ARC 1414 – BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I 5.

Apply for a temporary connections of electric and water

Topic: FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING PROCESSES AND CONVENTIONAL supply. Electric current is important for the power needs of the tools
CONSTRUCTION and equipment and is necessary on overtime schedules especially in
the time of concreting. Water is also a prime need in construction.
6. Construct a temporary fence around the construction.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 7. Verify the measurement in the plan if the distances indicated are form:
Conventional building construction refers to the traditional method of a. Center to center
construction where the construction knowledge is passed from one b. Outer to center
generation to the other c. Outer to outer
d. Inside to inside
8. Fix the batter board to its horizontal position with the aid of level
LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION instrument preferably plastic hose with water.
LAYOUT 9. After establishing the reference point and line of the footing, transfer
Layout is sometimes called ‘staking out’ which means the process of the intersecting points of the string on the ground by the aid of plumb
relocating the point of boundaries and property line of the site where the bob and indicate the size and width to be excavated.
building is to be constructed. It includes clearing, staking, batter boards and
establishes the exact location of the building foundation and wall line on the MATERIALS USED IN LAYOUTING:
ground. 1. Spirit level - instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line
check
LAYOUT METHODS AND PROCEDURES 2. Plumb bob – it is used for vertical line checking
1. Before the construction begins, see to it that a building permit is first 3. Plastic hose filled with water – a method of levelling (horizontal)
secured from the local authorities concerned. batter boards without transit
2. Relocate the boundaries of the construction site. It is suggested that 4. 3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure – a manual
the relocation of the property line shall be done by geodetic engineer method of squaring the corners of building lines in building layout
specially for those lots without existing reference points or adjoining 5. Sheet piling – a barrier formed to prevent the movement of soil to
structures. stabilize foundation
3. Clear the site of any existing structure, trees, and other elements that 6. Stake – are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven
will obstruct the construction work. into the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter
4. Construct and allocate a space for laborers’ quarters, construction boards
office, bodega for the materials and working tools and temporary 7. Batter board – wood stick or board nailed horizontally at the stake
waste disposal.
Fundamental Building Processes and Conventional Construction 1
 which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the
building measurements is established

Fundamental Building Processes and Conventional Construction 2

 8. String – is either plastic chord or galvanized wire across the batter equipment during the operation.
boards used to indicate the outline of the building wall and
foundation

EXCAVATION
Excavation work in building construction is categorized into two types: the
minor and major excavation depending upon the size and nature of the
foundation to be constructed. Excavation for a small construction with
independent wall, or combined footing is classified under the minor
excavation, while the rest which requires sizable or total extraction of the
earth fall under the category of major construction.

MINOR EXCAVATION
Excavation under this category are those construction having independent
footing and hollow block wall footing where the digging of the soil for the
footing extend to a depth from 1.00 to 1.50 meter and about half a meter
depth for the wall footing.

MAJOR EXCAVATION
Building construction that requires wide excavation or total extraction of the
soil are classified into two categories depending upon the condition or
location of the site. When the area of the construction site is big that there is
enough space to accommodate working activities, storing of materials and
dumping ground for the excavated soil.

CONSIDERATIONS DURING EXCAVATIONS:

1. The manner of the excavation to be employed which will not affect or
damaged the adjoining structure.
2. The kind of equipment to be used in the digging and extracting the
ground may not be a problem but the place where to station the
 3. How and where to dispose the extracted soil involves the effective
manner of maneuvering the payload and dump trucks in hauling
without obstructing the pedestrian and vehicular traffic flow.
4. Where to dispose the underground water to be drained by the water
pump during the process of construction which might cause muddy
road and create inconvenience to traffic.
5. The kind of sheeting and bracing to be used in shoring or
underspinning to protect the adjoining structure must be considered.

FOUNDATION AND FOOTING

The function of a foundation is to transfer the structural loads from a
building safely into the ground. All foundations settle to some extent as the
soil around beneath them adjust itself to these loads. Uniform settlement is
usually of little consequences in a building, but a differential settlement can
cause severe structural damage.

