ALI

GARHMUSLI
M UNI
VERSI
TY
MALAPPURAM CENTER

1stSESSI
ONALTEST

TOPI
C: -Sour
cesofMusl
im Lawandt
hei
r
I
mportance
SUB:
-Musl
iml
aw-I

SUBMI
TTEDBY :
- SUBMI
TTEDTO:
-
MohdNat
iqKhan Ms.NaseemaP.
K
GI
0153 Assi
stantPr
ofessor
18BALLB78 Depar
tmentofLaw
I
Indy
ear
(4t
hsem)
CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
A.PRI
MARYSOURCESOFMUSLI
M LAW
a)Qur
an

b)Sunnah

c)i
jma

d)Qi
yas

B.SECONDARYSOURCESOFMUSLI
M LAW
a)Ur
fort
aamul:Cust
om

b)Judi
cialDeci
sions

c)l
egi
slat
ions

CONCLUSI
ON
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwouldliketoexpressmyspeci al
thanksofgrat
it
udetkmy
teacherMs.NaseemaP. K,
whogav emet hegol
denoppor
tuni
ty
todot hi
swonder fulpr
ojectofMusl i
ml aw-Ion"
Sour
cesof
Musl i
ml awandt heirI
mpor tance",
Whoal sohel
pedmein
compl et
ingmypr oject
.Icamrt oknowaboutsomanynewt hi
ngs
Iam reall
ythankf
ul tothem.

Secondl
yiwouldal
soliket
ot hankmyparent
sandfri
endswho
hel
pedmeal otinf
inal
i
singthisproj
ectwi
thi
nthel
i
mi t
edti
me
fr
ame.
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Varioussour cesofIslamicl awar eusedbyI slamicjuri
sprudencet o
el
uci datetheShar i
a,thebodyofI sl
ami claw.Thepr i
mar ysources,
accept eduniversal
lybyall Muslims, aretheQur 'anandSunnah.TheQur '
an
i
st hehol yscri
ptureofIslam, believ
edbyMusl imstobet hedi r
ectand
unalteredwor dofAl l
ah.TheSunnahconsi stsoft herel
igiousactionsand
quotationsoft heIsl
ami cPr ophetMuhammadandnar ratedthroughhis
Compani onsandShi aImams.Howev er,someschool sofj ur
isprudence
usedi ffer
entmet hodstoj udget hesour ce'slevelofauthenti
cit
y .

AsI slami cregul at i

onsst at edi nthepr i
mar ysour cesdonotexpl ici
tlydeal
wi t
hev er yconcei vableev ent ualit
y,jurisprudencemustr efert oresources
andaut henticdocument st of i
ndt hecor rectcour seofact ion.Accor dingto
Sunni school sofl aw, secondar ysour cesofI slami clawar econsensus
amongMusl imsj urists,anal ogicaldeduct i
on, al-Ra'y;independent
reasoni ng,benef itfort heCommuni tyandCust om.Hanaf ischool
frequent lyreliesonanal ogi cal deduct ionandi ndependentr easoning,and
Mal i
ki andHanbal igener allyuset heHadi thinst ead.Shaf i'
ischool uses
Sunnahmor et hanHanaf i andanal ogymor et hant woot her s.AmongShi a,
Usul ischool ofJa' farijurispr udenceusesf oursour ces, whichar eQur 'an,
Sunnah, consensusandaql .Theyusei j
maunderspeci alcondi ti
onsand
relyonaql (intellect)t of i
ndgener alpr i
nciplesbasedont heQur '
anand
Sunnah, anduseusul al-f
iqhasmet hodol ogyt ointerprett heQur '
anand
Sunnahi ndi fferentci rcumst ances, andAkhbar iJaf ari
sr elymor eonHadi t
h
andr ej ectijtihad.Accor dingt oMomen, despi teconsi der abledi f
ferencesin
thepr inci pl
esofj urisprudencebet weenShi aandt hefourSunni school sof
l
aw, t
her ear ef ewerdi fferencesi nthepr actical appl i
cat i
onofj uri
sprudence
tor i
tual obser vancesandsoci al tr
ansact i
ons.
Thesour
cesofMusl
i
mlawcanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wocat
egor
ies,
i.
e.

(
a)Pr
imar
ySour
cesand

(
b)Secondar
ySour
ces.

