Thermodynamic Lab

SUBMITTED BY;
M. Mohsin Raza
2017-ME-375

SUBMITTED TO;
Mr. Abdul Sattar
LAB SESSION 3
To investigate the variation in the volumetric efficiency with compressor ratio (without
intercooling)
3.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this study, student will be able to
 Explain the relationship of volumetric efficiency with compressor ratio.

3.2 APPARATUS
Two stage reciprocating compressor

3.3MAIN PARTS OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

1. 1st stage compressor
2. 2nd stage compressor
3. Intercooler
4. Pressure gauges
5. Water purge valve
6. Rota-meter

3.4 RELATED THEORY

Compressor: A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume.
3.4.1WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The basic working principle of air compressors to compress atmospheric air, which is
then used as per the requirements. In simpler terms, free or atmospheric air is compressed
after reducing its volume and at the same time, increasing its pressure.
3.4.2Types of compressor:
Compressor has main 2 types.
1. Positive displacement compressors
2. Dynamic compressors

For more detail, revise the theory of experimental no 1.

. 3.4.3Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the actual volume of gas drawn into the cylinder to the
piston displacement.The volumetric efficiency directly affects the capacity because the
capacity depends directly on the cylinder’s piston displacement
 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Procedure starts by entering fresh air from any source at the inlet of first compressor and
conditions like temperature & pressure are noted at that condition, compressor increase the
pressure of air, after this output of this air is used as input of second compressor, second
compressor increases pressure mire to a higher value than first one. Note temperature and
pressure readings at this condition.
3.6 Observation and Calculation:
No. Inlet Air Air Air 1st stag 2nd Manometric Compress Compresso
of Tempera exit inlet exist pressur stage height or r speed
obs. ture of of of e P1 pressur current
H Nc
1st 2nd 2nd e P2
t1 kNm-2 I
stag stag stag (mm) rpm
o kNm-2
C e t2 e e Amps
o
C t3 t4
o o
C C
1 15.4 68.7 53 23 220 100 98 6.4 1350
2 15.8 72.7 76 37 260 200 97 6.4 1360
3 15.9 85.4 92 53 280 300 97 6.4 1350
4 16.3 90.4 75 60 300 400 96 6.4 1340

3.7 SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:

t1 = 15.40C, t2 =68.7 0C, t3 = 530C, t4 = 230C,
1st stage pressure = P1= 220 KNm-2
2nd stage pressure = P2=100 KNm-2
Manometric height=H= 98m
Compressor speed =Nc=1350rpm
Compressor current = I=6.4 A

Air flow measurement= qv = 4.71384×10-5√ℎ × (𝑡1 + 273) = 0.008 m3/s

Where qv = air flow volume, h= orifice plate manometer pressure mmWg
Inlet abs =Pia = Pi + Patm = 0 + 101.325 = 101.325 KNm-2
1st stage abs= P1a = P1 + Patm = 220 + 101.325 = 321.101 KNm-2
2nd stage abs = P2a =P2 + Patm= 100+ 101.325 = 201.325 KNm-2
 𝑃1𝑎
1st stage pressure ratio = = 3.17
𝑃𝑖𝑎
𝑃2𝑎
2nd stage pressure ratio = 𝑃1𝑎 = 0.63
𝑃2𝑎
Overall pressure ratio = 𝑃𝑖𝑎 =2.00

3.8 RESULTS
Sr.# qv 1st stage pressure 2nd stage pressure Overall pressure
(×10-3) ratio ratio ratio
01 8 3.17 0.63 2
02 7.9 3.57 0.83 2.97
03 7.9 3.76 1.05 3.96
04 7.8 3.96 1.25 4.95

3.9 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

8 + 7.9 + 7.9 + 7.8
𝑞𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = 7.9 × 10−3
4

(𝟖−𝟕.𝟗) 𝟐 +(𝟕.𝟗−𝟕.𝟗)𝟐 +(𝟕.𝟗−𝟕.𝟗)𝟐 +(𝟕.𝟖−𝟕.𝟗)𝟐

Standard deviation = 𝑺𝒒𝒗 = √ 𝟒−𝟏

𝑺𝒒𝒗 = 0.08165 × 10-3 m3 / s

3.10 GRAPH:
Graph between Q, 1st stage P/R, 2nd stage P/R and Overall P/R
6
4.95
5
PRESSURE RATIO (P/R)

3.96 3.96
4 3.76
3.57 3.17
3
2.97 2 1st stage
2 1.25 2nd
1.05 stage
1 0.63
0.83 Overall
0
7.75 7.8 7.85 7.9 7.95 8 8.05
AIR FLOW VOLUME (QV)

3.11 Conclusion:
The effect of increase in rpm offsets the effect of decrease in volumetric efficiency on mass
flow rate.
LAB SESSION 4
To investigate the variation in the volumetric efficiency with compressor ratio (with
intercooling)
4.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this study, student will be able to
 Explain the relationship of volumetric efficiency with compressor ratio.