PARTS OF A BUILDING
The following are three (3) major parts of a building:
1. SUPERSTRUCTURE – the above ground portion of a building
2. SUBSTRUCTURE – the habitable below-ground portion
a. Slab on fill
b. Crawlspace
c. Basement
3. FOUNDATION – the components of the building that transfer its load
to the soil

BASIC TYPES OF FOUNATIONS

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS – those that transfer the load to the earth
at the base of the column or wall of the substructure
 2. DEEP FOUNDATIONS – transfer the load at a point far below the CAISSONS
substructure Similar to a column footing in that it spreads the load from a column over a
large enough area of soil.
FOUNDATION
That portion of the structural elements that carry or support the FOUNDATION WALL
superstructure of the building. That part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining
wall of the structure below grade.
FOOTING
That portion of the foundation of the structure which directly transmit the GRADE BEAM
column load to the underlying soil or rock, footing is the lower portion of the That part of a foundation system w/c supports the exterior wall of the
foundation structure. superstructure and bears directly on the column footing.

FOUNDATION BED RETAINING WALL

Refers to the soil or rock directly beneath the footing. A wall or laterally braced, that bears against an earth or other fill surface and
resists lateral and other forces.
PILE FOUNDATION
When a foundation bed is too weak to support a raft footing, there is an CANTILEVER WALL
urgent need to provide suitable materials where to transfer the excess load A reinforced concrete wall which resist overturning by the use of cantilever
to a greater depth wherein piles is the answer. footing.

PILE GRAVITY WALL

A structural member of small cross-sectional area with reasonable length A massive concrete wall that resist overturning by virtue of it’s own weight.
driven down the ground by means of hammers or vibratory generator. Piles
are distinguished from a caisson by being driven into place rather than drilled BEARING WALL
& poured. Piles are generally driven closely together in clusters containing A wall capable of supporting an imposed load.
from two to twenty-five piles. Each cluster is later joined at the top by a
reinforced concrete pile cap.
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
PILE CAP 1. WALL FOOTING OR STRIP FOOTING – is a strip of reinforced concrete
Distributes the load of the column or wall equally among the piles. wider than the wall which distributes the load to the soil. a steel
 percentage equals to 0.2 to 0.3% of the cross sectional area of above.
concrete is said to be adequate except on unusual cases

2. COLUMN FOOTING – is classified into the following types:

a. Isolated or independent footing – is a kind of footing
represents the simplest and most economical type, in the
form of: square block footing, square slope footing and
square stepped footing

b. Combined footing – is used when two or more columns

are spaced closely to each other that their footing will
almost or completely merge. It’s either: rectangular or
trapezoidal
c. Continuous footing – is sometimes classified as wall
footing which support several columns in a row. It’s either:
inverted slab footing or inverted tee footing
d. Raft or mat footing – it’s occupies the entire area beneath
the structure and carry the wall and the column loads.

POST AND COLUMN

POST
Refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical, square or other geometrical
cross section placed vertically to support a building.

COLUMN
Refers to vertical structure use to support a building made of stone, concrete,
steel or combination of the above materials.

STOREY
The space in a building between floor levels or between a floor and a roof
CLASSIFICATIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
1. Short column – when the unsupported height is not greater than ten
times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.
2. Long column – when the unsupported height is more than ten times
the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

TYPES OF COLUMNS
1. TIED COLUMN
Has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in
position by lateral reinforcement called lateral ties.

2. SPIRAL COLUMN
The term given where a circular concrete core in enclosed by spirals
with vertical or longitudinal bars. The vertical reinforcement is
provided with evenly spaced continuous spiral held firmly in position
by at least three vertical bar spacers.

3. COMPOSITE COLUMN
Where structural steel column is embedded into the concrete core of
a spiral column.

4. COMBINED COLUMN
With structural steel encased in concrete of at least 7 cm. thick.
Reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3
cm. Inside the outer surface of the concrete covering.