A.Pr
imar
ySour
cesofMusl
im Law
Pri
mar ysourcesarethosesourceswhicharebasedonreli
giousbeli
efs
mentionedinholyscri
pturesorbooks.Thesesourcesar
euni v
ersal
l
y
acceptedasauthenti
candt heyarepri
mar ywhi
chmeanst hesesources
shall
ber el
i
edbef or
eanyot hersour
ce.

I
tmeansthatforanyquestionr
elat
ingtothei
rpersonal
li
feorfamily
, t
he
Musl
imsshall
resortt
ot hesepri
mar ysour
cesoflawtounderstandthe
l
egal
opini
oninsuchsituati
ons.Theknownf ourpri
marysour
cesofMusl i
m
l
aware

1.
Qur
an
I
tisabookcontai
ningword-
by-
wordinst
ruct
ionsandcommandment sof
All
ahcommunicatedtopr
ophetMuhammadt hroughangel
Gabr
iel
.Itist
he
fundament
alsour
ceoflaw.

TheQur anwasrevealedin22y earsandsomemont hs.Outofthis,

revel
ati
oninMeccawasf or12years,
5mont hsand13day s.Andr emaini
ng
i
nMedi na.I
tisdivi
dedi nto114chapt er
s,cal
led‘
souras,eachhav inga
separat
edesignati
on.TheKor ancontainsabout6000v er
sescal l
ed‘Ayat
s’.
Thev er
sesdeali
ngwi thlawdoesnotexceed200andwer erevealedat
Madina.Therevel
ationsmadeatMeccaper t
aint
otheology,Isl
am and
phi
l
osophyofl
i
fe.

Ini
nterpret
ingQuran,onepr
incipl
ehastobeobserved.Someversesar
e
abrogati
ng( Nasi
k)andsomeabr ogat
ed(Munsuk)
.Thel at
terv
ersesare
deemedt ober epeal
edbyearl
ierones.

SincetheQuranisofdivi
neorigin,
iti
spost
ulatedthatMusl i
ml awcannot
bechangedormodi fi
edbyanyhumanagency .Thus,i
nI ndi
a,theMusli
ms
proclai
mthattheunionparl
iamentortheStateLegisl
aturescannotref
orm
theirl
aw.However,suchacont ent
ionofMusli
mshasbeendi sregar
din
mayoft heMusli
m countri
es.

I
mpor
tance:
-

Thei mport
anceoft hekoranisrel
igious,spi r
it
ual,legal
,poli
ti
cal,moraland
socialet
c,itsl
egalimportanceli
esint hef actthatitcontai
ns200v erses
rel
atingtolaw,outofwhich80v ersesr elaterotfami l
ylawandt herestdeal
withstateandpolit
y.ThebasisofMusl im Lawr elati
ngtomar ri
age,dower,
div
or ceguardi
ansinheri
tance,et
cispr ov i
dedi ntheKor an.

2.
Sunna
Thet er
m “Sunna”l
i
ter
all
ymeansapat h,
apr ocedur
eandawayofact i
on.
I
npr e-I
slami
cti
meswor d“Sunna“stoodforancientandconti
nuoususage
ofthecommuni t
y.I
nMusl i
mlaw,theterm hascomet omeant hepract
ice
ofProphet,whi
chcomprisesofhi
ssay i
ngs,deedsandtacitappr
ovals.

Theword“Sunna”isof t
enconfusedwith“Hadi
th”HoweverHadi
thisa
stor
yofaparti
cularoccurr
enceorinstance,
whileSunnai
stherul
e
deducedf
rom theinstanceoroccurr
ence.

Sunnaisclassi
fiedaccor
dinglytoitst
imeofcompi lat
ion,
narrat
ionand
authent
ici
ty,Li
ketheKoran, Sunnaisalsonotconfi
nedtolegalnorms.
Sunnaalsodealswiththeology,tr
ade,ethi
cs,gover
nment,etc.
I
mpor
tance:
-

TheimportanceofSunnaasasourceofMusl i
m Lawhasbeenlaiddowni
n
theQuranemphasizedbytheProphet,
recogni
zedbyhisimmediate
successor
sandot hercompani
ons,andacceptedbyal
lthei
mpor t
ant
Muslimjur
ists.

Av er
seintheKoranrunsas,what
evert
hePr ophetgives,acceptitand
whateverhefor
bidsyou,abst
ainf
ormit(49.7)’
.Ital
sosay s”“hedoesnot
speakoutofhisdesi
re.I
tisought
,butt
her evelati
onrevealed(tohi
m).