4.2 APPARATUS
Two stage reciprocating compressor
4.3 MAIN PARTS OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
1. 1st stage compressor
2. 2nd stage compressor
3. Intercooler
4. Pressure gauges
5. Water purge valve
6. Rota-meter
3.3.1Inter cooler:
Inter cooler is used to reduce the temperature of compressed air during the
compression stages. The inter-cooling reduces the volume of air which used to
increase due to heat.

Also, an intercooler is any mechanical device used to cool a fluid, including liquids or
gases, between stages of a multi-stage compression process, typically a heat exchanger
that removes waste heat in a gas compressor.Intercooler and After-cooler is same device
serving same purpose. In general, an intercooler or after cooler is said to be a Charge-Air
Cooler single and Multiple Stage Compressors. However, in a two-stage compressor, air
is partially compressed using isentropic compression, and then cooled in a heat
exchanger, called an intercooler. This brings the compression process closer to isothermal
(constant temperature) compression, which is more efficient.

Fig#2.3
 4.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Procedure starts by entering fresh air from any source at the inlet of first compressor
and conditions like temperature pressure are noted at that condition compressor increase the
pressure of air. Output of first stage compressor is then enter to intercooler which has some
cooling medium like water to reduce the temperature of compressed air, temperature at the
exit of intercooler is nearly equal to the initial temperature. After this output of the air is used
input of second compressor second compressor increases pressure mire to a higher value than
first one. Note temperature and pressure readings at this condition
Table 4.1: Calculation of compressor ratio with intercooling
No. Inlet Air Air Air Water Water 1st stag 2nd stage Manometric Cooling
of Temperature exit inlet exist inlet outlet pressure pressure height water
obs of 1st of of P1 P2 flow
T1 nd nd T5 T6 h
stage 2 2
o kNm-2 kNm- 2
mw
C T2 stage stage oC o
C
o g/s
C T3 T4
o o
C C
1 29 87 35 48 29 32 200 100 88 30
2 29 121 41 61 30 34 260 200 84 30
3 29 132 43 74 30 33 280 300 77 30
4 29 139 44 89 31 33 300 400 76 35

4.5SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS
T1 = 290C, T2 =1210C, T3 =410C, T4 = 610C, T5=300C, T6= 340C
1st stage pressure = P1=260 KNm-2
2nd stage pressure = P2=200 KNm-2
Manometric height=h= 84m

Air flow measurement= qv = 4.71384×10-5√ℎ × (𝑇1 + 273) = 7.51×10-3 m3/s

Where qv = air flow volume, h= orifice plate manometer pressure mmWg
Inlet abs =Pia = Pi + Patm = 0 + 101.325 = 101.325 KNm-2
1st stage abs= P1a = P1 + Patm = 260 + 101.325 =361.325 KNm-2
2nd stage abs = P2a =P2 + Patm= 200+ 101.325 =301.325 KNm-2
𝑃1𝑎
1st stage pressure ratio = = 2.97
𝑃𝑖𝑎
𝑃2𝑎
2nd stage pressure ratio = 𝑃1𝑎 = 0.83
 𝑃2𝑎
Overall pressure ratio = 𝑃𝑖𝑎 = 2.97

Table 4.2: Results

Sr.# qv 1st stage pressure ratio 2nd stage pressure Overall pressure
(10-3) ratio ratio
01 7.695 2.97 0.67 1.99
02 7.51 3.57 0.83 2.97
03 7.19 3.76 1.05 3.96
04 7.14 3.96 1.25 4.95

4.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

7.7 + 7.51 + 7.19 + 7.14
𝑞𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = 7.39 × 10−3
4

(𝟕.𝟕−𝟕.𝟑𝟗) 𝟐+(𝟕.𝟓𝟏−𝟕.𝟑𝟗)𝟐 +(𝟕.𝟏𝟗−𝟕.𝟑𝟗)𝟐+(𝟕.𝟏𝟒−𝟕.𝟑𝟗)𝟐

Standard deviation = 𝑺𝒒𝒗 = √
𝟒−𝟏

𝑺𝒒𝒗 = 0.2665 × 10-3 m3 / s

4.7 GRAPH:
Graph between Q, 1st stage P/R, 2nd stage P/R and Overall P/R

4.95 1st stage pressure ratio

5
PRESSURE RATIO (P/R)

3.96 2nd stage pressure ratio

4
3.96
3.76 3.57 Overall pressure ratio
3
2.97 2.97
Linear (1st stage pressure
2 1.99 ratio)
1.25 Linear ( 2nd stage pressure
1.05
0.83 0.67 ratio)
1
Linear ( Overall pressure
ratio)
0
7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8
AIR FLOW VOLUME (QV)

4.8 CONCLUSION:
Complex interactions between the air in the cylinder, movement of the valves and piston, and
the air in the intake manifold affect volumetric efficiency. To improve an engine's efficiency,
some engine designs use two intake valves instead of one, which increases the amount of air
and fuel that flows through them.