5. LALLY COLUMN
A fabricated steel pipe provided with a flat steel bars or plate which
hold a girder, girts or beam. The steel pipe is sometimes filled with
grout or concrete for corrosion.
METAL REINFORCEMENT
The different kinds of stresses that may act on the structure are: FLOOR STRUCTURE
1. Compression stress WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM
2. Tension stress Floor framing is that platform structure of the building suspended by posts,
3. Shear stress columns, walls and beams.
4. Torsion stress
Reinforcement need to provide on beam to response to positive and negative The design of a platform floor system depends upon the following
bending which may cause failure or collapse of the structure. considerations:
1. Live load – refers to those movable loads imposed on the floor.
 Reinforced concrete – is a combination of concrete and steel 2. Dead load – refers to the static load such as the weight of the
 Concrete – is strong in supporting compression load but weak in construction materials which generally carry the live load.
resisting tension forces 3. Types of materials to be used – the choice from the various
 Steel – possesses the strength to resist both compression and tension. construction materials such as lumber, concrete, and steel.
 Balance beam – when the area of the concrete and steel are just 4. The sizing and spacing of the structural members – depends upon its
enough to carry the compression and tension forces simultaneously. strength and capability to carry the load at a certain spacing.
 Inflection points – refer to the portion of a beam where bending 5. Span of the supports – pertains to the distances between the posts,
moment changes from positive to negative. columns or supporting walls.
 No bent bars – when bars are not bent, an additional straight
reinforcing bars are placed on the top of the beam across the DIFFERENT PARTS OF A FLOOR SYSTEM
supports extended to the required length. The different parts of a platform floor system are:
 Bent reinforcing bars – are bent up on or near the inflection point 1. Girder – is a principal beam extending from wall to wall of a building
and are extended at the top of the beam across the support towards supporting the floor joists of floor beams.
the adjacent span. 2. Sill – that part of the side of a house that rests horizontally upon the
 4 cm. – allowance protective covering of steel bars from the outside foundation.
of the main reinforcement. 3. Floor joists – are those parts of the floor system placed on the girders
 Advantage of the bend bars, its resist the diagonal tension. where the floor boards are fastened.
 Building code required that a balance beam shall provide, that the 4. Header and trimmer – header is a short transverse joists that support
cross sectional area of steel reinforcement shall be equal to .005 the end of the cut-off joist at a stair well hole. Trimmer is a supporting
times the cross sectional product of the width and the depth of the joist which carries an end portion of a header.
beam. 5. Flooring – the tongue and groove which are popularly known as T&G
is generally specified for wood flooring.
 6. Tail beam or tail piece – a short beam, joist or rafter which is GIRDER
supported by a header joist at one end and a wall at the other. The term applied to a beam that supports one or more smaller beam.
7. Ledger strip – a strip of lumber which is nailed to the side of the
beam, forming a seat for the joists. CLASSIFICATIONS OF BEAMS
8. Draftstop plate – is a piece of lumber uses to dress up the edge of the 1. Simple beam – refers to the beam having a single span supported at
joists. its end without a restrain at the support. Simple beams are
9. Sole plate – a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs sometimes called as simply supported beam.
in a stud partition. Restraint means a rigid connection or anchorage at the
10. Sill plate – a horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood support.
structure which rest on the foundation. 2. Continuous beam – is a term applied to a beam that rest on more
11. Top plate – a horizontal timber at the upper portion of the studs in a than two supports.
stud partition. 3. Semi-continuous beam – refers to a beam with two spans with or
12. Cripple stud – in abuilding frame, a structural element that is shorter without restraint at the two extreme ends.
than usual, as a stud above and below opening.
13. Block or solid bridging – short members which are fixed vertically WEB REINFORCEMENT
between floor joists to stiffen the joists. Web reinforcement is the same as their stirrups used in the beam to hold the
14. Cross bridging – diagonal bracing in pairs, between adjacent floor reinforcement in its designed position. The web reinforcement is not only
joists to prevent the joists from twisting. intended to hold the reinforcement and provide lateral support but also
15. Hanger or stirrup – a metal seat, attached to a girder to receive and serves to resist diagonal tension and counteract the shear action on the
support a joist. structure. The vertical stirrups should encircle the main reinforcement and
16. Balloon framing – construction has studs continuous to roof hook bent with a diameter not less than 5 times the diameter of the stirrups
supporting second floor joists. at its end and secured properly to prevent slipping of the main reinforcement
17. Western framing – that has subfloor extended to the outer edge of in the concrete.
the frame and provide a flat work surface at each floor.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
1. ONE-WAY SLAB
REINFORCED CONCRETE SYSTEM One-way slab is the common type of reinforced concrete floor system
which the reinforcements run only in one direction. Made of solid
BEAM slab supported by two parallel beams. It is comparatively economical
A structural member that supports the transverse load which usually rest on for a medium and heavy live loads on short spans ranging from 2.00
supports at its end.
to 3.50 meters long. Although the reinforcements are also placed in
the slab
 parallel with the beams perpendicular with the main reinforcements symmetrical area directly above the column reinforced with bars
called “temperature reinforcements”. Usually no. 3 steel bar is used
to counteract the effect of shrinkage and changes in temperature. It
also distributes possible concentration of loads over a larger area.