TheProphetoncesai
dtohisfol
l
owers:
sol ongasy
ouholdfastt
otwo
thi
ngs,whi
chIhavelef
tamongy ou,
uwill
notgoastray
;vi
z;God’
sBook
andHismessenger’
ssunna.

3.
Ij
ma
The“Ij
ma”meansanagr eement,amongf oll
owersofMuhammad( PBUH)
i
nparticul
arageonaquest ionoflaw.Fayzee,acontemporaryauthori
tyon
Musli
m Law, defi
nes‘
Ij
ma’ asaconsensusofopi nionamongl ear
nedof
def
ines‘Ij
ma’ asaconsensusofopinionamongl earnedofthecommuni ty
.

Themajori
tyofj
uri
stsr
egar
ditasthi
rdsourceofShar
iah,butmodern
j
uri
stsconsi
deri
ttobethemostimport
antelementi
nIslamicl
aw.The
aut
hori
tyofIj
maasasourceoflawisbasedontheKoranandt heSunnah
aswellasuponr
eason.

“Oyewhobeli
eve;obeyGodandobeytheProphet,
andt
hoseofyouwho
ar
einaut
hori
ty,
andifyehaveadi
sputeconcerni
nganymatt
er,
ref
eri
tto
Godandthepr
ophet”.

“Ther
ecanbenoconsensusoner
ror
,ormi
sgui
dedbehav
ioramongstmy
peopl
e”.
[Hadi
th]
I
jmamaybeconsti
tut
edbydeci
sionsexpr
essedi
nwor
dsorbypr
act
iceof
j
uri
sts.Bot
har
eequal
lyaut
hor
it
ativ
e.

I
jmahasbeencl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreet
ypes:
-

a)I
jmaoft
hecompani
onsoft
hePr
ophet
;

b)I
jmaoft
hej
uri
sts;
and

c)i
jmaofthepeopl
ewhil
ethefi
rstt
ypeisuniver
sall
yaccept
edandi
s
i
ncapabl
eofbeingr
epeal
ed,t
heothert
wot ypesaresomewhatdi
sput
ed.

I
mpor
tance:
-

Theimpor t
anceofI j
maasasour ceofMusl i
ml awisundoubt edlygr eati
t
hasmadepossi blechangest osui tt
heneedsofchangi ngtimesand
usages,andithasbeeni nfl
uencedbyt heopinionofj uri
stsinallcasesnot
provi
dedforintheQur anort hetradi
ti
ons, orwher esuchpr ovisi
onswer e
notexpli
cit
,Ij
mawasr egardedasaut horit
ativ
enotonl yfordiscerningthe
ri
ghtatpresentandint hefuture,butalsoforest abl
ishi
ngt hepast .Itwas
becauseofIjma, t
hatitcouldbedet erminedast owhatt heSunnaoft he
Prophethadbeenandi ndeedwhatwast her i
ghti nt
erpretat
ionoft heQur an.
I
nt hefi
nalanalysi
s,boththeKor anandt hesunnawer eauthenticatedby
I
jma.

4.
Qiy
as(
Anal
ogy
)
Thewor d“ Qiyas”hascomef rom ar ootwhi chmeansmeasur ement,
accord, equal i
ty,
et c.Qiyasoranal ogyi sdef inedast hepr ocessof
deductionf rom firstthreesour cesofl aw, thekor an,thesunnaandt heIj
ma
bywhi cht hel awofat extisappl iedt ocaseswhi ch,thoughnotcov eredby
thelanguage, aregov ernedbyt her easonoft hetextQiy asshouldbe
dist
ingui shedf r
om Rai (opi
nion) .‘Ria’signifiesindiv
idual opini
onor
reasoningi .e.soundandconsi der edopi nion.“ Wheni tisdirectedt
owar d
achievingsy st
emat i
cconsistencyandgui dedbyt hepar al
lelofanexist
ing
i
nst
it
uti
onordeci
sion,
iti
scal
l
edQi
yas.

Allthef ourschoolsofSunniaccepttheaut hori

tyofQi
yasassourceofl aw.
Howev er,i
twasoneoft hecausesofconf lictamongtheSunnischools,as
allt
heschool sdonotagreeast otheprecisescopeandimpor t
anceof
Qiyasf orexampl e,
theMaliki
sinter
pretitas“ t
heaccordofaknownt hings
withaknownt hi
ngbyreasonoft heequalit
yofaonewi ththeother
,in
respectofef fect
ivecauseofitsl
aw.“ AcordingtotheHaanafi
s,t
heQi yasis
anext ensionoflaw.

