is not always true. e.g. If =I, 2,3} and B={14} then R=({(1, 1), (1.4), 2, M} isa relation but nota function. Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function Suppose a function / is defined from set A to set B. ie. f:A > B. Then, elements of set A are called domain of f and the set of all f images obtained in set B corresponding to each element belongs to set Ais called range of f. Dom (f)= 4, Range (f) = f(A) = (f(s) :x € A) Elements of set B are called codomain off. Codomain (f) = B eg. Let fi A Bhea function, where A = {a,b,c} Sol Given, f(x)=2x,¥ xe A Value of function at x =1, f(t Value of function at x =2 f( Value of function at x =3. (3) Rs 8. Domain 4 8) cotomain We can wnite it as f = {(4,2),(24),.4) + Domain of f ={1,2, 3}, Codomala of f = (2,4, 6, 8) and range of f = 2, 4, 6 EXAMPLE 2. Find the domain and range of the following real functions. @ f@=lx-3) Gilt) b@) = 3° Sol. (i) We have, f(x) =|x—3] Itis a modulus function, which is define for all real values of x and the values of f(x) is always non-negative + Domain = R and Range = (0 =) (ii) We have, g(x) = log(x +2) It is a logarithm function, which is defined for positive value, = x+2>0=9 x>-2 ‘And the values of logarithm function is always lies between (—e, =). . Domain =(-2, ») and Range = (iii) We have, h(x) = 3°" It is an exponential function, so itis define for every values of x and it always gives positive values. +. Domain = (-2e, c) and Range = (0, °) Gi) g(x) = log (+2) (10, co) Types of Functions ‘As we know that in a function, all elements of set A are associated to a unique clement of set B. But there are some more possibilities, which may occur in a function, such as @ more than one elements of A may have same imag in