2. TWO-WAY SLAB
Slab which are supported on four sides where the floor panel is nearly
square is generally economical to employ the two directions of
reinforcing bars placed at right angle with each other. The code
specifies that thickness of the slab shall not be less than 4 inches or
10 cm. Nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The
spacing of the reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab
thickness.

3. RIBBED FLOOR SLAB

An economical type of floor construction but is applicable only to
medium span length with light or medium load. A ribbed floor slab
consists of small adjacent t-beam wherein the open spaces between
the ribs are filled by clay tiles, gypsum tiles or steel forms. The tiles
are generally 30 x 90 cm. With depth of 10 to 40cm. o.c. placed at
5cm. o.c. making the ribs 10 cm. Wide. The concrete surface layer
placed on top of the tiles ranges from 5 to 6.5 cm. Thick. The
reinforcement of a ribbed floor system consists of two bars placed at
the lower part of the rib where one is bent and the other remained
straight, or sometimes, straight bars are placed at the top and bottom
of the rib. Temperature bars are either no. 2 bars or 6 mm. Or wire
mesh which runs at right angle with the ribs.

4. FLAT SLAB
A rectangular slab directly supported by columns without beams or
girders. Theslab is either uniform in thickness or provided with square
 running in two directions. The increased area directly above the
column called drop panel or simply drop. On the other hand, a
flared head is employed in the construction of a flat-slab floor
making a capital of the column.

CONSTRUCTION JOINT
A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet.

CONTRACTION JOINT OR EXPANSION JOINT

A joint between adjacent parts of a structure which permits movement
between them.

CONTROL JOINTS
Employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry
wall.

BLOCK OUT
In concrete structures under construction, a space where concrete is not
to be placed.

COLD JOINT
A joint formed when a concrete surface harden before the next batch of
concrete is placed against.

CREEP
Permanent deformation of a material under a sustain load.

CAMBER
Convex curvature in beam or truss
LAYING-OUT OF STAIRS BANISTER
The method of laying out stairs are: Handrail for a staircase.
1. Determine the clear height of the rise in meter. Ordinarily, the rise
per step is 17 to 18 cm and the minimum tread width is 25 cm. RISER
2. Divide the rise (height in meter) by .17 or .18 to determine the A vertical face of a stair.
number of steps.
3. Divide the run distance in meter by .25 or .30m. KICKER PLATE
4. If the result, found in step three is less than the number found in step Stair anchor to concrete.
two, the run length has to be extended.
5. Should be no functional value of a riser. Should there be from the
result of step two, adjust a functional value in equal proportion to the TYPES OF ROOF
number of riser height, but in no case shall the rise per step be There are several forms of roof and numerous variety of shapes that one has
greater than 19 cm or less than 17 cm otherwise, the stairs will not be to be familiar with:
an ideal one. 1. SHED OR LEAN-TO ROOF
6. It is important to make a cross sectional sketch of a stair before Considered as the simplest form of roof consisting of one single slope.
making the final plan layout indicating the number of steps to avoid
adjustments of the run during the actual construction. 2. GABLE OR PITCH ROOF
The most common type and economical form of roof made of
triangular sections consisting of two slopes meeting at the center of
BALUSTER the ridge forming a gable.
One of a number of short vertical members often circular in section, used to
support a stair handrail. 3. SAW TOOTH ROOF
The development of the shed made into a series to lean-to roof
BALUSTRADE covering one building. This is commonly used on factories where
An entire railing system including a top rail, vertical members and bottom rail. extra light is required through the window on a vertical side.
BULL-NOSED STEP 4. DOUBLE GABLE ROOF
A step usually lowest in a flight, having one or both ends A modification of a gable or a hip and valley roof.
rounded to a semi-circle and projection beyond the face of the stair string/s.
5. HIP ROOF 13. CONICAL ROOF OR SPIRE
Also a common form used in modern houses having straight sides all A steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from the circular
sloping toward the center of the building terminating at the ridge. base to a central point

6. HIP AND VALLEY ROOF

A combination of the hip roof and an interesting gable roof forming a TYPES OF ROOF FRAMES
t or l shaped building. This type of roof form however, has a variety of The three types of roof frame commonly used are:
modification which are not illustrated. 1. Rafters type
2. Truss type
7. PYRAMID ROOF 3. Laminated type
A modification of the hip roof wherein the four straight sides are
sloping towards the center terminating at a point.
KINDS OF RAFTERS
8. GAMBREL ROOF 1. COMMON RAFTERS
A modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes. Are rafters extended at right angles from the plate or girts t the ridge.