TheQiyasasasour ceofl
awhasbeengi venthel astpositi
on.Itis
consi
deredtobesubsi di
aryandsubordi
natetot heKor an,theSunnaand
theIj
ma.Ther easonisthatwit
hrespecttoanalogi caldeducti
on,one
cannotbecertai
nt hatt
heyarewhatthelawgiver( All
ah)intended,as
humanr easonisli
abletoerr
.

B.Secondar
ySour
cesofMusl
iml
aw
1)Ur
forTaamul:Cust
om
Bef
oreIsl
am, customarylawgov ernedAr abi
a.ThentheProphetabol
ished
mostofthem, astheywereun- I
slamicandbad.Somecust oms, however,
wereconti
nuedduet othePr ophet’
ssilentapprov
al.Somewer eeven
i
ncl
udedinhist r
aditi
ons.Otherwise,somecust omssurvi
vedduet ot
heir
i
ncorpor
ati
oni ntheIj
ma.

I
mpor
tance:
-

I
tisnotaformal source,
y et
,intheabsenceofr uleoflawi
nthetextsofthe
pri
marysources,thecustomar ypracti
cesareregardedaslaw.TheBr i
ti
sh
Court
sinIndiaheldthatacust om wouldprevai
l overawri
tt
entextprovi
ded
thatt
hecustom wasanci entandinv ar
iabl
e.

Pr
esent
edPosi
ti
on

TheShar
iatact
,1937hasabol
i
shedmostoft
hecust
oms.Sect
ion2l
i
sts
tenmat t
ersincl
udinginheri
tance,marri
age,divorce,wakfand, maintenance
whereincustomsandusagescannotbeappl iedany more.Customsar est i
ll
appli
cabletoMuslimswi thregardtoagri
culturallands,char
it
iesand
rel
igi
ousendowment s.Eveninmat t
ersofwills,adoptionandlegacies,the
customarylawwi l
lapplyunlessaMusl i
m expr esslystatest
hattheShar iat
shouldregul
atethem.

Addit
ional
ly,t
heShari
atActi
snotappl
i
cabletothest
ateofJammuand
Kashmir.Thus,t
herul
esofMusli
mlawt her
earesubj
ectedt
ocust
omsand
usages.

2)JUDI
CIALDECI
SIONS
ThePr i
v yCouncildecidedmanyacaser el
atedtoMusli
ml aw.Thesecases
conti
nuet ohav eabindingf orceonalltheHighcour
tsandt helowercourt
s
ofIndiaandaper suasi v
ev alueintheSupremeCourtofI ndi
a.Thisboxof
precedentswilll
osei t
sbi ndingforceonlyi
ftheSupr
emeCour toverr
ulesa
parti
culardecisi
on.Elsewher e,anopini
onseemst obef ormingthatj
udges
arenowmaki ngthelawt hewayt heearlyMusli
mjuri
stsdid.

Judgement sofasuper iorCourtar

eanaut hori
tyfort helowercourts.Plus
thejudgementsoft hehighercourtbecomet helawoft helandandt husare
bindingonallthelowercourts.Thi
si scalledtheprincipleofPrecedents.
Lawofpr e-
emption,val
idi
tyofgift
st omi norwife,
addi ti
onal gr
oundsof
dissoluti
onofmar ri
ageandev eninterestonunpai ddowerar efewoft he
fi
eldswher ecourtshavesteppedinwi thnewi nter
pr etati
onsordiscretion
ont hebasisofjusti
ce,equit
yandgoodconsci encet odev elopthelaw
furt
her .