9. BUTTERFLY ROOF 2. HIP RAFTERS

A two shed roof where the slope meets at the center of the building. Are rafters laid diagonally from the corner of a plate or girts to the
ridge.
10. MANSARD ROOF
Where the sides of the roof slope steeply from each side of the 3. VALLEY RAFTERS
building towards the center forming a flat deck on top. Rafters placed diagonally from the plate or girts at the intersection of
gable extension with the main roof.
11. FRENCH OR CONCAVE MANSARD ROOF
A modification of the mansard roof where the sides are concave. 4. OCTAGONAL RAFTERS
Are rafters placed on an octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or
12. DOME ridge pole.
A hemispherical form of roof usually used on observatories.
5. JACK RAFTERS
Any rafter which does not extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
TRUSS  Galvanized Iron (GI)
A built-up frame commonly employed on a long span roof unsupported by  Aluminum
intermediate columns or partitions. Truss is a design of a series of triangles
 Tin
used to distribute load, stiffen the structure and flexibility for the interior
 Titanium copper zinc
spacing as well as strength and rigidity.
 Copper
 Stainless steel
PURLINS
 Lead
The structural member placed on top of a rafter or top chord of a truss that
supports the roof sheathing
Among the metal roofing enumerated, galvanized iron sheet is the most
commonly specified considering the advantages that it offer.
ROOF AND ROOFING MATERIALS
The term roof used here means the top covering of a building that serves as a Galvanized iron roofing is either plain or corrugated. The thickness are
protective covering from the weather. measured in terms of “gauge” from ga. 14 to ga. 30. Gauge 26 is the most
commonly used for roofing. The standard commercial size width is 0.80 m.
With length that ranges from 1.50 to 3.60 m.
MATERIALS USED FOR ROOFING:
Plain GI sheet commercial standard size is 0.90m. X 2.40m. It is also used for
 Fiber
roofing, gutters, flashing,r idge, hip and valley rolls, downspout, and strap for
 Wood
riveting.
 Metal
 Slate
PANTILE
 Tiles
A roofing tile which has the shape of an S laid on its side.
 Reinforced concrete
 Plastics MISSION TILE
 Fiberglass A clay roofing tile, approx. Semi-cylindrical in shape laid in courses with the
unit having their convex side alternately up and down.

METAL ROOFING ROMAN TILE

The most common materials in building construction, this are classified as A channel shaped, tapered, single lap roofing tile.
follows:
GALVANIZED construction. Metal forms are generally made out of G.I. sheet, or black iron
Zinc coated materials. sheet, supported by flat and angle bars designed to be assembled and locked
be means of clamp, bolts and nuts.
A.F RAME
A 3-piece rigid structural frame in the shape of the upright capital A.
CONSTRUCTION OF FORMS
CHORD Concrete weighs about 2,200 to 2,400 kg./cu.m. Forms shall be guarded
A principal member of a truss. against bulging and sagging failure that occur during the process of
pouring. The thickness of the form and the sizes of the frame and ribs
BATTEN depends upon the nature of the structure to be supported classified as small,
Wood strips to support roof tiles. medium and massive structure.

SPLIT RING
Chord splice connectors for trusses. PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION
The introduction of precast-concrete construction was brought about by
building costs that has considerably increased faster that most industrial
FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING products that are affected by the large amount of on-site labor involved in
FORM the traditional methods of construction.
A temporary boarding, sheathing or pans used to produce the desired shape
and size of concrete. Forms are used in concrete construction. Structural The demand for skilled workers on on-site building construction is
members of a building are built-up into its specified dimensions by the use of increasingly outrunning the supply. The answer to there problems were
forms that serves as mould for the mixed concrete. brought about by the industrialization of construction and substitution of site
labor by factory produced precast concrete structure which has rapidly
Forms should be watertight, rigid and strong enough to sustain the weight of developed and gained importance. The concrete is cast in permanent forms
concrete. It should be simple and economically designed to be remove easily of steel, concrete, glass- fiber-reinforced plastic. The wet concrete is vibrated
and reassembled without damage to themselves or to the concrete. mechanically in the forms to achieve maximum density and highest surface
quality. Concrete strength in precast is usually 5000 psi, while 270,000 psi for
strength of steel.
METAL FORM
Are seldom used in building construction because of the varied designs and
shapes of the structures. Although metal forms are extensively used on road
TYPES OF PRECAST STRUCTURES b. Hollow core slab – wide ranges from 0.60m. To 2.4m.
1. WALL PANELS c. Double tee – wide ranges from 2.4 to 3.0m.
this type of precast structure has numerous designs depending upon d. Single tee – wide ranges from 2.4 to 3.0m.
the architectural requirements. The common shapes produced for
one to four storey high structures are sections having a width up to
2.40 JOINING PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS
m. They are used as curtain walls attached to columns and beams or Bolting, welding, and grouting are all commonly employed in these
sometimes as bearing walls. connections. Exposed metal connectors not covered by topping are usually
The different types of wall panels are: dry packed with stiff grout after being joined, to protect them from fire and
a. Flat type corrosion.
b. Double tee type
c. Ribbed type The simplest joints in precast concrete construction are those that rely upon
d. Window or mullion type gravity by placing one element on top of another, as is done where slab
elements rest on a bearing wall or beam, or where a beam rests on the
2. PRECAST COLUMNS corbel of a column. Bearing pads are usually inserted between the concrete
Precast column sizes are from .30 x .30m. To .60 x .60m. In a multi- members at bearing points to avoid the concrete-to-concrete contact that
storey construction, the columns are made continuous up to four might create points of high stress. Bearing pads also allow for expansion and
stories wherein corbels are used to provide bearing for the beam. Tee contraction in the members. For solid and hollow-core slabs these pads are
column is sometimes used to support directly double tee floor strips of high-density plastic. Under elements with higher point loading such
members without the use of intermediate members. as tees and beams, pads of synthetic rubber are used.

3. PRECAST BEAMS
The shape of precast beams depends upon the manner of framing. PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE
The various shapes are: There are several methods employed in applying prestressed force to a
a. Rectangular beam concrete beam:
b. Inverted tee beam 1. Precompressing method – is a process of using jacks reacting against
c. l –shaped beam abutment.
d. Aashto bridge girder – American Association of State Highway 2. Self-contained method – the process is done by tying the jack base
and Transportation Officials. together with wires or cables located on each side of the beam.
4. ROOF AND FLOOR MEMBERS Usually the wires and cables are pressed through a hollow conduit
a. Solid flat slab – wide ranges from 0.60m. To 2.4m.
embedded in the concrete beam. One end of the tendon is
anchored and forces
 are applied at the other end. After attaining the desired prestress b. Increasing the compressive strength of the concrete meets the
force, the tendon is then wedged against the concrete, removing the problem of high bearing stresses at the ends of post and beam
jack equipment. where the prestressing force is transferred from the tendon to
3. Bond friction – the prestressing strands are stretched between the anchorage dowels which directly bears against the
massive abutment prior to casting of concrete in the beam concrete.
forms. After the concrete has gained sufficient strength, the jacks are c. High strength concrete develops stronger bond prestresses to
then released transferring the prestressed force to the concrete by pretensioning construction.
bond and friction along the strands. d. High strength concrete gives higher strength to precast
4. Thermal prestressing – the steel is preheated by means of electric construction when curing is carefully controlled.
power which are anchored against the opposite end of the concrete
beam. The cooling process produces prestress force through
restrained contraction. MEASUREMENT OF PRESTRESSING FORCE
Prestressing force could be determined by:
CAUSES OF PRESTRESS LOSSES a. Measuring the tendon elongation.
1. Slip at anchorage b. Either by checking jack pressure on a calibrated gage or load
2. Elastic shortening of concrete cell or by the used of calibrated dynamometer.
3. Creep of concrete
4. Shrinkage of concrete
5. Relaxation of steel stress POST TENSIONING
6. Frictional loss due to intended or unintended curvature in the The stressing of unbonded tendons after concrete has cured.
tendons.

CONCRETE FOR PRESTRESSING

Concrete of higher compressive strength is used for prestressed
structures. Most of the prestressed construction specify a compressive
strength of concrete between (4,000 to 6,000 psi) 280-422 kg/cm2 because
of the following advantages that it offers.
a. High strength concrete has a higher modulus of elasticity. It
minimizes the reduction of prestress loss.