Manyati
mes,l
egi
slat
ionshav
eov
err
uledornegat
edt
her
ules;
theyar
est
il
l
asour
ceofl
aw.
3)LEGI
SLATI
ONS
Godi
stheSupremelegi
slatorasperI
slam.Thus,someti
mes,l
egi
slat
ive
modi
fi
cati
onsareal
sotreatedasencroachment.St
il
l,
ther
eareafewacts
t
hatmodifyorl
aydownpr i
ncipl
esofMuslimlawandserveasasourceof
l
awforthecour
tswit
hrespecttothecontentcover
edbythem.

a)TheMussal
manWaqfVal
i
dat
ingAct
,1913–I
tmer
elyr
e-est
abl
i
shedt
he
val
idi
tyoff
ami
ly-
wakf
s.

b)TheChi
ldMarri
ageRestr
aintAct
-Itmakesthemar
ri
ageofaboyunder
21year
sofageandagirlunder18yearsa‘chi
l
dmarr
iage’
andpuni
shabl
e
wit
houtaf
fect
ingt
hevali
dit
yofit.

c)TheMusli
m PersonalLaw(Shari
at)Appl
icat
ionAct,1937–Itrei
ter
ated
theMusl
im St
andt hatcust
om coul
dn’tbeanindependentsour
ceof
Musli
mlawallthetime.

d)
Dissolut
ionofMuslim Marr
iageAct,
1939–I
tpr
ovi
dedr
ight
st ojudi
cial
di
vorceunderthegroundsment i
onedi
nitt
owomenwhot
radi
tionall
yhad
noindependentr
ighttoseekdivor
ce.

e)Musli
m Women( pr
otecti
onofRi
ghtsonDivorce)Act,
1986–Thei
ssues
ofmaintenanceaft
erdivor
ce,mai
ntenancedur
ingidddatar
edeal
twi
th
comprehensivel
y.

f)PunjabandHaryana’ sMusliminMusl im Shri

ne’sAct,1942.Ther
eare
otherActstoowhichdeal wi t
hMuslim personalLaw.Somel aydownt he
procedurerat
herthanal t
eringsubstant
iverulesofMusl i
m personalLaw.
Actsli
ket hef
oll
owi ngreplacedorrestr
ictedtheappli
cationofthose
personall
awpr i
ncipleswithrefer
encetot heAct’sobjecti
vesandaims:

a)TheCasteDi
sabil
it
iesRemov
alAct
,1850changedt
hel
awsoft
hepr
e-
exi
sti
ngri
ghtsofconvert
s;

b)TheIndi
anEvidenceAct
,1872changest
het
radi
ti
onal
out
lookon
l
egit
imacyviaSecti
on112;
c)TheI
ndi
anMaj
ori
tyAct
,1875di
ff
eredoni
tsdef
ini
ti
onofmaj
ori
ty;
and

d)TheDowr
iesPr
ohi
bit
ionAct
,1961

Simil
ar l
y,al
ter
nat elegislati
onav ai
labl
etoall rel
igi
onshavemadei tsi
mpact
fel
tont heMusl i
m per sonal law.Forexampl e,acouplethatmar ri
esunder
theSpeci alMarri
ageAct ,1954wi l
lberegulatedbyt hi
sActf ormatters
concerningthemar ti
alli
f eandnotbyt heper sonall
awsoft hepar t
y.The
i
nheritanceandi ntestatesuccessionoft hespouseorhei rswi l
lal
sobe
governedundert heI ndianSuccessi onAct,1925.Itdoesnotmat t
er
whethert hepersonsget ti
ngmar ri
edundert hislawarefrom thesame
rel
igi
onorsectornot .
CONCLUSI
ON
Evenexcludingt henon- Isl
ami ccust omsofwhi chIhav ejusttakennoticein
theprecedi
ngpar agr aph, wehav eseent hat, apartfrom thefour
‘
canonized’sour cesoft heI slami claw, v
iz.theQur ’
an, t
heHadi th,t
heIj
ma’ ,
andtheQi yas,therear eaboutadozenot hersour ceswhi chhav ebeen
uti
li
zedbyt hejur i
stsf orext ract i
nglawsal t
hought heypassi ntosil
ence
overthem i
nt hechapt erwher etheyenumer atethel awfulsourcesofthe
Isl
amiclaw.TheI mam al -
Shaf i’
ididt hepioneerwor k,andMusl imlawwi ll
everremaingr ateful tohi m, evenast hegener al l
awoft hewor l
dtowhi ch
hegav ethenewsci enceofj urisprudence; yetitdoesnotandshoul dnot
meant hatthesour cesoft heI slamicl awar eonl yfourinnumber .
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
 Di
nshawMul
l
a,Mul
l
aPr
inci
plesofMahomedanLaw(
21st2017)
.

 Par
asDi
wan,
Musl
i
mlawi
nmoder
nIndi
a,2016.

 AQI
LAHMAD:
Mohammadanl
aw.

 www.
legal
bit
es.
in